Difference between revisions of "Non-productive morphemes in Turkic"
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== r/z and l/ş alternations == | == r/z and l/ş alternations == | ||
* '''köz''' - eye; '''kör-''' - see | * '''köz''' - eye; '''kör-''' - see | ||
+ | ** Sakha/Dolgan '''kör-''' - see, '''köhün-''' - to be seen | ||
+ | ** Tuvan '''kör-''' see, '''köskü''' - visible | ||
+ | ** Khakas '''kör-''' see, '''kösküt-''' - show | ||
* '''semiz''' - fat (adj.); '''semir-''' - to get fat | * '''semiz''' - fat (adj.); '''semir-''' - to get fat | ||
* '''jetkiz-'''/'''jetkir-''' - to ~lead somewhere / help reach | * '''jetkiz-'''/'''jetkir-''' - to ~lead somewhere / help reach | ||
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* '''tüş'''/'''tülö-''' - dream (n/v.?.) | * '''tüş'''/'''tülö-''' - dream (n/v.?.) | ||
* '''az''' - little (in quantity), '''araŋ''' - barely (Mo. '''arai''') | * '''az''' - little (in quantity), '''araŋ''' - barely (Mo. '''arai''') | ||
+ | * '''uzaq''' - long; '''(y)ıraq''' - far | ||
+ | * '''avuz''' - mouth; '''avurt''' - corner of mouth (?*ağz, *ağurt) | ||
+ | * '''jultuz''' - star; '''jultura'''- - sparkle | ||
+ | * '''-siz''' - -less; '''-sira-''' - lose | ||
+ | * '''-Ar''' / '''-mAz''' | ||
− | == -KAr and -KIz causatives == | + | == Causatives == |
− | === -KAr/-KAz === | + | The normal causative formation in Kyrgyz employes -t (after 2+-syllable vowel stems) / and -DIr (after consonant and 1-syllable stems). However, there are a bunch more causative morphemes. |
+ | === -KAr and -KIz causatives === | ||
+ | ==== -KAr/-KAz ==== | ||
* '''ötkör-'''/'''ötköz-''' - to carry out / execute (v.t.) | * '''ötkör-'''/'''ötköz-''' - to carry out / execute (v.t.) | ||
− | * ''' | + | * '''bütkör-''' - to finish (v.t.) |
− | * ''' | + | * '''körgöz-''' - to show (v.t.) |
− | |||
− | |||
* '''unutqar-''' - forget | * '''unutqar-''' - forget | ||
− | * ''' | + | * Maybe a different -KAr/-KAz ? |
− | * ''' | + | ** '''atqar-''' - to carry out / execute (v.t.) |
− | * '''kömkör-''' - to lay on front side (v.t.) | + | ** '''başqar-''' - to direct (v.t.) |
− | * '''tütkör-''' - to make be enough (v.t.) | + | ** '''qutqar-''' - to save (v.t.) |
− | * '''otqor-'''/'''otqoz-''' - to graze (v.t.) | + | ** '''ayıpqar-''' - |
− | * ('''t''')'''omqor''' / tomur- - to upturn something heavy | + | ** '''uyatqar-''' - to shame (v.t.) |
− | === -KIr/-KIz === | + | ** '''kömkör-''' - to lay on front side (v.t.) |
+ | ** '''tütkör-''' - to make be enough (v.t.) | ||
+ | ** '''otqor-'''/'''otqoz-''' - to graze (v.t.) | ||
+ | ** ('''t''')'''omqor''' / tomur- - to upturn something heavy | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== -KIr/-KIz ==== | ||
* '''jetkir-'''/'''jetkiz-''' - to see/walk someone somewhere / help them get there (v.dt.) | * '''jetkir-'''/'''jetkiz-''' - to see/walk someone somewhere / help them get there (v.dt.) | ||
* '''jatqır-'''/'''jatqız-''' - to make lie down (v.t.) | * '''jatqır-'''/'''jatqız-''' - to make lie down (v.t.) | ||
− | * '''batqız-''' - to make something fit [somewhere] (v.[d]t.) | + | * '''batqız-'''/'''batqır-'''(?) - to make something fit [somewhere] (v.[d]t.) |
* '''mingiz-''' - to make someone mount/ride | * '''mingiz-''' - to make someone mount/ride | ||
+ | * '''tiygiz-''' - to make touch | ||
+ | * '''turğuz-''' - to stand up (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''o(l)turğuz-''' - to make sit (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''kiygiz-''' - to dress (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''kirgiz-''' - to put in / enter (e.g., data) (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''jegiz-'''/jedir- - make eat (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''emgiz-''' - nurse (v.t.) | ||
