Firespeaker: /* Stuff that needs to be included */

2010-02-14T06:11:54Z

Stuff that needs to be included

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:11, 14 February 2010
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	* /ə/ in initial pre-vocalic syllable ~ /Ø/ (phonology /ˈfnɑləʤi/, surround /sɻau̯nd/, succomb /skəm/ (~scum??))		* /ə/ in initial pre-vocalic syllable ~ /Ø/ (phonology /ˈfnɑləʤi/, surround /sɻau̯nd/, succomb /skəm/ (~scum??))
	* syllabification, especially with cases of hiatus and ɻ		* syllabification, especially with cases of hiatus and ɻ
			* ftn → fn (often /ˈɒfɪn/, soften /ˈsɒfɪn/)

	[[Category:Linguistics]]		[[Category:Linguistics]]

Firespeaker: /* After Australian/British split */ table fix

2010-02-05T04:00:15Z

After Australian/British split: table fix

Show changes

Firespeaker: /* After Australian/British split */

2010-02-04T21:48:07Z

After Australian/British split

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:48, 4 February 2010
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	</tr>		</tr>
	<tr>		<tr>
	<~~!--~~ td / -->		<td></td>
	<td>æ → æː / _(n, m, g, ɫ)]<sub><sub>σ</sub></sub> unless (j, w) follows; and rarely _d; unless it’s a form of a strong verb.</td>		<td>æ → æː / _(n, m, g, ɫ)]<sub><sub>σ</sub></sub> unless (j, w) follows; and rarely _d; unless it’s a form of a strong verb.</td>
	<td>æ → ɛə / _(n, m) and others depending on dialect</td>		<td>æ → ɛə / _(n, m) and others depending on dialect</td>

Firespeaker: /* After Australian/British split */

2010-02-04T21:44:20Z

After Australian/British split

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:44, 4 February 2010
Line 275:		Line 275:
	</tr>		</tr>
	<tr>		<tr>
	<td />		<!-- td / -->
	<td>æ → æː / _(n, m, g, ɫ)]<sub><sub>σ</sub></sub> unless (j, w) follows; and rarely _d; unless it’s a form of a strong verb.</td>		<td>æ → æː / _(n, m, g, ɫ)]<sub><sub>σ</sub></sub> unless (j, w) follows; and rarely _d; unless it’s a form of a strong verb.</td>
	<td>æ → ɛə / _(n, m) and others depending on dialect</td>		<td>æ → ɛə / _(n, m) and others depending on dialect</td>
	</tr>		</tr>
	</table>		</table>

			== Stuff that needs to be included ==

			* Jonathan's /nəi̯f/~/nəi̯vz/ thing
			* AmE w stuff
			** ‹wa?_› /wə?_/ (squash, was, wash)
			** ‹war› /[wɔɻ/ (war, ward)
			** ‹t(ə)war› /tɔɻ/ (toward) .. same as above?
			** ‹[wor› /[wɻ/ (word)
			** ‹kwor› /kɔɻ/ (quart, quarter, *quarry)
			** ‹swor› /sɔɻ/ (sword, *swore)
			* /ə/ in initial pre-vocalic syllable ~ /Ø/ (phonology /ˈfnɑləʤi/, surround /sɻau̯nd/, succomb /skəm/ (~scum??))
			* syllabification, especially with cases of hiatus and ɻ

	[[Category:Linguistics]]		[[Category:Linguistics]]

Firespeaker: /* After Australian/British split */ categories

2007-06-25T09:52:59Z

After Australian/British split: categories

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:52, 25 June 2007
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	</tr>		</tr>
	</table>		</table>

			[[Category:Linguistics]]
			[[Category:Historical Linguistics]]
			[[Category:Phonetics]]
			[[Category:English]]

Cassowary at 15:08, 29 May 2007

2007-05-29T15:08:07Z

New page

The order here is something that works and seems to make sense to me, and is not necessarily historically accurate. In particular, after the Aus/RP split, comparable changes are next to each other, even if they didn’t happen at a similar time. This is largely based on Wikipedia’s article on the topic, but reformatted for convenience, sometimes reordered, has some uninteresting stuff cut out, and I think it’s generally more accurate. OTOH, it might also be less accurate.

