Difference between revisions of "Proto English Vowels"

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(addinɡ ME (approximate only))
m (fixed jnw's rhotics, diphthonɡs)
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−
{|width="100%"
+
{|width="100%" style="text-align: center";
 
|+ Vowel correspondence chart
 
|+ Vowel correspondence chart
 
! Keyword !! ME !! GAmE !! JNWE !! RP    !! AusE  !! VAusE !! NZE
 
! Keyword !! ME !! GAmE !! JNWE !! RP    !! AusE  !! VAusE !! NZE
Line 57: Line 57:
 
| PAM    || a ||          || Æ
 
| PAM    || a ||          || Æ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| SANG  || a ||          || æj
+
| SANG  || a ||          || æɪ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| SAG    || a  ||          || æj
+
| SAG    || a  ||          || æɪ
 
|-
 
|-
 
! colspan="8" | Short pre-r
 
! colspan="8" | Short pre-r
 
|-
 
|-
−
| START  || ar || ɑɹ    || ɒɻ     || ɑː  || äː    || äː    || äː
+
| START  || ar || ɑɹ    || ɒɹ     || ɑː  || äː    || äː    || äː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| NORTH  || ɔr || ɔɹ    || ɔɻ     || ɔː    || oː    || oː    || oː
+
| NORTH  || ɔr || ɔɹ    || ɔɹ     || ɔː    || oː    || oː    || oː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| NURSE  || ʊr || ɝ    || ɻ̩     || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː
+
| NURSE  || ʊr || ɝ    || ɹ̩     || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FIR  || ɪr || ɝ    || ɻ̩     || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː
+
| FIR  || ɪr || ɝ    || ɹ̩     || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| HER  || ɛr || ɝ    || ɻ̩     || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː
+
| HER  || ɛr || ɝ    || ɹ̩     || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| HURRY  || ʊ || ɝ    || ɻ̩     || ɐ    || ä    || ä      || ä
+
| HURRY  || ʊ || ɝ    || ɹ̩     || ɐ    || ä    || ä      || ä
 
|-
 
|-
−
| MERRY  || ɛ || ɛ    || Æɻ     || e̞  || e    || e      || e̝
+
| MERRY  || ɛ || ɛ    || Æɹ     || e̞  || e    || e      || e̝
 
|-
 
|-
−
| MARRY  || a  || æ    || Æɻ     || a    || æ    || æ      || ɛ
+
| MARRY  || a  || æ    || Æɹ     || a    || æ    || æ      || ɛ
 
|-
 
|-
 
! colspan="8" | Short pre-l
 
! colspan="8" | Short pre-l
Line 93: Line 93:
 
| FLEECE  || eː, ɛː || i    || i    || iː  || ɪi  || ɪi    || ɪi
 
| FLEECE  || eː, ɛː || i    || i    || iː  || ɪi  || ɪi    || ɪi
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FACE    || aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai || eɪ    || ej     || eɪ  || æi  || æi    || æɪ
+
| FACE    || aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai || eɪ    || eɪ     || eɪ  || æi  || æi    || æɪ
 
|-
 
|-
 
| THOUGHT || ɔu || ɒ      || ɒ      || ɔː  || oː  || oː    || oː
 
| THOUGHT || ɔu || ɒ      || ɒ      || ɔː  || oː  || oː    || oː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| GOAT    || ɔː || o      || ɤw   || əʊ  || ɐʉ  || ɐʉ  || ɐʉ
+
| GOAT    || ɔː || o      || ɤʊ   || əʊ  || ɐʉ  || ɐʉ  || ɐʉ
 
|-
 
|-
 
| GOOSE  || oː || u̟      || u̟      || uː  || ʉ̟ː  || ʉ̟ː    || ʉ̟ː
 
| GOOSE  || oː || u̟      || u̟      || uː  || ʉ̟ː  || ʉ̟ː    || ʉ̟ː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| PRIDE  || iː || aɪ    || ɑj     || aɪ  || ɑe  || ɑe  || ɑe
+
| PRIDE  || iː || aɪ    || ɑɪ     || aɪ  || ɑe  || ɑe  || ɑe
 
|-
 
|-
−
| CHOICE  || ɔi || ɒɪ    || ɔj     || ɔɪ  || oi  || oi  || oɪ
+
| CHOICE  || ɔi || ɒɪ    || ɔɪ     || ɔɪ  || oi  || oi  || oɪ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| MOUTH  || uː || aʊ    || aw     || aʊ  || æə  || æə  || æə
+
| MOUTH  || uː || aʊ    || aʊ     || aʊ  || æə  || æə  || æə
 
|-
 
|-
 
! colspan="8" | Long pre-unvoiced
 
! colspan="8" | Long pre-unvoiced
 
|-
 
|-
−
| PRICE  || iː || aɪ    || ʌj     || aɪ  || ɑe  || ɑe  || ɑe
+
| PRICE  || iː || aɪ    || ʌɪ     || aɪ  || ɑe  || ɑe  || ɑe
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
! colspan="8" | Long pre-r
 