− | == -(I)r causative == | + | === -(I)r/-(I)z causative === |
* '''siŋ-''' - to get absorbed; '''siŋir-''' - to absorb | * '''siŋ-''' - to get absorbed; '''siŋir-''' - to absorb | ||
* '''büt-''' - finish/end (v.i.); '''bütür-''' - finish (v.t.) | * '''büt-''' - finish/end (v.i.); '''bütür-''' - finish (v.t.) | ||
* '''bış-''' - cook (v.i.); '''bışır-''' - cook (v.t.) | * '''bış-''' - cook (v.i.); '''bışır-''' - cook (v.t.) | ||
* '''tüs-''' - fall (v.i.); '''tüşür-''' - make fall (v.t.) | * '''tüs-''' - fall (v.i.); '''tüşür-''' - make fall (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''ket-''' - leave (v.i.); '''ketir-''' - make leave (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''aş-''' - pass/exceed (+''abl''); '''aşır''' - make exceed (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''aq-''' - flow (v.i.); '''ağız-''' - make flow (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''köç-''' - move (v.i.); '''köçür-''' - move (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''öç-''' - turn off/go out/be extinguished (v.i.); '''öçür-''' turn off/put out/extinguish (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''qat-''' - get hard (v.i.); '''qatır-''' make hard (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''uq-''' - listen, hear (v.i./v.t.); '''uğuz-''' make hear (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''iç-''' - drink (v.t.); '''içir-''' make drink (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''tam-''' - drip (v.i.); '''tamız-''' make drip (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''ös-''' - grow (v.i.); '''ösür-''' make grow, raise (v.t.) | ||
+ | ==== -Ar ==== | ||
+ | * '''çıq-''' - take/move out (v.i.); '''çığar-''' take/put/move out (v.t.) | ||
+ | |||
+ | === -tIr causatives === | ||
+ | These causatives don't have voicing assimilation for some reason | ||
+ | * '''kel-''' - to come (v.i.); '''keltir-''' - to make come (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''qal-''' - to stay (v.i.); '''qaltır-''' - to leave (behind) (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''öl-''' - to die (v.i.); '''öltür-''' - to kill (v.t.) | ||
+ | * '''tol-''' - to fill (v.i.); '''toltur-''' - to fill (v.t.) | ||
== ∅ (X↔V?) == | == ∅ (X↔V?) == | ||
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* '''juqa''' - thin (of flat things); '''juqar-''' - to get thin (v.i.) | * '''juqa''' - thin (of flat things); '''juqar-''' - to get thin (v.i.) | ||
* '''özgö''' - different/foreign; '''özgör-''' - to change (v.i.) | * '''özgö''' - different/foreign; '''özgör-''' - to change (v.i.) | ||
+ | * '''jarıq''' - bright; '''jarqır-''' - flash (v.i.) ? | ||
== Other Alternations == | == Other Alternations == | ||
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* '''tışqarı''' - aside from, outside of ← '''tış''' - outside | * '''tışqarı''' - aside from, outside of ← '''tış''' - outside | ||
* '''ilgeri''' | * '''ilgeri''' | ||
+ | * '''sırtqarı''' | ||
== -KI (V→N) == | == -KI (V→N) == | ||
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* '''qār''' (**qıra?) snow ~ '''qırağu''' (hoar)frost | * '''qār''' (**qıra?) snow ~ '''qırağu''' (hoar)frost | ||
− | == - | + | == -(K)AK == |
− | V→A | + | V→A |
* '''jabışqaq''' - ‘sticky’ | * '''jabışqaq''' - ‘sticky’ | ||
+ | * '''batqaq''' - ‘mud’? | ||
+ | * '''çıçqaq''' - ‘shitter’ | ||
+ | * '''osurak''' - ‘farter’ | ||
+ | * '''siygek''' - ‘pisser’ | ||
+ | |||
+ | == -KA == | ||
+ | V??→N ?? | ||
+ | * '''jumurtqa''' - ‘egg’ | ||
+ | * '''çegirtke''' - ‘grasshopper’ | ||
