|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| | This page's purpose is to collect '''cognates between Turkic and Mongolic''' languages. In the end, I'd like to organise it all by date of borrowing. | | This page's purpose is to collect '''cognates between Turkic and Mongolic''' languages. In the end, I'd like to organise it all by date of borrowing. |
| − |
| |
| − | "Altaic" just means that it's a word used in support for the Altaic theory—for my purposes, this means something like a really early loan of probably T→M directionality.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == First part of a list ==
| |
| | | | |
| | {|class="wikitable" | | {|class="wikitable" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | !Classical Mongolian || Khalkha || Old Turkic? || Kyrgyz || Kazakh || classification | + | !Classical Mongolian || Khalkha || Old Turkic? || Kyrgyz || Kazakh |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | || малгай {{lang-en|hat}} || || {{lang-ky|малакай}} {{lang-en|men's fur hat without lapel or brim}} || {{lang-kk|малақай}} || M→T | + | | || малгай {{lang-en|hat}} || || {{lang-ky|малакай}} {{lang-en|men's fur hat without lapel or brim}} || {{lang-kk|малақай}} |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | || шүүлс {{lang-en|lynx}} || || {{lang-ky|сүлөөсүн}} {{lang-en|lynx}} || {{lang-kk|сілеусін}} || M→T | + | | || шүүлс {{lang-en|lynx}} || || {{lang-ky|сүлөөсүн}} {{lang-en|lynx}} || {{lang-kk|сілеусін}} |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || эр || || эр || || Altaic?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || тэмдег || || тамга || || Altaic?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || болд ‘steel’ || || болот || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || баатар || || баатыр || батыр || M→T
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || алтан || || алтын || алтын ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || цэцэг || || || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || тунгалаг ‘clear’ || || тунук ‘clear’
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || мөнх ‘eternal’ || || || мәңгі ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || жаргал || || жыргал || жырғау
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || ой ‘mind, intellect’ || || ой ‘thought’ || ой ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | beläk || бэлэг ‘gift’ || || белек ‘gift’ || — || M→T
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || тэнгэр || || || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || зориг ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || чул || || || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || жимс || || жемиш || жеміс || T→M
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || бал || || бал || бал ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || бар ‘tiger’ || || барс ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | buqa || бух ‘bull’ || || бука ‘bull’ ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || гэр-бүл ‘family’ || || үй-бүлө ‘family’ || — || M→T
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || бүр || || бир || бір ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || бүтэн || || бүт || бүтін ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | yomaq || домог || || жомок || — ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | tanı-? || тани- || || тааны- || таны- ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || эрх || || эрк ‘free will’ || ерік ‘free will’ ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || ээмэг || || иймек || || T→M
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || эсгэ(лэн) || || ачы/ачкылт || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || шээ- || || сий- || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || шар || || сары || || Altaic
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || шивнэ- || || шыбыра- || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || бороо ‘rain’ || || бороон ‘storm’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || бэлтрэг || || бөлтүрүк || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || мал || || мал || мал ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || ихэр || || эгиз || егіз ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || жил ‘year’ || || жыл || жыл || Altaic
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || илжиг ‘donkey’ || || эшек || есек || Altaic
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || дэл ‘mane’ || || жал ‘mane’ || || Altaic
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || даал? || || даалы ‘top of shoulders’ || M→T
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || арга || || арга ‘way out (of a problem)’ || || M→T?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || ар ‘back’ || || арка ‘back’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || ар ‘back’ || || арт ‘back’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || тамир ‘strength’ || || тамыр ‘vein, root’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || тара- ‘scatter’ || || тара-т- ‘scatter’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || тас ‘vulture’ || || таскара ‘vulture’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || орд(он?) ‘palace’ || || ордо ‘palace’ || орда ‘?’
