Difference between revisions of "Proto English Vowels"

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(more JNWE)
(addinɡ ME (approximate only))
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{|width="100%"
 
{|width="100%"
 
|+ Vowel correspondence chart
 
|+ Vowel correspondence chart
−
! Keyword !! GAmE !! JNWE !! RP    !! AusE  !! VAusE !! NZE
+
! Keyword !! ME !! GAmE !! JNWE !! RP    !! AusE  !! VAusE !! NZE
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan="7" | Short
+
! colspan="8" | Short
 
|-
 
|-
−
| KIT    || ɪ      || ɪ      || ɪ    || i    || i      || ə
+
| KIT    || ɪ || ɪ      || ɪ      || ɪ    || i    || i      || ə
 
|-
 
|-
−
| DRESS  || ɛ    || ɛ    || e̞  || e    || e      || e̝
+
| DRESS  || ɛ || ɛ    || ɛ    || e̞  || e    || e      || e̝
 
|-
 
|-
−
| LOT    || ɑ    || ɑ    || ɒ    || ɔ    || ɔ      || ɔ
+
| LOT    || ɔ || ɑ    || ɑ    || ɒ    || ɔ    || ɔ      || ɔ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| CLOTH  || ɒ    || ɒ    || ɒ    || ɔ    || ɔ      || ɔ
+
| CLOTH  || ɔ || ɒ    || ɒ    || ɒ    || ɔ    || ɔ      || ɔ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| STRUT  || ʌ̈    || ʌ̈    || ɐ    || ä    || ä      || ä
+
| STRUT  || ʊ || ʌ̈    || ʌ̈    || ɐ    || ä    || ä      || ä
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FOOT    || ʊ    || ʊ    || ʊ    || u    || u      || u
+
| FOOT    || ʊ || ʊ    || ʊ    || ʊ    || u    || u      || u
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan="7" | Short a
+
! colspan="8" | Short a
 
|-
 
|-
−
| TRAP    || æ    || æ    || a    || æ    || æ      || ɛ
+
| TRAP    || a || æ    || æ    || a    || æ    || æ      || ɛ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| BAD    || æ    || æ    || a(ː) || æː  || æː    || ɛ
+
| BAD    || a || æ    || æ    || a(ː) || æː  || æː    || ɛ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| DANCE  || æ    || Æ    || ɑː  || æː  || æː    || äː
+
| DANCE  || a || æ    || Æ    || ɑː  || æː  || æː    || äː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| CAN'T  || æ    || Æ    || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː  
+
| CAN'T  || a || æ    || Æ    || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| BATH    || æ    || æ    || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː
+
| BATH    || a || æ    || æ    || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| PALM    || ɑ    || ɑ    || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː
+
| PALM    || al || ɑ    || ɑ    || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan="7" | Short a pre-n/m/ŋ/ɡ (nasals, voiced velars)
+
! colspan="8" | Short a pre-n/m/ŋ/ɡ (nasals, voiced velars)
 
|-
 
|-
−
| TAN    ||          || Æ
+
| TAN    || a ||          || Æ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| PAM    ||          || Æ
+
| PAM    || a ||          || Æ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| SANG  ||          || æj
+
| SANG  || a ||          || æj
 
|-
 
|-
−
| SAG     ||          || æj
+
| SAG   || a  ||          || æj
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan="7" | Short pre-r
+
! colspan="8" | Short pre-r
 