== Initial vowels: ==

FRONT:
{|border=1
| iː || fleece, meat, near, sErious
|-
| ɪ || kit, fir, spIrIt happY, waitEd
|-
| eː || face, square
|-
| ɛ || dress, shErry
|}

CENTRAL:
{|boreder=1
| ə || probably less frequent than today
|-
| a || trap, bath, start, cArry
|}

BACK:
{|border=1
|-
| ɑ || lot, cloth, north, pOrridge (Note: unrounded)
|-
| oː || goat, force
|-
| ʊ || strut, nurse, curry, ?foot
|-
| uː || goose, poor, jUry*
|}

DIPHTHONGS:
{|border=1
|əɪ || price, prize
|-
|əʊ || mouth, mouths
|-
|ɑʊ || palm /pɑum/, tall /tɑʊl/, thought, ?dance (words from A-N /ã/ probably usually fit in here, or they may long have alternated between /ɑu/ and /a/)
|-
|ɔi || choice
|}

* I don’t know if /iu/ was changed yet to /juː/ or if that is a later change, but certainly “sure” /siuɹ/~/sjuːɹ/ and “sugar” /siugəɹ/~/sjuːgəɹ/ took part in early yod-coallesence. If not, the “jury” is /dʒiuɹɪ/ rather than /dʒuːɹɪ/, but it is of little significance.

(Note the distribution of /ɛɹ/ vs /aɹ/ was different from today’s distribution of NURSE with ‹er› and FAR in the standard speech of the day. e.g. “university” /iunivaɹsɪtɪ/ hence “varsity”)

=== Initial consonants ===

As PDE, except /ʍ/ is standard, but /ŋ ʒ/ are not.

== Changes ==

Long vowels have shortened inconsistently in many eras, notably /uː/ → /ʌ/ before and after the foot/strut split, and /eː/ → /ɛ/ before the meet/meat merger (hence both meat (e.g. lead) and face (e.g. said).)

=== Pre-US ===

* ʊ → ʌ (exceptions after labials & before /l/)
* ng, mb → ŋ, m / _#
* '''early yod-coallesence''':
** tj, sj, dj, zj → tʃ, ʃ, dʒ, ʒ except (?in stressed syllables) before /uː/
* '''rhotic influence''':
** a → ɑː / _ɹ]σ
** ɑ → ɔː / _ɹ]σ
** ɛ, ɪ, ʌ → ɜː / _ɹ]σ
* '''/ɑʊ/ monophthongisation''':
** ɑʊ → ɑː before labials, some nasals (e.g. aunt, dance, laundry)
** ɑʊ → ɔː otherwise
** a large number of cases that were ɑː have become ɔː subsequently for non-phonetic reasons, like laundry.

* a → æ (except in a few words, like “father” when → ɑː)

* Lowering of centre-starting diphthongs (this may have been delayed in happening before some voiceless consonants, hence Canadian Rising and the two allophones in the Scots Vowel Length Rule)
** əɪ → äɪ (in most of Britain)
** əɪ → ɑi (in some parts of South-Eastern England)
** əʊ → äʊ (in most of Britain)
** əʊ → æʊ (in those same parts of South-Eastern England)

* eː, oː → eɪ, oʊ except before /ɹ/

==== Phonology ====

FRONT:
{|border=1
|-
|iː || fleece, meat, near, sErious
|-
|ɪ || kit, spIrIt happY, waitEd
|-
|eː || face, square
|-
|ɛ || dress, shErry
|}

CENTRAL:
{|border=1
|-
|ə || probably less frequent than today
|-
|ɜː || fir, nurse (only before /ɹ/)
|-
|a || trap, bath, cArry
|}

BACK:
{|border=1
|-
|ɑ || lot, cloth, pOrridge (Note: unrounded)
|-
|ɑː || start, father, palm,
|-
|ʌ || strut, curry
|-
|ɔː || north, tall, thought
|-
|oʊ || goat [goʊt], force [foːɹs]
|-
|ʊ || ?foot
|-
|uː || goose, poor, jUry*
|}

DIPHTHONGS:
{|border=1
|-
|äɪ~ɑɪ || prize [äɪ~ɑɪ], price [äɪ~ɑɪ~əɪ]
|-
|äʊ~æʊ || mouths [äʊ~ɑʊ], mouth [äʊ~ɑʊ~əʊ]
|-
|ɔi || choice
|}