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || орон ‘country/dwelling’ || || орун ‘place’ || орын
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || тийм ‘such’ || || тим ‘~such’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || мянга ‘thousand’ || || миң || мың || Altaic, ..?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || будаа ‘rice’ || || буудай ‘wheat’ || бидай ‘wheat’
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || буудай ‘wheat’ || || буудай ‘wheat’ || бидай ‘wheat’
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | tölä- ‘pay’ || төл- ‘pay’ || || төлө- ‘pay’ || төле- ‘pay’ ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | —? || төл ‘baby herd animal’|| || төл || төл ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || || дүлөй ‘deaf’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || || өйдө ‘up’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || || каалга ‘door of yurt’ || — ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || уна- ‘ride’, унаа ‘transport’ || || унаа ‘transport’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || саа- ‘milk’ || || саа- || сау- || ambiguous in Kyrgyz
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || саам ‘mare's milk’ || || саамал || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || саадах ‘quiver’ || || саадак || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || ширь ‘leather (thin)’ || || шири ‘chrome leather’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || булигаар ‘worked leather’ || || булгаары ‘worked leather’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || || боо ‘string’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | köndelen ‘across’ || хөндлөн ‘across’ || || көлдөлөң ‘kittycorner → lambskin mat’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | buɣura ‘male camel’ || буур || || буура ‘male camel’ ← *bogıra || || ambiguous in Kyrgyz
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | budaɣa ‘cereal/rice/food’ || || || ботко ‘porridge’ || ботқа ‘porridge, mess’ ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || халгай ‘nettle’ || || — || қалақай ‘nettle’ || M→T
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || бэлэн ‘ready’ || || белен ‘ready’ || — || M→T
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | xurigan || хурга ‘lamb’ || || козу || қозы || Altaic
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | šatu || шат ‘stairs’ || || шаты ‘stairs’ || ~саты || T→M
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || || чыда- ‘put up with’ ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || тунгалаг || || тунук || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | em-e ‘female’ || || || эм- ‘nurse’ v.i. || ем- ‘nurse’ v.i. || ?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | urtu || урт ‘long’ || || узун ‘long’ || || ??
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | xonuɣ ‘night/night lodging’ || хоног || || конок ‘guest’ || қонақ ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | xonu- ‘spend the night’ || хонох || || кон- ‘stay the night’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | == My additions to Csáki's list ==
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Include ===
| |
| − | {|class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! Old Turkic || Classical Mongolian || Khalkha || Kyrgyz (or other) || meaning || include in paper?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || zirɣal || жаргал || жыргал || ‘pleasure’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || … bule || гэр бүл || үй бүлө || ‘family’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || ele || л || эле || ‘just/only’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | !yomaq ‘legend’ || domuɣ || домог || жомок || ‘fairy tale’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || belterge || бэлтрэг || бөлтүрүк || ‘wolf cub’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || arɣ-a || арга || арга || ‘way out’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || tas || тас || тазкара || ‘vulture’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | timin? ‘just now’ || tein/teimy || тийм || тим || ‘such’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || buɣudai || буудай || буудай || ‘wheat’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || unaɣ-a || уна- ‘falling, driving’ || унаа ‘means of transportation’ || || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || xural || хурал || курултай || ‘meeting’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ulus/uluš ‘settlement, residence’ || ulus || улс || улут || ‘nation’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || silykei || шүлхий || шилекей || ‘saliva’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || cangɣa- || цанга- || (southern) чаңка- || ‘be thirsty’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || zolbin || золбин || жолбун || ‘stray’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || zegerde || зээрд || жээрде || ‘chestnut horse’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || tos- || тос- || тос- || ‘meet, pick up’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || cana || цана || чана || ‘ski, sled’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | buɣu || buɣu || буга || бугу || ‘deer’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || xoruɣ-a, xorij-a(n) || хороо || короо || ~‘corral’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | uruq(?) ‘rope’ || urɣ-a(n), uɣurɣ-(a) || урга, уураг, уурга || укурук || ‘lasso pole’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || tøry- || төр- || төрө- || ‘bear child’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | (ös-) || øs- || өс- ‘grow (v.i., person)’ || өс- ‘grow (v.i., not person)’ || ‘grow’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || belen || бэлэн || белен || ‘ready’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || kørsi(n) || хөрш || Kazakh көрші || neighbour || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | uruɣ ‘seed; relatives’ || uruɣ || ураг ‘relatives by marriage’ || уруу ‘tribe’, урук ‘clan; seed; relatives’ || || +yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | (rasayan) || (a)rasijan || рашаан || арашан || ‘holy/mineral spring’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || cuɣ || цуг || чогуу || ‘together’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | yalɣu ‘stupid person’ || zalxaɣu || залхуу || жалкоо || ‘lazy’ || ?yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || ɣolumta || голомт || коломто || ‘hearth’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || xaɣalɣ-a(n) || хаалга || каалга || ‘yurt door’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | örgün, örgin ‘throne’ || ørgyge(n) || өргөө || өргөө || ‘Khan's yurt’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || bøle/byly || бүл || бөлө || ‘progeny of sisters’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || byky || бүх || бүкүл || ‘all, whole, everything’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ?čaɣïla- ‘be noisy’, ?čaqïl- ‘be cut’ || cakilɣan || цахилгаан || чагылган || ‘lightning’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | mal ‘wealth’ || mal || мал || мал || ‘heard animal’ || ?yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | aɣïl || ayil || айл || айыл || ‘camp, village’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || alaɣ-a(n) || алга || алакан || ‘palm’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || cida- || чад- || чыда- ‘put up with’ || ‘be able to’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || cimki- || чимхэ- || чымчы- || ‘pinch’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || dalu || дал || далы || ‘shoulder’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || møndyr || мөндөр || мөндүр || ‘hail’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || saɣadaɣ || саадах || саадак || ‘quiver’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || coxu || цох || чоку || ‘forehead’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || darui || даруй || дароо || ‘immediately’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || dylei || дүлий || дүлөй || ‘deaf’ || yes
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Make a point with, but don't include ===
| |
| − | {|class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! Old Turkic || Classical Mongolian || Khalkha || Kyrgyz (or other) || meaning || include in paper?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | qaɣur- || xaɣur- || хуур- || куур(у)- || ‘fry’ || +no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | tanï- || tani- || tani- || тааны- || ‘know’ || ??
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | qatïɣ || xataɣu || хатуу || катуу || ‘tough’ || no+
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | burčaq || burcaɣ || буурцаг || буурчак || ‘bean, pea’ || no+
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | saɣ- || saɣa- || саа- || саа- || ‘milk (v.t.)’ || no+
| |
| − | | |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | === *Might* be of Mongolian origin ===
| |
| − | {|class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! Old Turkic || Classical Mongolian || Khalkha || Kyrgyz (or other) || meaning || include in paper?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | qalqan || xalx-a || халх || калка(н(ч)) || shield || ?no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | qara-? || xara- || хар- || кара- || ‘look at’ || ?no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ulam ‘always’ || ulam ‘further’ || улам ‘still more’ || улам ‘always; still more’ || ‘always; further’ || ?no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || bolud || болд || болот || ‘steel’ || ??
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || tungɣalaɣ || тунгалаг || тунук || ‘clear’ || ?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || cimeg || чимэг || чийме || ‘decoration’ || ?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || zang || зан || Kazakh заң ‘law’ || ‘nature of, customs’ || no?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | qoŋqiu/quŋqau || xongxu || хонх || коңгуроо || ‘bell’ || ?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | baɣïrsa-? || boɣursuɣ? || боорцог || боорсок || ‘fried dough’ || ?no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | botu || botuɣ-a, botuɣu(n) || ботго || бото || ‘baby camel’ || ?no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || цог || чок (Kz. шоқ) || ember ||
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Don't Include ===
| |
| − | | |
| − | {|class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! Old Turkic || Classical Mongolian || Khalkha || Kyrgyz (or other) || meaning || include in paper?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | bütün || bytyn || бүтэн || бүтүн, бүт || ‘entire’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | bütgü, bütkü || bykyli || бүхэл || бү(т)күл || ‘entire’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | bat || batu || бат || бат || ‘strong, fast’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | mengü || møngke || мөнх || мөңгү ‘glacier’, (маңги ‘eternal’) || ‘eternal’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | beläk || beleg || бэлэг || белек || ‘gift’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | tamïr || tamir || тамир ‘bodily strength’ || тамир ‘vein, stem’ || ‘vein; strength’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | tara- || tara- || тара- || тарат- || ‘scatter (v.t.)’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | arpa || arbai || арвай || арпа || ‘barley’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | meŋ || mengge || мэнгэ || мэң || ‘mole (facial feature)’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | tegirmän || tegerm-e || тээрэм || тэгирмен || ‘mill’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || siɣazaɣai || шаазгай || сагызган || ‘magpie’ (onom.) || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | bölük || bylyg || бүлэг || бөлүк || ‘section, division’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | tōr || — || тор || тор || ‘wire, gate, net’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | tajaq || tajaɣ || таяг || таяк || ‘stick’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | öŋ || øngge(n) || өнгө || өң || ‘colour’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | čöl-lig/čöl-gi || cøl || цөл || чөл || ‘desert’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | teg || tig || тэг || тик || ‘straight up, piont; like’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | tekä || teke || тэх || теке || ‘male goat’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | sid- || sige- || шээ- || сий- || ‘urinate’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | kölük || kølge(n) || хөлөг || Kazakh көлік || ‘transport, vehicle’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ay+la-? || ajala- || аял- ‘travel’ || айлан- ‘turn around, rotate’ || ‘turn around’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | čïn || ching || чин || чын || ‘true’ ← Chinese || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | töl || töl || төл || төл || ‘baby herd animal’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | učra-? || ucir || учир ‘reason’ || учур ‘moment, period’ || ? || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | salqïm || salki(n) || салхи ‘wind’ || салкын ‘cool’ || wind, windy || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | qurɣaq || xuɣurai || хуурай || кургак || ‘dry’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | yaqa || zax-a || зах || жака || ‘collar’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | saqal || saxal || сахал || сакал || ‘facial hair, beard’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | körk+ || køgerken || хөөрхөн || көркөм || ‘good-looking’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | bulaq || bulaɣ || булаг || булак || ‘spring’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | —? || —? || оромог || оромо || ‘wrapped steamed pastry’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | qurč || xurca || хурц || курч || ‘sharp’ (strong?) || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || — || — || оро- || ‘wrap’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | — || ?bylteger+ken || ?