+ | * '''qabırğa''' - ‘rib, wall’ | ||
+ | * '''köleŋke'''/'''kölökö''' - ‘shade/shadow’ | ||
+ | * '''qumursqa''' - ‘ant’ | ||
+ | * '''kesirtke''' (Kazakh) - ‘lizard’ | ||
+ | |||
+ | == -dAK == | ||
+ | * şır - ""; '''şırdaq''' - felt rug | ||
+ | * quur - "fry"; '''quurdaq''' - fried meat (& potatoes) | ||
+ | |||
+ | == -sAK == | ||
+ | * '''supsaq''' cf. suu | ||
+ | * '''boorsoq''' cf. boor | ||
+ | |||
+ | == -AçAK == | ||
+ | * keleçek - "future" | ||
+ | * Kazakh bolaşaq - "future" | ||
== -KIn == | == -KIn == | ||
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* '''taşqın''' - ‘flood’ | * '''taşqın''' - ‘flood’ | ||
* '''turğun''' - ‘resident’ | * '''turğun''' - ‘resident’ | ||
+ | * '''jutqınçaq''' - ‘adam's apple’ | ||
== -(I)K == | == -(I)K == | ||
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* '''sınıq''' ‘broken’ | * '''sınıq''' ‘broken’ | ||
* ?'''qızıq''' ‘interesting’ | * ?'''qızıq''' ‘interesting’ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Some potential ones: | ||
+ | * '''arıq''' (cf. az) | ||
+ | * '''anıq''' (cf. ay) | ||
== Nominalisers == | == Nominalisers == | ||
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* '''uzun''' (vs. '''uzaq''') | * '''uzun''' (vs. '''uzaq''') | ||
* ?'''ustun''' - ‘(tree )trunk’ | * ?'''ustun''' - ‘(tree )trunk’ | ||
+ | * '''jarqın''' (vs. '''jarıq''') - ‘bright’ | ||
+ | * '''jaan''' (cf. '''jaa-''') - ‘rain’ | ||
+ | * '''muun''' (cf. *'''boğ-''') - ‘joint’ | ||
=== -(I)K === | === -(I)K === | ||
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* '''jölök''' - ‘prop/support’ | * '''jölök''' - ‘prop/support’ | ||
* '''tilek''' - ‘wish’ | * '''tilek''' - ‘wish’ | ||
+ | * '''buyruq''' - ‘command’ | ||
=== -(I)M === | === -(I)M === | ||
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* '''kesim''' - ‘slice’ | * '''kesim''' - ‘slice’ | ||
* '''çeçim''' - ‘decision’ | * '''çeçim''' - ‘decision’ | ||
+ | * '''kiyim''' - ‘clothes/clothing’ | ||
=== -AK === | === -AK === | ||
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== -MAl == | == -MAl == | ||
These might just be Mongolian words in Kyrgyz? | These might just be Mongolian words in Kyrgyz? | ||
− | * '''saa-''' - to milk (could be Turkic or Mongolic) | + | * '''saamal''' - horse milk (< '''saa-''' - to milk (could be Turkic or Mongolic)) |
− | + | * '''açımal''' - fermeneted [[w:jarma]] (< '''açı-''' - to ferment (v.i.)) | |
* '''tarmal''' - curly (of hair) | * '''tarmal''' - curly (of hair) | ||
* '''tuqtamal''' - suddenly | * '''tuqtamal''' - suddenly | ||
* '''tejemel''' - child being artificially fed?? | * '''tejemel''' - child being artificially fed?? | ||
− | * '''şişi'''- - to swell/puff up | + | * '''şişimel''' - puffed up (< '''şişi'''- - to swell/puff up) |
+ | * '''taanımal''' - familiar | ||
== -DAK == | == -DAK == | ||
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* чардак gull | * чардак gull | ||
+ | == -nAKAy == | ||
+ | Adj → Adj | ||
+ | * jaqşınaqay - ~nice (< jaqşı - good) | ||
+ | * jönököy - simple (< jön - simple?) | ||
+ | * tatınaqay - ~cute (< tatuu - sweet) | ||
+ | * kiçinekey - little (< kiçüü - ~small) | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Misc == | ||
+ | * кап- ''capture, grab'' | ||
+ | ** капкан ''trap'' | ||
+ | ** капкак ''lid'' | ||
+ | ** каптал ''side'' | ||
[[Category:Turkic Languages]] | [[Category:Turkic Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Kyrgyz]] | [[Category:Kyrgyz]] | ||
[[Category:Historical Linguistics]] | [[Category:Historical Linguistics]] |
Revision as of 10:52, 25 March 2019
Contents
-A (N→V)
- boş - empty, free (space, time); boşo- - to empty, become free (v.i.)
