Difference between revisions of "Evolution of German"

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(The first sound shift)
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== Evolution ==
 
== Evolution ==
[[Image:tree.png]]
+
[[Image:tree.png|thumb|500px|left|Branching Tree of Germanic Languages]]
  
 
== Proto-IE to Proto-Germanic ==
 
== Proto-IE to Proto-Germanic ==
 +
* IE ablaut rule:
 +
** V → V → [e(:), o(:), 0] in a m.c. environment
 +
** kneigʰ → kniigʰ­­/knīgʰ­­
 +
* o → a
 +
* l̥, m̥, n̥, r̥ → ul, um, un, ur
 +
* "First" umlaut:
 +
** e → i / _ {C<sub>0</sub> i(:), j | [ nasal C]C }
 +
** i, u → e, o / _ C<sub>0</sub> a(:), o(:), e(:) | (C ≠ [ nasal C] C)
 +
* ē → ā
 
=== Verner's Law ===
 
=== Verner's Law ===
 +
Continuant options if after a vowel.
 +
* / V<sub>[-stressed]</sub> C<sub>0[ sonorant]</sub> _ {#,C<sub>[ sonorant]</sub>}
 
{|border="1"
 
{|border="1"
|+voiceless
+
|-
 
| p
 
| p
 
| t
 
| t
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* voiceless stops → fricatives
 
* voiceless stops → fricatives
 
{|border="1"
 
{|border="1"
|+voiceless
+
|-
 
| p
 
| p
 
| t
 
| t
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| xʷ/hʷ
 
| xʷ/hʷ
 
| s
 
| s
 +
|}
 +
 +
* voiced stops → unvoiced stops
 +
{|border="1"
 +
|-
 +
| b
 +
| d
 +
| ɡ
 +
| ɡʷ
 +
|-
 +
| colspan="4" align="center"|
 +
 +
|-
 +
| p
 +
| t
 +
| k
 +
| kʷ
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
* voiced aspirated stops → voiced stops
 
* voiced aspirated stops → voiced stops
 
{|border="1"
 
{|border="1"
|+aspirated
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| bʰ
 
| bʰ
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| ɣ/ɡ
 
| ɣ/ɡ
 
| ɣʷ/ɡʷ
 
| ɣʷ/ɡʷ
|}
 
 
* voiced stops → unvoiced stops
 
{|border="1"
 
|+voiced
 
|-
 
| b
 
| d
 
| ɡ
 
| ɡʷ
 
|-
 
| colspan="4" align="center" |
 
 
|-
 
| p
 
| t
 
| k
 
| kʷ
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
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=== Gemination ===
 
=== Gemination ===
 +
* C → CC / _ C<sub>[ son]</sub>
 +
** (i.e.: n, m, l, (r,) w, j }
 +
** skalj → shell
 +
** → latter, ladder
 +
** → button
 +
** → happen
 +
** → bubble
 +
** → bottle
 +
** sitj(an) → sit(ting)
  
 
== West Germanic to OHG ==
 
== West Germanic to OHG ==
 +
 +
=== Voiceless Stops Fricativise ===
 +
* ship → shif
  
 
=== Second Sound Shift ===
 
=== Second Sound Shift ===
 +
Voiceless Aspirated Stops Fricativise
 
(a.k.a. Affricatisation)
 
(a.k.a. Affricatisation)
  
* d → t
+
{|border="1"
 +
|-
 +
| pʰ
 +
| tʰ
 +
| kʰ
 +
| →
 +
|-
 +
| pf
 +
| ts
 +
| kx
 +
| / {#,C} _
 +
|-
 +
| ff
 +
| ss
 +
| xx
 +
| / {V} _
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
=== Voiced stops devoice ===
 +
* d → t (except after a nasal?)
 +
* g,b → k,p
 +
 
 +
=== Other stuff ===
 +
* θ → d
 
* β → b
 
* β → b
 
* ɣ → ɡ
 
* ɣ → ɡ
 +
 +
[[Category:Linguistics]]
 +
[[Category:Historical Linguistics]]

Latest revision as of 01:58, 12 April 2007

These are just notes to get my thoughts together for a test; no guarantee is given as to the accuracy of this information and the site license stands.

Evolution

Branching Tree of Germanic Languages

Proto-IE to Proto-Germanic

  • IE ablaut rule:
    • V → V → [e(:), o(:), 0] in a m.c. environment
    • kneigʰ → kniigʰ­­/knīgʰ­­
  • o → a
  • l̥, m̥, n̥, r̥ → ul, um, un, ur
  • "First" umlaut:
    • e → i / _ {C0 i(:), j | [ nasal C]C }
    • i, u → e, o / _ C0 a(:), o(:), e(:) | (C ≠ [ nasal C] C)
  • ē → ā

Verner's Law

Continuant options if after a vowel.

  • / V[-stressed] C0[ sonorant] _ {#,C[ sonorant]}
p t k

β/b d/ð ɣ/ɡ ɣʷ/ɡʷ

The first sound shift

Continuant options if after a vowel

  • voiceless stops → fricatives
p t k s

f θ x/h xʷ/hʷ s
  • voiced stops → unvoiced stops
b d ɡ ɡʷ

p t k
  • voiced aspirated stops → voiced stops
ɡʰ ɡʷʰ

β/b d/ð ɣ/ɡ ɣʷ/ɡʷ

Stress Shift

Germanic to NW Germanic

  • z → r

NW Germanic to West Germanic

  • ð → d

Gemination

  • C → CC / _ C[ son]
    • (i.e.: n, m, l, (r,) w, j }
    • skalj → shell
    • → latter, ladder
    • → button
    • → happen
    • → bubble
    • → bottle
    • sitj(an) → sit(ting)

West Germanic to OHG

Voiceless Stops Fricativise

  • ship → shif

Second Sound Shift

Voiceless Aspirated Stops Fricativise (a.k.a. Affricatisation)

pf ts kx / {#,C} _
ff ss xx / {V} _

Voiced stops devoice

  • d → t (except after a nasal?)
  • g,b → k,p

Other stuff

  • θ → d
  • β → b
  • ɣ → ɡ