|-
 
|-
−
| START  || ɑɹ    || ɒɻ    || ɑː  || äː    || äː    || äː
+
| START  || ar || ɑɹ    || ɒɻ    || ɑː  || äː    || äː    || äː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| NORTH  || ɔɹ    || ɔɻ    || ɔː    || oː    || oː    || oː
+
| NORTH  || ɔr || ɔɹ    || ɔɻ    || ɔː    || oː    || oː    || oː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| NURSE  || ɝ    || ɻ̩    || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː
+
| NURSE  || ʊr || ɝ    || ɻ̩    || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| HURRY   || ɝ    || ɻ̩    || ɐ    || ä    || ä      || ä
+
| FIR   || ɪr || ɝ    || ɻ̩    || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| MERRY   || ɛ     || Æɻ     || e̞   || e    || e      || e̝
+
| HER   || ɛr || ɝ     || ɻ̩     || ɜː   || øː  || øː    || øː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| MARRY    || æ     || Æɻ     || a   || æ   || æ     || ɛ
+
| HURRY  || ʊ || ɝ     || ɻ̩     || ɐ   || ä   || ä     || ä
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan="7" | Short pre-l
+
| MERRY  || ɛ || ɛ    || Æɻ    || e̞  || e    || e      || e̝
 
|-
 
|-
−
| BELL    || ɛ     || ɛ     || e̞  || e   || æ      || ɛ
+
| MARRY  || a  || æ     || Æɻ     || a    || æ   || æ      || ɛ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| DOLL    || ɑ    || ɑ    || ɒ    || ɔu  || ɔu    || ?
+
! colspan="8" | Short pre-l
 
|-
 
|-
−
| CULT   || ʌ̈     || ʌ̈     || ɐ    || ɔ   || ɔ     || ?
+
| BELL   || ɛ || ɛ     || ɛ     || e̞  || e   || æ     || ɛ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| BALD   || ɒ      || ɒ      || ɔː  || ɔʊ   || ɔʊ    || ?
+
| DOLL   || ɔ || ɑ    || ɑ    || ɒ    || ɔu   || ɔu    || ?
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan="7" | Long
+
| CULT    || ʊ || ʌ̈    || ʌ̈    || ɐ    || ɔ    || ɔ      || ?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FLEECE  || i    || i    || iː || ɪi   || ɪi    || ɪi
+
| BALD    || a || ɒ      || ɒ      || ɔː || ɔʊ   || ɔʊ    || ?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FACE    || eɪ    || ej    || eɪ  || æi  || æi    || æɪ
+
! colspan="8" | Long
 
|-
 
|-
−
| THOUGHT || ɒ      || ɒ      || ɔː || oː   || oː     || oː
+
| FLEECE  || eː, ɛː || i    || i    || iː || ɪi   || ɪi     || ɪi
 
|-
 
|-
−
| GOAT   || o      || ɤw    || əʊ || ɐʉ  || ɐʉ  || ɐʉ
+
| FACE   || aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai || eɪ    || ej    || eɪ || æi  || æi    || æɪ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| GOOSE  || u̟     || u̟     || uː  || ʉ̟ː   || ʉ̟ː    || ʉ̟ː
+
| THOUGHT || ɔu || ɒ     || ɒ     || ɔː  || oː   || oː    || oː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| PRIDE  ||      || ɑj    ||   ||   ||   ||  
+
| GOAT    || ɔː || o     || ɤw    || əʊ  || ɐʉ  || ɐʉ  || ɐʉ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| CHOICE  || ɒɪ    || ɔj    || ɔɪ   || oi   || oi  || oɪ
+
| GOOSE  || oː || u̟      || u̟      || uː   || ʉ̟ː   || ʉ̟ː    || ʉ̟ː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| MOUTH   || aʊ     || aw     || aʊ  || æə   || æə   || æə
+
| PRIDE   || iː || aɪ     || ɑj     || aɪ  || ɑe   || ɑe   || ɑe
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan="7" | Long pre-unvoiced
+
| CHOICE  || ɔi || ɒɪ    || ɔj    || ɔɪ  || oi  || oi  || oɪ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| PRICE  || aɪ    || ʌj    || aɪ  || ɑe  || ɑe  || ɑe
+
| MOUTH  || uː || aʊ    || aw    || aʊ  || æə  || æə  || æə
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="8" | Long pre-unvoiced
 +
|-
 +
| PRICE  || iː || aɪ    || ʌj    || aɪ  || ɑe  || ɑe  || ɑe
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
! colspan="7" | Long pre-r
+
! colspan="8" | Long pre-r
 +
|-
 +
| NEAR    || eːr, ɛːr || ɪɹ    || iɻ    || ɪə  || iː ~ iə  || iː ~ iə || iə
 +
|-
 +
| SQUARE  || aːr, ɛːr, ɛir, air || æɹ    || Æɻ    || ɛə  || eː    || eː    || iə ~ ɪə
 