- at - name; ata- - to call/name (v.t.)
- san - number; sana- - to count/enumerate (v.t.)
- jaş - age (n.) / young; jaşa- - to live (v.i.)
- aş - food; aşa- - to eat by stuffing food into mouth from hands (one's own or other's)
- sın - criticism; sına- - to criticise, evaluate (v.t.)
- qıŋğır - jingling, ringing; qıŋğıra- - to jingle, ring (v.i.)
- qıyın - difficult; qıyna- - to be difficult (v.i.) ~ to torment? (v.t.)
- til - tongue; tile- - to wish
- orın - place/location; orna- - to be located
- qan - blood; qana- - to bleed? (v.t.)
- tüş - dream; tülö- - to have a dream
- uçur - time, instance; uçra- - to meet / to greet
-sIz → -sIrA
- alsız - weak; alsıra- - to weaken (v.i.)
- Uzbek yog‘ - oil; yog‘sira- - to unoil(?)
-Ay (N→V)
- az - little (in quantity); azay- - to lessen (v.i.)
- çoŋ - big; çoŋoy- - to grow (v.i.)
- köp - a lot; köböy- - to increase in quantity (v.i.)
- keŋ - wide; keŋey- - to get wide (v.i.)
- qıyşıq - crooked; qıyşay- - to get crooked (v.i.)
- joon - thick (of cylindrical things); joonoy- - to thicken (??)
- muŋ - grief; muŋay- - to be sad
- qart - old (person); qartay- - to get old (v.i.)
r/z and l/ş alternations
- köz - eye; kör- - see
- Sakha/Dolgan kör- - see, köhün- - to be seen
- Tuvan kör- see, köskü - visible
- Khakas kör- see, kösküt- - show
- semiz - fat (adj.); semir- - to get fat
- jetkiz-/jetkir- - to ~lead somewhere / help reach
- jatqız-/jatqır- - to make lie down
- ötköz-/ötkör- - to carry out / execute
- otqor-/otqoz - to graze (v.t.)
- tüş/tülö- - dream (n/v.?.)
- az - little (in quantity), araŋ - barely (Mo. arai)
- uzaq - long; (y)ıraq - far
- avuz - mouth; avurt - corner of mouth (?*ağz, *ağurt)
- jultuz - star; jultura- - sparkle
- -siz - -less; -sira- - lose
- -Ar / -mAz
Causatives
The normal causative formation in Kyrgyz employes -t (after 2+-syllable vowel stems) / and -DIr (after consonant and 1-syllable stems). However, there are a bunch more causative morphemes.
-KAr and -KIz causatives
-KAr/-KAz
- ötkör-/ötköz- - to carry out / execute (v.t.)
- bütkör- - to finish (v.t.)
- körgöz- - to show (v.t.)
- unutqar- - forget
- Maybe a different -KAr/-KAz ?
- atqar- - to carry out / execute (v.t.)
- başqar- - to direct (v.t.)
- qutqar- - to save (v.t.)
- ayıpqar- -
- uyatqar- - to shame (v.t.)
- kömkör- - to lay on front side (v.t.)
- tütkör- - to make be enough (v.t.)
- otqor-/otqoz- - to graze (v.t.)
- (t)omqor / tomur- - to upturn something heavy
-KIr/-KIz
- jetkir-/jetkiz- - to see/walk someone somewhere / help them get there (v.dt.)