бүлтгэр-хэн || бүлдүркөн || ‘blackberry’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | qïraɣu || kiraɣu || хяруу || кыроо || ‘hoarfrost’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | orun || orun || орон || орун || ‘place’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | tölä- || <s>tøly-</s> || төл- || төлө- || ‘pay’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | bel || bel || бэл || бел || ‘waist’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | yoluq- || zoluɣa- || золго- || жолук- || ‘meet’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || хулан || кулан || onager || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | berik || böke, beki || бөх, бэх || бек (kk. берік) || strong || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || давс || туз || salt || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | buzaʁu || biraɣu || бяруу || музоо || calf || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || эм || эм || medicine || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | belgü || belge || || белги || ‘sign’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | idi || eje-n || эзэн || ээ || ‘master’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ordu || orda || || || ‘palace’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | qarşı || qarsi || || каршы || ‘against’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | balıq || balaqa-sun || || || ‘city’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | täŋri || tngri || || || ‘heaven’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | üli-? || üli- || || || ‘compare’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | kökürčkän || kegürjegen || || көгүчкөн || dove || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | qut || qutuɣ || хутаг || кут || sanctity, goodness || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | tarığ || tariya || тариа || таруу || crop → millet || no
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Need to sort ===
| |
| − | {|class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! Old Turkic || Classical Mongolian || Khalkha || Kyrgyz (or other) || meaning || include in paper?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || булчин || булчуң || muscle || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || дАА || да || modal particle || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || -ч/-ж || -чУ || verb suffix || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || багш || бакшы || teacher, witch doctor || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || эдгэ- || айык- || get better (v.i.) || ??
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || төр || төр || minister (political) ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || бэлэн || белен || ready ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || хэрээс ‘criss-cross’ || кереге ‘wall of yurt made of crossed wood’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | bod- || || буд- || боё- || ‘paint’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | qorɣa || — || || корго- || place of refuge → defend || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || цэг || чекит || dot, period || yes(?)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || sun- || сунга- || сун- || stretch→extend→suggest,offer ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | qirğaʁul? || || хяруул || кыргоол || pheasant || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | čag || || цаг || чак || (period of) time → tense ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | erte || || эрт || эрте || early ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || зуур- || жууру- || knead dough ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || шивэр || шибер || thicket/meadow ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || хөө- || көбө- || swell, increase in size ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | kög? || || хөө || көө || soot ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || || чулгоо || портянка = foot wrapping ? ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || || шыйрак || animal's lower leg || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || сонино || сонун || new → interesting || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || хэхир- || кекир- || burp ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || хамт || камты- || (join) together ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || хараа- || карга- || to curse ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || jayidaŋ? || || жайдак? || barren, unsaddled ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || qaraɣu? || || каруу? || power, strength ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || хүхэр || күкүрт || sulfur ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || || ширеңке? || matches ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || хэдэр || кежир || crotchety ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || ?širi || шир || шири || leather || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | bez/böz || bös || бөс || бөз || a type of cotton cloth || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | bedük? || büdügün || бүдүүн || бийик || high, tall; fat, large || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || ögede || өөд || өйдө || upwards
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ?? || üčügüken ‘small’ || ‘light’ || ичке ‘thin’ ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || хөөмий ‘throat singing’ || көмөкөй ‘uvula’ || || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || тоть || тото || parrot || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || дууриа-, дуурай- || туура- || copy (person), mimick ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || хав- ‘trap (v.t.)’ || капкан ‘trap (n.)’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || үйл ‘deed’ || иш ‘work, deed’ || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || хир || кир || dirty, laundry ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || цоч- / цочир- || чочу- / чочут- || be startled / startle ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || цогул- || чогул- || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || дов ‘hill’ || тоо ‘mountain’, дөбө ‘hill’ || HMM ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || шог || шок || ‘naughty’ ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || алх || балка || ‘hammer’ || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || цал || чал || ‘old / old man’ ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || буурал || буурул || ‘dark(?) grey (of hair)’ ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || мохоо || мокок || ‘dull’ ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || худаг || кудук || ‘well’ || ~yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || булх- ‘make wet’ || булга- ‘make ~dirty’ ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | qozı || quraɣ-an || хурга ‘1yo sheep’ || козу ‘lamb’ || lamb || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || сав- || саба-/чап- || hit, beat ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || саваа || сабоо || pole for beating wool into felt
