Kazakh a~ɯ problem

Surface vs written forms

The following words I've heard pronounced in the following ways:

• jaqsı [ʒɑχsɑ]
• balıqşı [bɑlɯqʃɑ]
• Kg: taraza [tɑrɑzɯ]
• Kz: "Sol durıssız ba?" [sʷʊl dʊˈrɑsɯz̥ pɑ]

Cognates

Vocab

• Kk: qattı 'strong'; Uz: qatta 'big' (<- Uz: katta 'big', not *qatta, probably Uz: qattiq 'strong, tough, hard')
• Kk: injir 'fig'; Uz: änjir 'fig'
• Kk: pikir 'poor'; fakir 'beggar'
• Kk: sayasat 'politics'; siyasät
• Kk: ustara 'razor'; ustura; Ky/Uz: ustara
• Kk: qaya; Tt: qıya
• Kk: ara 'bee, wasp'; Ky: aarı (but Kk: ara 'saw'; Ky: araa)
• Kk: jı(l)mıy- ‘smile’; Ky: jılmay-; Uz: jilmay- (iljay-)
• Kk: janat ‘raccoon’; Ky: janut
• Ky: qoşuna ‘neighbour’; Uz: qoshni; Uy xoshna/qoshna

Functional Morphemes

• Question Particle:
  • Kz: MA
  • Kg: -BI
  • Uz: -mi
  • Uy: -mu (but Kashgar dial. '-ma', trad. interpreted as '-mu' + '-a' [emph. part.])
  • Tk: -mI
  • (PrTk, most other Turkic: -mI)
• 1st person singular copula / present-tense verbal "agreement":
  • Kk: -MIn
  • Kg: -MIn
  • Kaa: -MAn
  • Uz: -man
  • (*män~bän)
• 2nd person singular copula / present-tense verbal "agreement":
  • Kk: -sIŋ
  • Kg: -sIŋ
  • Kaa: -sAn(?)
  • Uz: -san
  • (*sän)
• "What about..?" particle:
  • Kk: -şI, -şe (with pronouns)?
  • Ky: -çI
  • Uy: -chu

Russian vs. Kazakh

Kazakh/Russian versions of the same words (toponyms, mostly):

• Kz: Qarağandı, Ru: Karagandá
• Kz: Almatı, Ru: Almatá/Almatý
• Kz: Jambıl/Jambal??, Ru: Jambýl