- jatqır-/jatqız- - to make lie down (v.t.)
- batqız-/batqır-(?) - to make something fit [somewhere] (v.[d]t.)
- mingiz- - to make someone mount/ride
- tiygiz- - to make touch
- turğuz- - to stand up (v.t.)
- o(l)turğuz- - to make sit (v.t.)
- kiygiz- - to dress (v.t.)
- kirgiz- - to put in / enter (e.g., data) (v.t.)
- jegiz-/jedir- - make eat (v.t.)
- emgiz- - nurse (v.t.)
-(I)r/-(I)z causative
- siŋ- - to get absorbed; siŋir- - to absorb
- büt- - finish/end (v.i.); bütür- - finish (v.t.)
- bış- - cook (v.i.); bışır- - cook (v.t.)
- tüs- - fall (v.i.); tüşür- - make fall (v.t.)
- ket- - leave (v.i.); ketir- - make leave (v.t.)
- aş- - pass/exceed (+abl); aşır - make exceed (v.t.)
- aq- - flow (v.i.); ağız- - make flow (v.t.)
- köç- - move (v.i.); köçür- - move (v.t.)
- öç- - turn off/go out/be extinguished (v.i.); öçür- turn off/put out/extinguish (v.t.)
- qat- - get hard (v.i.); qatır- make hard (v.t.)
- uq- - listen, hear (v.i./v.t.); uğuz- make hear (v.t.)
- iç- - drink (v.t.); içir- make drink (v.t.)
- tam- - drip (v.i.); tamız- make drip (v.t.)
- ös- - grow (v.i.); ösür- make grow, raise (v.t.)
-Ar
- çıq- - take/move out (v.i.); çığar- take/put/move out (v.t.)
-tIr causatives
These causatives don't have voicing assimilation for some reason
- kel- - to come (v.i.); keltir- - to make come (v.t.)
- qal- - to stay (v.i.); qaltır- - to leave (behind) (v.t.)
- öl- - to die (v.i.); öltür- - to kill (v.t.)
- tol- - to fill (v.i.); toltur- - to fill (v.t.)
∅ (X↔V?)
- köp - a lot; köp- - to swell, get big (in volume, not mass), rise (of dough)
- toŋ - frozen ground(?); toŋ- - to freeze (v.i.)
- qızıq - interesting (adj.); qızıq- - to be interested by (v.i.?)
- kör
- qır
- köç
- sağ - intellect (n.); saq- - think, consider
-Ar (Adj→V)
- suu - water / wet; suğar- - to water (v.t.)
- jaş - age (n.) / young; jaşar- - to get/look younger
- qısqa - short; qısqar- - to shorten / get short (v.i.)
- kök - green~blue; kögör- - to turn green (v.i.)
- aq - white; ağar- - to turn white (v.i.)
- jaŋı - new; jaŋır- - to be restored/revitalised/renewed (v.i.)
- eski - old; eskir- - to wear out (v.i.)
- içke - thin (of long things); içker- - to get thin (v.i.)
- juqa - thin (of flat things); juqar- - to get thin (v.i.)
- özgö - different/foreign; özgör- - to change (v.i.)
- jarıq - bright; jarqır- - flash (v.i.) ?
Other Alternations
- ??? qız - girl / qızıl - red / qızı- - to blush / qızar- - to blush
- jarıq - bright, jar- - explode
- jalaŋ - naked, jalğız - lone, alone
- balqaş - swamp, balır - swamp
Irregular forms
- Kyrgz/Kazakh bala → baldar
- Sakha kııs → kıırkıttar
Complex Codas
- Kyrgyz qarın ‘stomach’ → qard- (poss. root)
- Kyrgyz murun ‘nose’ → murd- (poss. root)
- Kyrgyz orun ‘place’ → ord- (poss. root)
- Kyrgyz dial. moyun ‘neck’ → moyd- (poss. root)
- OT oğıl → oğl-
- Tatar siŋil → siŋl-
Complex Codas 2
- Tatar dus → dust-
-KArI
keri means something like "backside side" or "reverse" or something, though this seems to be from the directive case -GArU
- teskeri - backwards ← ters - opposite
- tışqarı - aside from, outside of ← tış - outside
- ilgeri
- sırtqarı
-KI (V→N)
- açıtqı - yeast
- şıpırğı - broom
- uyutqu - coagulator (i.e., for yoghurt)
- ?çalğı - scythe
- sınalğı - TV
- ünalğı - radio
- ?ülgü - pattern
- OTk. içkü - a drink
-GU (N→N?)