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | quɣu || qun || хун || [ак]куу || swan || no
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || мөр ‘footprint’ || мөөр ‘seal’ || || ??
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || талх ‘bread’ || талкан ‘ground grain / meal’ || ‘bread, meal’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || ?daqin || || дагы ‘more, still’ ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || тал || талаа || ‘field, steppe’
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || уурга || укурук || ‘lasso pole’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || сонирхо- ‘be interested in’ || сонурка- ‘be amazed’, kz. сонырқа- ‘be amazed/amused; find new pasture’ || yes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || || араң ‘barely’ ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || || аз ||
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Csáki's list for Kyrgyz ==
| |
| − | {|class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! Old Turkic || Classical Mongolian || Khalkha || Kyrgyz (or other) || meaning
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || abisun (WMo) || || abısın || sister in laws
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || abura- || || abra- (south) ‘be many’ || to save, rescue, nurse
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || alus || алс || alıs || further
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || alisun || || alısın || second crop
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || alja- || || aljı- ‘be wrong’ || get tired, exhausted
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || angqaɣu || || aŋqoo ‘simple-minded’ || hard palate
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || angɣai- || || aŋqıy- / aŋqay- || ‘be wide open’
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || arča || || arča || juniper
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || arči- || || aarčı- || clean
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || asara- || || asıra- ‘adopt a child’ || protect
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || elči (WMo) || || elči || envoy
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || itelgü || || itelgi || falcon
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || egejegei (WMo) || || ejigey || red curds, dry cheese
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || baɣana (WMo) || || mamı? || pillar, pole
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || baital || || baytal || 3-yo horse
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || baɣatur || баатар || baatır || hero, brave
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || baja || баз || baja || brother-in-law
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || berket- || || bekit- ‘lock’ || strengthen
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || bilčara- || || bıljıra- ‘be slippery’ || soften
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || begelei || || meeley || mittens
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || bulanggir(tai) || || (buldur?) || dim
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || büldürge (WMo) || || büldürgö / büldürgü || loop on a whip handle
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || boljal || || boljol || term
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || boro'an || бороо || boroon || snowstorm → storm
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || buɣurul || || burul || grey
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || bosaɣa || босго || bosoğo || threshold
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || bödene || || bödönö || quail
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || börte || || börtö || dark chestnut (horse)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || bötege || || bötögö || bird innards
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || čagaɣan || цагаан || čağan ‘1st moth of Mongol year’ || white → maple
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || čabidur || || čabdar || yellow horse with white mane and tail
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || čečen || цэцэн || čečen ‘orator’ || wise → minstrel
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || čida- || чад- || čıda- || be able to → put up with
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || čilbuɣur || || čılbır || chain
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || čiray || царай || čıray ‘facial features’ || face, appearance, expression
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || čeber || цэвэр || чебер ‘prettily made’ || nice, good
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || čer || || чер || illness
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || *čöɣüče || || čöyčök || small cup (bowl)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || čöregei (WMo) || || čürök || loon
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || demči (WMo) || || demči ‘doctor’? || business man → suitor
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || doluɣana (WMo) || || dolono || hawthorn
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || dönen || || dönön || 3-4yo stallion
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || sar (WMo) || || sar, sarı|| hawk
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || ilɣa- || || ılğa- || choose, select → differentiate
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || irjayi- || || ırjay- || show one's bare teeth
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || erke || || erke || spoiled, pampered
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || erkele- || || erkele- || pamper
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || jada- || зад-? || jada- / taja-|| be exhausted
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || yadaɣu || || jadoo || worn out
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || yalga- || || jalğa- || connect, join