|-
 
|-
−
| NEAR    || ɪɹ     || iɻ     || ɪə  || iː ~ iə  || iː ~ iə || iə
+
| FORCE  || ɔːr || oɹ     || ɔɻ     || ɔː    || oː    || oː    || oː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| SQUARE/MARY  || æɹ     || Æɻ     || ɛə  || eː    || eː    || iə ~ ɪə
+
| CURE    || iur, oːr || ʊɹ     || ʲɻ̩/ʲɨɻ     || ʊə    || ʉ̟ːə  || ʉ̟ːə  || ?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FORCE  || oɹ     || ɔɻ    || ɔː   || oː    || oː    || oː
+
| POOR    || oːr, iur || ʊɹ     || ɔɻ    || ʊə   || oː    || oː    || oː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| CURE    || ʊɹ    || ʲɻ̩/ʲɨɻ    || ʊə    || ʉ̟ːə  || ʉ̟ːə  || ?
+
! colspan="8" | Long pre-l
 
|-
 
|-
−
| POOR   || ʊɹ    || ɔɻ    || ʊə    || oː    || oː   || oː
+
| GOAL   || ɔː || o      || ɤ̹      || əʊ  || ɔʊ  || ɔʊ   || ɔʊ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FARE/FAIR  || e(?)  || Æ    ||   ||  ||   ||
+
| FOOL    || oː || u      || u      || uː   || ʉ̟ː ~ uː || uː  || uː
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan="7" | Long pre-l
+
| FUEL    || iuə || uə    || ʲu(ə)    || ʊə    || ʉ̟ː ~ uː || uː  || ?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| GOAL    || o      || ɤ̹      || əʊ  || ɔʊ   || ɔʊ   || ɔʊ
+
| PALE/PAIL || aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai  || e(?)    || Æ    ||   ||  ||    ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FOOL    || u      || u      || uː  || ʉ̟ː ~ uː || uː  || uː
+
! colspan="8" | Unstressed
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FUEL    || uə    || ʲu(ə)    || ʊə    || ʉ̟ː ~ uː || uː  || ?
+
| HAPPY || || i || i || ɪ || i || i || i
 
|-
 
|-
−
| PALE/PAIL || e(?)    || Æ    ||   ||   ||   ||
+
| ABBOT || || ə || ə || ə || ə || ə || ə
−
|-  
+
|-
 +
| RABBIT || || ə || ə || ɪ || ə || ə || ə
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
(Disclaimer: This should be read as showing how diversity in pronunciation is not always an obstacle in comprehension. Not to be used as a source for anything. Some transcriptions based on the authors' own observations.)
 
(Disclaimer: This should be read as showing how diversity in pronunciation is not always an obstacle in comprehension. Not to be used as a source for anything. Some transcriptions based on the authors' own observations.)

Revision as of 08:26, 9 February 2006

A chart of vowel correspondences in many English dialects. Uses an extended version of Well's lexical sets as necessary to make a keyword for every line. Includes significant allophones, and shows the sounds used in casual connected speech rather than carefully-annunciated speech. The IPA used, tho broad, is not phonemic and is designed to show differences, rather than similarities, between the dialects. Although diacritics are often used, the non-use of diacritics does not imply that a particular vowel is used in its cardinal sense.

