Turkic *z

Turkic-internal evidence

• Non-productive morphemes in Turkic#r/z and l/ş alternations
• Non-productive morphemes in Turkic#Causatives
• Turkic words that shouldn't be as they are#!!!
• Turkic words that shouldn't be as they are#Tuvan (see ergi)
• The pronouns

Turkic-external evidence

*s → s/z/r/r

• *qās (← PIE *ǵʰáns?)
  • *qās — sah: xās, kjh: xas, tuv/alt/cjs: qas
  • *qāz — kaz/kir: qaz, gag: qāz, tuk: ğāz
  • *qār — chv: xur

• *sese- (← PIE *sent-?)
  • *ses-
  • *sez-
  • *sere-

• *yes (← PIE *ai̯os / Tokh. *yäs / Tokh. A. yasa ?)
  • *jes/*çes
  • *yez/*jez

• *yās (← PIE *i̯ōr-?)
  • *jās/*çās
  • *yāz/jāz
  • *jār/*çār chv: śur

• *hökiz (← PIE *uks-en-, *pek-u- ?)
  • *ökis/*öküs — sah: oğus
  • *ökiz/*öküz
  • *ökür — chv: wåkår
  • *hüker/hükür

*s → r/r/r/?

• *semir-
• *kör
• bilek+yüzük → bilezik/bilerik
• (är-)