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || jasaɣul || || jasool ‘executive’ || guard
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || jaɣuči || || juuču || suitor
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || jüde- (WMo) || || jüdö- || be tired, exhausted → be in hard times
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || qabirqa || хавирга || qabırğa || rib, side, flank
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || qaiči || хайч || qayčı || scissors
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || qanjuqa || || qanjığa || saddle-thong
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || qabturɣa || || qapčıq ‘bag’ || wallet, pocket, leather sack
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || qaragai (WMo) || || qarağay || larch, spruce
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || qaraŋgui || харанхуй || qaraŋğı || dark
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || qaraɣul || || qarool || guard, watch
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || qarčiqai || || qarčığa || falcon
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || qariɣu || || ?qayruu (←qɑyır-) || objection
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || kekül || хөхөл || kökül ‘bangs’ || horse's forlock
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || qiramaɣ (WMo) || || qılamıq || powdery snow
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || kitad || || qıtat ‘black paint’ || Chinese silk
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || genedte || || kenet-kenet ‘occasionally’ || suddenly
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || kenye (WMo) || || kenje || youngest child
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || quda || || quda || groom's relatives ↔ bride's relatives
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || quduɣ || худаг || quduq || well
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || ɣunajin || || qunaajın / qunaayın || 3yo female animal
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || ɣunan || || qunan || 3yo stallion
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || küren || хүрэн || küröŋ || brown (horse)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || *qonolqa (WMo) || || qonoq ‘guest’; qon- ‘stay the night’ || shelter for the night
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || qongɣur || || qoŋur || dark brown
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || kur || || qaraqur || grouse
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || kökün || || kökürök || breast → chest
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || kömegei (WMo) || || kömököy || Adam's apple
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || makta- || магта- || maqta- || praise
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || malaqay || малгай || malaqay || hat
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || manglai || манлай || maŋday || forehead
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || mata- (WMo) || || mata- || bend →/, disturb
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || mergen || мэргэн || mergen || marksman
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || mese (WMo) || || meskey ‘pot’; mizdüü ‘sharp’ || glutton; sharp, sword
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || moqadaq || || moqo- ‘make dull’; moqoq ‘dull’|| stupid
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || möče(?) || мөч? || möčö || body part → body
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || mültüre- || || möltürö- || break loose → get engorged; shine
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || moyil || || moyul || bird-cherry
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || niɣ (WMo) || || nıq, (?mıq ‘nail’) || solid
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || nökör || нөхөр || nögör || friend → best man
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || noqta || || noqto || horse halter
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || učira- || учр- || učura- || encounter
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || onggi || || uŋğu || socket for axe handle
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || ölke || || ölkö ‘country’ || sunny side → area
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || saɣadaq (WMo) || || saadaq || quiver
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || saqaɣu (WMo) || || saqoo ‘stutterer’ || a horse disease, (deaf)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || siläɣüsün || шилүүс || sülöösün || lynx
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || siltaɣ(an) || || sıltoo || motive
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || sirxa-n (WMo) || || sırqoo || injury → illness, ailment
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || sauqa || || sooğa || gift → candy, nice textile
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || suli (WMo) || || sulu || feather grass → oats
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || söɣem || сөөм || sööm || span
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || soqor || сохор || soqur || blind
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || *solaqai (WMo) || || soloğoy || left → left-handed
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || šibaɣa(n) || || šıbağa || lot
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || silükei (WMo) || || šilekey || saliva
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || šiŋqor || шонхор || šumqar / šuŋqar || falcon
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || takim || тахим || taqım || knee cap
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || tanglai || тагнай || taŋday || soft palate
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || tasam-a (WMo) || тасам || tasma ‘ribbon’ || strap
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || tomaɣaɣ (WMo) || || tomoğo || hawk headgear
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || toqum || тохом || toqum || saddle cloth
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || toqta- || || toqto- || stop
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || tögürig (WMo) || || tegerek / tögörök || circle
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || töle- || төл- || tölö- || pay
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || oboɣa (WMo) || овоо || oboo || stone heap → mound
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || olja || || oljo || loot
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | == The oldest cognates ==
| |
| − | These words don't clearly have a given source, and are common to both Mongolic and Turkic. They are normally used to argue for the Altaic hypothesis, but were probably just very early Turkic ~loans in Mongolic (or something like that).
