Non-productive morphemes in Turkic

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-A (N→V)

  • boş - empty, free (space, time); boşo- - to empty, become free (v.i.)
  • at - name; ata- - to call/name (v.t.)
  • san - number; sana- - to count/enumerate (v.t.)
  • jaş - age (n.) / young; jaşa- - to live (v.i.)
  • - food; aşa- - to eat by stuffing food into mouth from hands (one's own or other's)
  • sın - criticism; sına- - to criticise, evaluate (v.t.)
  • qıŋğır - jingling, ringing; qıŋğıra- - to jingle, ring (v.i.)
  • qıyın - difficult; qıyna- - to be difficult (v.i.) ~ to torment? (v.t.)
  • til - tongue; tile- - to wish
  • orın - place/location; orna- - to be located
  • qan - blood; qana- - to bleed? (v.t.)
  • tüş - dream; tülö- - to have a dream
  • uçur - time, instance; uçra- - to meet / to greet

-sIz → -sIrA

  • alsız - weak; alsıra- - to weaken (v.i.)
  • Uzbek yog‘ - oil; yog‘sira- - to unoil(?)

-Ay (N→V)

  • az - little (in quantity); azay- - to lessen (v.i.)
  • çoŋ - big; çoŋoy- - to grow (v.i.)
  • köp - a lot; köböy- - to increase in quantity (v.i.)
  • keŋ - wide; keŋey- - to get wide (v.i.)
  • qıyşıq - crooked; qıyşay- - to get crooked (v.i.)
  • joon - thick (of cylindrical things); joonoy- - to thicken (??)
  • muŋ - grief; muŋay- - to be sad
  • qart - old (person); qartay- - to get old (v.i.)

r/z and l/ş alternations

  • köz - eye; kör- - see
  • semiz - fat (adj.); semir- - to get fat
  • jetkiz-/jetkir- - to ~lead somewhere / help reach
  • jatqız-/jatqır- - to make lie down
  • ötköz-/ötkör- - to carry out / execute
  • otqor-/otqoz - to graze (v.t.)
  • tüş/tülö- - dream (n/v.?.)

-KAr and -KIz causatives

-KAr/-KAz

  • ötkör-/ötköz- - to carry out / execute (v.t.)
  • atqar- - to carry out / execute (v.t.)
  • başqar- - to direct (v.t.)
  • qutqar- - to save (v.t.)
  • ayıpqar- -
  • unutqar- - forget
  • uyatqar- - to shame (v.t.)
  • bütkör- - to finish (v.t.)
  • kömkör- - to lay on front side (v.t.)
  • tütkör- - to make be enough (v.t.)
  • otqor-/otqoz- - to graze (v.t.)
  • (t)omqor / tomur- - to upturn something heavy

-KIr/-KIz

  • jetkir-/jetkiz- - to see/walk someone somewhere / help them get there (v.dt.)
  • jatqır-/jatqız- - to make lie down (v.t.)
  • batqız- - to make something fit [somewhere] (v.[d]t.)
  • mingiz- - to make someone mount/ride

-(I)r causative =

  • siŋ- - to get absorbed; siŋir- - to absorb

∅ (X↔V?)

  • köp - a lot; köp- - to swell, get big (in volume, not mass), rise (of dough)
  • toŋ - frozen ground(?); toŋ- - to freeze (v.i.)
  • qızıq - interesting (adj.); qızıq- - to be interested by (v.i.?)
  • kör
  • qır
  • köç
  • sağ - intellect (n.); saq- - think, consider

-Ar (Adj→V)

  • suu - water / wet; suğar- - to water (v.t.)
  • jaş - age (n.) / young; jaşar- - to get/look younger
  • qısqa - short; qısqar- - to shorten / get short (v.i.)
  • kök - green~blue; kögör- - to turn green (v.i.)
  • aq - white; ağar- - to turn white (v.i.)
  • jaŋı - new; jaŋır- - to be restored/revitalised/renewed (v.i.)
  • eski - old; eskir- - to wear out (v.i.)
  • içke - thin (of long things); içker- - to get thin (v.i.)
  • juqa - thin (of flat things); juqar- - to get thin (v.i.)
  • özgö - different/foreign; özgör- - to change (v.i.)