Table of abbreviations
GAmE General American
RP Received Pronunciation
AusE (General) Australian English
VAusE (General) Victorian Australian English
NZE (General) General New Zealand English
JNWE Jonathan North Washington's (American) English


Vowel correspondence chart
Keyword ME GAmE JNWE RP AusE VAusE NZE
Short
KIT ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ i i ə
DRESS ɛ ɛ ɛ e̞ e e e̝
LOT ɔ ɑ ɑ ɒ ɔ ɔ ɔ
CLOTH ɔ ɒ ɒ ɒ ɔ ɔ ɔ
STRUT ʊ ʌ̈ ʌ̈ ɐ ä ä ä
FOOT ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ u u u
Short a
TRAP a æ æ a æ æ ɛ
BAD a æ æ a(ː) æː æː ɛ
DANCE a æ Æ ɑː æː æː äː
CAN'T a æ Æ ɑː äː äː äː
BATH a æ æ ɑː äː äː äː
PALM al ɑ ɑ ɑː äː äː äː
Short a pre-n/m/ŋ/ɡ (nasals, voiced velars)
TAN a Æ
PAM a Æ
SANG a æj
SAG a æj
Short pre-r
START ar ɑɹ ɒɻ ɑː äː äː äː
NORTH ɔr ɔɹ ɔɻ ɔː oː oː oː
NURSE ʊr ɝ ɻ̩ ɜː øː øː øː
FIR ɪr ɝ ɻ̩ ɜː øː øː øː
HER ɛr ɝ ɻ̩ ɜː øː øː øː
HURRY ʊ ɝ ɻ̩ ɐ ä ä ä
MERRY ɛ ɛ Æɻ e̞ e e e̝
MARRY a æ Æɻ a æ æ ɛ
Short pre-l
BELL ɛ ɛ ɛ e̞ e æ ɛ
DOLL ɔ ɑ ɑ ɒ ɔu ɔu ?
CULT ʊ ʌ̈ ʌ̈ ɐ ɔ ɔ ?
BALD a ɒ ɒ ɔː ɔʊ ɔʊ ?
Long
FLEECE eː, ɛː i i iː ɪi ɪi ɪi
FACE aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai eɪ ej eɪ æi æi æɪ
THOUGHT ɔu ɒ ɒ ɔː oː oː oː
GOAT ɔː o ɤw əʊ ɐʉ ɐʉ ɐʉ
GOOSE oː u̟ u̟ uː ʉ̟ː ʉ̟ː ʉ̟ː
PRIDE iː aɪ ɑj aɪ ɑe ɑe ɑe
CHOICE ɔi ɒɪ ɔj ɔɪ oi oi oɪ
MOUTH uː aʊ aw aʊ æə æə æə
Long pre-unvoiced
PRICE iː aɪ ʌj aɪ ɑe ɑe ɑe
Long pre-r
NEAR eːr, ɛːr ɪɹ iɻ ɪə iː ~ iə iː ~ iə iə
SQUARE aːr, ɛːr, ɛir, air æɹ Æɻ ɛə eː eː iə ~ ɪə
FORCE ɔːr oɹ ɔɻ ɔː oː oː oː
CURE iur, oːr ʊɹ ʲɻ̩/ʲɨɻ ʊə ʉ̟ːə ʉ̟ːə ?
POOR oːr, iur ʊɹ ɔɻ ʊə oː oː oː
Long pre-l
GOAL ɔː o ɤ̹ əʊ ɔʊ ɔʊ ɔʊ
FOOL oː u u uː ʉ̟ː ~ uː uː uː
FUEL iuə uə ʲu(ə) ʊə ʉ̟ː ~ uː uː ?
PALE/PAIL aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai e(?) Æ
Unstressed
HAPPY i i ɪ i i i
ABBOT ə ə ə ə ə ə
RABBIT ə ə ɪ ə ə ə

(Disclaimer: This should be read as showing how diversity in pronunciation is not always an obstacle in comprehension. Not to be used as a source for anything. Some transcriptions based on the authors' own observations.)

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