! colspan="8" | Long pre-r
 
|-
 
|-
−
| NEAR    || eːr, ɛːr || ɪɹ    || iɻ     || ɪə  || iː ~ iə  || iː ~ iə || iə
+
| NEAR    || eːr, ɛːr || ɪɹ    || iɹ     || ɪə  || iː ~ iə  || iː ~ iə || iə
 
|-
 
|-
−
| SQUARE  || aːr, ɛːr, ɛir, air || æɹ    || Æɻ     || ɛə  || eː    || eː    || iə ~ ɪə
+
| SQUARE  || aːr, ɛːr, ɛir, air || æɹ    || Æɹ     || ɛə  || eː    || eː    || iə ~ ɪə
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FORCE  || ɔːr || oɹ    || ɔɻ     || ɔː    || oː    || oː    || oː
+
| FORCE  || ɔːr || oɹ    || ɔɹ     || ɔː    || oː    || oː    || oː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| CURE    || iur, oːr || ʊɹ    || ʲɻ̩/ʲɨɻ     || ʊə    || ʉ̟ːə  || ʉ̟ːə  || ?
+
| CURE    || iur, oːr || ʊɹ    || ʲɹ̩/ʲɨɹ     || ʊə    || ʉ̟ːə  || ʉ̟ːə  || ?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| POOR    || oːr, iur || ʊɹ    || ɔɻ     || ʊə    || oː    || oː    || oː
+
| POOR    || oːr, iur || ʊɹ    || ɔɹ     || ʊə    || oː    || oː    || oː
 
|-
 
|-
 
! colspan="8" | Long pre-l
 
! colspan="8" | Long pre-l

Revision as of 08:33, 9 February 2006

A chart of vowel correspondences in many English dialects. Uses an extended version of Well's lexical sets as necessary to make a keyword for every line. Includes significant allophones, and shows the sounds used in casual connected speech rather than carefully-annunciated speech. The IPA used, tho broad, is not phonemic and is designed to show differences, rather than similarities, between the dialects. Although diacritics are often used, the non-use of diacritics does not imply that a particular vowel is used in its cardinal sense.

Table of abbreviations
GAmE General American
RP Received Pronunciation
AusE (General) Australian English
VAusE (General) Victorian Australian English
NZE (General) General New Zealand English
JNWE Jonathan North Washington's (American) English


Vowel correspondence chart
Keyword ME GAmE JNWE RP AusE VAusE NZE
Short
KIT ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ i i ə
DRESS ɛ ɛ ɛ e̞ e e e̝
LOT ɔ ɑ ɑ ɒ ɔ ɔ ɔ
CLOTH ɔ ɒ ɒ ɒ ɔ ɔ ɔ
STRUT ʊ ʌ̈ ʌ̈ ɐ ä ä ä
FOOT ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ u u u
Short a
TRAP a æ æ a æ æ ɛ
BAD a æ æ a(ː) æː æː ɛ
DANCE a æ Æ ɑː æː æː äː
CAN'T a æ Æ ɑː äː äː äː
BATH a æ æ ɑː äː äː äː
PALM al ɑ ɑ ɑː äː äː äː
Short a pre-n/m/ŋ/ɡ (nasals, voiced velars)
TAN a Æ
PAM a Æ
SANG a æɪ
SAG a æɪ
Short pre-r
START ar ɑɹ ɒɹ ɑː äː äː äː
NORTH ɔr ɔɹ ɔɹ ɔː oː oː oː
NURSE ʊr ɝ ɹ̩ ɜː øː øː øː
FIR ɪr ɝ ɹ̩ ɜː øː øː øː
HER ɛr ɝ ɹ̩ ɜː øː øː øː
HURRY ʊ ɝ ɹ̩ ɐ ä ä ä
MERRY ɛ ɛ Æɹ e̞ e e e̝
MARRY a æ Æɹ a æ æ ɛ
Short pre-l
BELL ɛ ɛ ɛ e̞ e æ ɛ
DOLL ɔ ɑ ɑ ɒ ɔu ɔu ?
CULT ʊ ʌ̈ ʌ̈ ɐ ɔ ɔ ?
BALD a ɒ ɒ ɔː ɔʊ ɔʊ ?
Long
FLEECE eː, ɛː i i iː ɪi ɪi ɪi
FACE aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai eɪ eɪ eɪ æi æi æɪ
THOUGHT ɔu ɒ ɒ ɔː oː oː oː
GOAT ɔː o ɤʊ əʊ ɐʉ ɐʉ ɐʉ
GOOSE oː u̟ u̟ uː ʉ̟ː ʉ̟ː ʉ̟ː
PRIDE iː aɪ ɑɪ aɪ ɑe ɑe ɑe
CHOICE ɔi ɒɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ oi oi oɪ
MOUTH uː aʊ aʊ aʊ æə æə æə
Long pre-unvoiced
PRICE iː aɪ ʌɪ aɪ ɑe ɑe ɑe
Long pre-r
NEAR eːr, ɛːr ɪɹ iɹ ɪə iː ~ iə iː ~ iə iə
SQUARE aːr, ɛːr, ɛir, air æɹ Æɹ ɛə eː eː iə ~ ɪə
FORCE ɔːr oɹ ɔɹ ɔː oː oː oː
CURE iur, oːr ʊɹ ʲɹ̩/ʲɨɹ ʊə ʉ̟ːə ʉ̟ːə ?
POOR oːr, iur ʊɹ ɔɹ ʊə oː oː oː
Long pre-l
GOAL ɔː o ɤ̹ əʊ ɔʊ ɔʊ ɔʊ
FOOL oː u u uː ʉ̟ː ~ uː uː uː
FUEL iuə uə ʲu(ə) ʊə ʉ̟ː ~ uː uː ?
PALE/PAIL aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai e(?) Æ
Unstressed
HAPPY i i ɪ i i i
ABBOT ə ə ə ə ə ə
RABBIT ə ə ɪ ə ə ə

(Disclaimer: This should be read as showing how diversity in pronunciation is not always an obstacle in comprehension. Not to be used as a source for anything. Some transcriptions based on the authors' own observations.)

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