| |
| − | | |
| − | {|class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! gloss || Old Turkic || Chuvash || Mongolic || Hungarian || other || reconstruction? || sound correspondences
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | yellow-brown || yağız || || dayir || || || || <ref name="wdinitialglide">Mongolic wd-initial /d, n, .../ ↔ Turkic /j/</ref>, <ref name="agi">Mongolic /ayi/ ↔ Turkic /aɣi/</ref>, <ref name="rz">Mongolic, Volga /r/ ↔ Turkic /z, r/</ref>, !<ref name="Vtranspos">Vowel transposition</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | grey || boz || || boro/bora || || ''Tung.'' boroŋ ''Turk. boz || || <ref name="rz" />, <ref name="finalvowel">Mongolic final vowel ↔ Turkic ∅</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | stone || tāş || čul || čilaɣun || || || *tıla- || <ref name="finalvowel" />, <ref name="tpalat">Mongolic, Chuvash /ʧ/ ↔ Turkic /t/ ↔ */ti/</ref>, <ref name="Vtranspos" />, <ref name="gan">-(ɣV)n suffix</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | cow || öküz || văkăr || hüker || ökör || || || <ref name="rz" />, <ref name="h">Mongolic wd-initial /h/ ↔ Turkic ∅</ref>, <ref name="chvdiphth">Mongolic, Turkic Vː ↔ Chuvash dipthong</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || qoş || || qolba- || || || || <ref name="lsh">Mongolic, Volga /l/lb/ ↔ Turkic /ʃ, l/</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || bış || || bol(ba)- || || || || <ref name="lsh" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | rabbit || tabışğan || || taula- || || || || <ref name="lsh" />, <ref name="gan" />, <ref name="Cdorsal">Mongolic ø ↔ Turkic Ck/Cg</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | copper || yez || || dere- || || || || <ref name="wdinitialglide" />, <ref name="rz" />, <ref name="finalvowel" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | twins || ikiz || yĕkĕr || ikeri/ikere || iker || || || <ref name="rz" />, <ref name="finalvowel" />, <ref name="chvdiphth" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | black || qara || xura || qara || || || || !<ref name="rz" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | yellow || sarığ || šură || sira || sárga || || || !<ref name="rz" />, <ref name="Vtranspos" />, <ref name="Cdorsal" />?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | red || qızıl || xĕrlĕ || || || || || !<ref name="lsh" />, <ref name="rz" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | mud,marsh || sāz || śur || ?sibar/siro- || sár || || || <ref name="rz" />, <ref name="finalvowel" />, <ref name="chvdiphth" />?, <ref name="Vtranspos" />? <ref name="mngVCV">Mongolic VCV ↔ Turkic long vowel</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | donkey || äşgäk || ažak? || eljigen || || ''Tung.'' eyixen || || <ref name="lsh" />, <ref name="gan" />, <ref name="Cdorsal" />?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | self || ȫz || || öber/öger || || || || <ref name="rz" />, <ref name="mngVCV" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | other || ȫzkä || || öbere/ögere || || || || <ref name="rz" />, <ref name="mngVCV" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || yǖr || || nūr ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | tear || yaş || śul || nilbu- || || || || <ref name="wdinitialglide" />, <ref name="lsh" />, <ref name="finalvowel" />, <ref name="Vtranspos" />?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | young || yaş || || jalaɣu/nilqa || || ''Tung.'' ńalun || || <ref name="wdinitialglide" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | write, draw || yaz- || śïr- || jiru- || || ''Tung.'' niru-
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | udder || yälin || || deleŋ
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | reed || yēz || || dere- ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | good/upper/superior || yig/yeg || || dege- || || ''Tung.'' deg-/deye-
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | rope/thread || yip/yıp || śip || dege-
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | musk || yıpar || || jıɣar || gyopár
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | fist || yudruq || || nidurɣa || || ''Tung.'' nurgan<*nudurgan
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | heart || yüräk || čəre || jirüken ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || || ara-? || || ír
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | face || yǖz || śӑvar || düri/?niɣur ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | young cow || buzağu || păru || biraɣu || borjú || ''Tung.'' berū/borē
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | snow || qār || yur || kira- || || || || !<ref name="chvdiphth" />, <ref name="Vtranspos" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ~bald || qaşqa || || qaljan || || || || <ref name="lsh" />, <ref name="gan" />, <ref name="Cdorsal" />?