Other Alternations

  • ??? qız - girl / qızıl - red / qızı- - to blush / qızar- - to blush
  • jarıq - bright, jar- - explode
  • jalaŋ - naked, jalğız - lone, alone
  • balqaş - swamp, balır - swamp

Irregular forms

  • Kyrgz/Kazakh balabaldar
  • Sakha kııskıırkıttar

Complex Codas

  • Kyrgyz qarın ‘stomach’ → qard- (poss. root)
  • Kyrgyz murun ‘nose’ → murd- (poss. root)
  • Kyrgyz orun ‘place’ → ord- (poss. root)
  • Kyrgyz dial. moyun ‘neck’ → moyd- (poss. root)
  • OT oğıloğl-
  • Tatar siŋilsiŋl-

Complex Codas 2

  • Tatar dusdust-

-KArI

keri means something like "backside side" or "reverse" or something, though this seems to be from the directive case -GArU

  • teskeri - backwards ← ters - opposite
  • tışqarı - aside from, outside of ← tış - outside
  • ilgeri

-KI (V→N)

  • açıtqı - yeast
  • şıpırğı - broom
  • uyutqu - coagulator (i.e., for yoghurt)
  •  ?çalğı - scythe
  • sınalğı - TV
  • ünalğı - radio
  •  ?ülgü - pattern

-GU (N→N?)

  • qār (**qıra?) snow ~ qırağu (hoar)frost

-KAK

V→A?

  • jabışqaq - ‘sticky’

-KIn

  • qaçqın - ‘runaway, fugitive’
  • taşqın - ‘flood’
  • turğun - ‘resident’

-(I)K

This -(I)K is V→A

  • açıq ‘open’
  • ısıq ‘hot’
  • sınıq ‘broken’
  •  ?qızıq ‘interesting’

Nominalisers

These are mostly all V→N morphemes

-(I)N

  • kelin - ‘bride / daughter in law’
  •  ?aqırın - slowly, carefully
  •  ?salqın
  •  ?jaqın (vs. yağuq)
  •  ?ışqın
  •  ?qıyın
  •  ?dayın (vs. dayar)
  • iyin - ‘shoulder’
  • tüyün - ‘knot’
  •  ?tütün - ‘smoke’
  • uzun (vs. uzaq)
  •  ?ustun - ‘(tree )trunk’

-(I)K

  • jırtıq - ‘tear (rip)’
  • teşik - ‘hole’
  • ayrıq - ‘scrap, shred’
  • ışqırıq - ‘whistle’
  • qaqırıq - ‘loogie’
  • sızıq - ‘line, dash’
  • sınıq - ‘broken piece’
  • qıyqırıq - ‘yelp’
  • kekirik - ‘burp’
  • ketik - ‘chip(ped part)’
  •  ?tütük - ‘pipe’
  • kürök - ‘shovel’
  • tayaq - ‘stick/cane/prop/support’
  • jölök - ‘prop/support’
  • tilek - ‘wish’

-(I)M

  • ağım - ‘flow’
  • kesim - ‘slice’
  • çeçim - ‘decision’

-AK

  • jataq - ‘standing [e.g., question]’
  • uzaq (vs. uzun)

-MA

... No, this is too productive

-MAl

These might just be Mongolian words in Kyrgyz?

  • saa- - to milk (could be Turkic or Mongolic); saamal - horse milk
  • açı- - to ferment (v.i.); açımal - fermeneted w:jarma
  • tarmal - curly (of hair)
  • tuqtamal - suddenly
  • tejemel - child being artificially fed??
  • şişi- - to swell/puff up; şişimel - puffed up