- qār (**qıra?) snow ~ qırağu (hoar)frost
-(K)AK
V→A
- jabışqaq - ‘sticky’
- batqaq - ‘mud’?
- çıçqaq - ‘shitter’
- osurak - ‘farter’
- siygek - ‘pisser’
-KA
V??→N ??
- jumurtqa - ‘egg’
- çegirtke - ‘grasshopper’
- qabırğa - ‘rib, wall’
- köleŋke/kölökö - ‘shade/shadow’
- qumursqa - ‘ant’
- kesirtke (Kazakh) - ‘lizard’
-dAK
- şır - ""; şırdaq - felt rug
- quur - "fry"; quurdaq - fried meat (& potatoes)
-sAK
- supsaq cf. suu
- boorsoq cf. boor
-AçAK
- keleçek - "future"
- Kazakh bolaşaq - "future"
-KIn
- qaçqın - ‘runaway, fugitive’
- taşqın - ‘flood’
- turğun - ‘resident’
- jutqınçaq - ‘adam's apple’
-(I)K
This -(I)K is V→A
- açıq ‘open’
- ısıq ‘hot’
- sınıq ‘broken’
- ?qızıq ‘interesting’
Some potential ones:
- arıq (cf. az)
- anıq (cf. ay)
Nominalisers
These are mostly all V→N morphemes
-(I)N
- kelin - ‘bride / daughter in law’
- ?aqırın - slowly, carefully
- ?salqın
- ?jaqın (vs. yağuq)
- ?ışqın
- ?qıyın
- ?dayın (vs. dayar)
- iyin - ‘shoulder’
- tüyün - ‘knot’
- ?tütün - ‘smoke’
- uzun (vs. uzaq)
- ?ustun - ‘(tree )trunk’
- jarqın (vs. jarıq) - ‘bright’
- jaan (cf. jaa-) - ‘rain’
- muun (cf. *boğ-) - ‘joint’
-(I)K
- jırtıq - ‘tear (rip)’
- teşik - ‘hole’
- ayrıq - ‘scrap, shred’
- ışqırıq - ‘whistle’
- qaqırıq - ‘loogie’
- sızıq - ‘line, dash’
- sınıq - ‘broken piece’
- qıyqırıq - ‘yelp’
- kekirik - ‘burp’
- ketik - ‘chip(ped part)’
- ?tütük - ‘pipe’
- kürök - ‘shovel’
- tayaq - ‘stick/cane/prop/support’
- jölök - ‘prop/support’
- tilek - ‘wish’
- buyruq - ‘command’
-(I)M
- ağım - ‘flow’
- kesim - ‘slice’
- çeçim - ‘decision’
- kiyim - ‘clothes/clothing’
-AK
- jataq - ‘standing [e.g., question]’
- uzaq (vs. uzun)
-MA
... No, this is too productive
-MAl
These might just be Mongolian words in Kyrgyz?
- saamal - horse milk (< saa- - to milk (could be Turkic or Mongolic))
- açımal - fermeneted w:jarma (< açı- - to ferment (v.i.))
- tarmal - curly (of hair)
- tuqtamal - suddenly
- tejemel - child being artificially fed??
- şişimel - puffed up (< şişi- - to swell/puff up)
- taanımal - familiar
-DAK
V>N, N>A?
- шырдак
- куурдак
- ардак(?)
- балдак(?)
- ажылдак
- буудак
- жайдак "bareback"
- кумдак
- кызгалдак
- муздак
- саадак
- саздак
- тоңкулдак woodpecker
- чаңдак
- чардак gull
-nAKAy
Adj → Adj
- jaqşınaqay - ~nice (< jaqşı - good)
- jönököy - simple (< jön - simple?)
- tatınaqay - ~cute (< tatuu - sweet)
- kiçinekey - little (< kiçüü - ~small)
Misc
- кап- capture, grab
- капкан trap
- капкак lid
- каптал side