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | spoon || qaşuq || || qalbuɣa || || || || <ref name="lsh" />, <ref name="finalvowel" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | musical instrument || qopuz || || ''Khalkha'' quur || || || || <ref name="trkVCV">Mongolic long vowel ↔ Turkic VCV</ref>, <ref name="rz" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | blue/sky || kȫk || kăvak || köke || || || || <ref name="chvdiphth" />, <ref name="finalvowel" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | bridge || köprüg || || kögürge/kögerge/kegürge || || || || <ref name="GB" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | baby animal || köşäk || || gölüge/gölige || kölyök/kölök
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | to swell || köb-e- || || köge- || || ''Ewk.'' kebe- || || <ref name="GB">Mongolic G ↔ Turkic B</ref>, !<ref name="trkVCV" />, !<ref name="mngVCV" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | find (out) || tap- || tup- || taɣa- || || || || <ref name="GB" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | camel || täbä || tĕve || teme || || || || !<ref name="GB" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | dream || tül/tüş/tüşä- || || tölge || || ''Tung.'' tolgin || || <ref name="lsh" />, !<ref name="Cdorsal" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | tear/grate/etc. || üz- || || hürü- || || ''Tung.'' furu- || || <ref name="h" />, <ref name="rz" />, <ref name="finalvowel" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | stirrup || üzäŋü || yărana (*üräŋä) || döröge || || ''Tung.'' durēŋki || || <ref name="wdinitialglide" />, <ref name="rz" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | cattle nose ring || yüzük || śĕr/śĕrĕ || dörö || gyűrű || || || <ref name="wdinitialglide" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | enemy/war || yağı || śu || dayi- || || ''Tung.'' dayi- || || <ref name="wdinitialglide" />, <ref name="agi" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | lick || yalğa- || śula-/śəvla || doluɣa-/doliya- || || ''Tung.'' dalaja- || || <ref name="wdinitialglide" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | stick to || yap- || || niɣa- || || ''Tung.'' nabga- || || <ref name="wdinitialglide" />, <ref name="GB" />, !<ref name="Cdorsal" />, <ref name="Vtranspos" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | leaf || yapurğaq || || nabči ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | flat || yapız || || naptaɣar || || ''Tung.'' naptagā/naptakā, ''Korean'' năpčak
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | settlement || ağıl || || ayil || || || || <ref name="agi" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | health || sağ || sɨvə || sayi- || || || || <ref name="agi" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | warm || yılığ || || dulaɣan || || || || <ref name="wdinitialglide" />, !<ref name="agi" />, <ref name="gan" />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | lead || qorğaşin? || || qorğaljin || || || || <ref name="lsh" />
| |
| | |} | | |} |
| − |
| |
| − | # Mongolic wd-initial /d, n, .../ ↔ Turkic /j/
| |
| − | # Mongolic /ayi/ ↔ Turkic /aɣi/
| |
| − | # Mongolic, Volga /l/lb/lj/ ↔ Turkic /ʃ, l/
| |
| − | # Mongolic, Volga /r/ ↔ Turkic /z, r/
| |
| − | # Mongolic final vowel ↔ Turkic ∅
| |
| − | # Mongolic, Chuvash /ʧ/ ↔ Turkic /t/ ↔ */ti/
| |
| − | # Mongolic wd-initial /h/ ↔ Turkic ∅
| |
| − | # Mongolic, Turkic Vː ↔ Chuvash dipthong
| |
| − | # Vowel transposition
| |
| − | # -(ɣV)n suffix
| |
| − | # Mongolic long vowel ↔ Turkic VCV
| |
| − | # Mongolic ø ↔ Turkic Ck/Cg
| |
| − | # Mongolic VCV ↔ Turkic long vowel
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Footnotes ==
| |
| − | <references />
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[Category:Kyrgyz]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Mongolian]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Turkic Languages]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Historical Linguistics]]
| |