=== After American/British split ===

{|border=1
! British !! American
|-
|'''Non-rhoticism:'''
* ɜːɹ → ɜː / _]σ
* ɑːɹ → ɑː / _]σ
* ɔːɹ → ɔː / _]σ
* eːɹ → ɛə / _]σ
* oːɹ → ɔə / _]σ
* iːɹ → ɪə / _]σ
* uːɹ → ʊə / _]σ
|-
|ɑ → ɒ
|-
|'''Trap-bath and lot-cloth splits''' || '''Lot-cloth split'''
|-
| æ → æː → aː / _[+fric -voice] or _[+nasal][-voice]; words which change vary between dialects
|-
|colspan=2| ɒ → ɒː → ɔː / _[+fric -voice]
|-
|colspan=2| In the /æː/ stage, trap/bath was exported to some parts (e.g. NYC) of America. Other parts (e.g. Boston) received it in the /ɑː/ stage.
|-
|colspan=2| America generally received the LOT-CLOTH split.
|-
| || '''Low vowel length-loss''' (father-bother merger)
* ɑː → ɑ
* ɔː → ɔ
* æː → æə~ɛə (to the extent that it exists)
* This reinforces the tense-lax distinction in non-low vowels, but length distinctions aren't completely lost.
|-
|ʍ → w || regional in US
|}

=== After Australian/British split ===

Many of the changes marked “Australian” occurred in Britain, but are not a part of RP.

<table border=1>
<tr>
<th>British</th>
<th>Australian</th>
<th>American</th>
</tr>

<tr>
<td colspan="3">Development of dark /l/ (This appears to be a shared development, but apparently took place in the 19th century and had different specifics in most dialects.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> l → ɫ / in coda </td>
<td> l → ɫ / _ </td>
<td> l → ɫ / (in some conditions) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> oʊ → əʊ / _ </td>
<td>Breaking
<ul>
<li>oʊ → ɔʊ / _ɫ</li>
<li>oʊ → əʊ / otherwise</li>
<li>iː → ɪə / _ɫ</li>
<li>iː → ɪi / otherwise</li>
<li>uː → ʊə → uː / _ɫ (not NSW, Qld)</li>
<li>uː → ʊʉ → ʉː / otherwise</li>
<li>ɫ → əɫ / V[+long]_ (unless one of the above apply)</li>
</ul></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td />
<td>ɪ → iː / unstressed word-finally and unstressed foot-finally if the next the next syllable is stressed and begins with /k g tʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ/
</td>
<td>ɪ → i / unstressed word-finally
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td />
<td>ɪ → ə / unstressed syllables</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td />
<td>ə → ɪ / _(k, g, tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ, v)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td />
<td colspan="2">t → ɾ / V_V[-stress] (ish; probably happened in England and went over with the colonists)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20th Century
<ul>
<li>ɔə → ɔː</li>
</ul>Ongoing
<ul>
<li>ɛə → ɛː</li>
<li>ʊə → ɔː</li>
</ul></td>
<td>Early (before yod-loss)
<ul>
<li>ʊə → oː / except after j, dʒ</li>
<li>ʊə → ʉːwə / almost always otherwise; but see also in the Breaking section </li>
<li>oə → oː</li>
</ul>
20th Century
<ul>
<li>eə → eː, though the suffix -ary and related forms is /eɹiː/ when the “a” is pronounced</li>
</ul>
Ongoing
<ul>
<li>ɪə → ɪː</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>Earlier:
<ul>
<li>i, u, e → ɪ, ʊ, ɜ / _ɹ</li>
<li>I think most AmE dialects also have o → ɔ / _ɹ and/or ɔ → ɑ / _ɹ</li>
<ul>
Later also æ → ɛ / _ɹ in most AmE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Something</td>
<td><ul>
<li>j → ∅ / σ[(s, z, l, θ)_V[+stress]</li>
<li>sj, zj, lj → ʃ ʒ j~ɫj / otherwise (j~ɫj fluctuation is formality)</li>
<li>ɫj → ɫi / after any segment after which coda-/ɫ/ is forbidden, e.g. failure [fæiɫiɐ]</li>
<li>tj, dj → tʃ, dʒ</li>
</ul></td>
<td>
j → ∅ / σ[(s, z, l, θ, n, t, d)_
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LOT-CLOTH split reversed properly</td>
<td><ul>
<li>oː → ɔ / _ɹV[-stress] (ish) and in the same conditions that the LOT-CLOTH split occurred in. Hence, oral=aural [ɔɹəɫ] aust- = /ɔst/</li>
<li>ɔ → ɔː in “gone” and some derivatives</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>ɒ → ɔ / _[velar] (partial)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td />
<td>æ → æː / _(n, m, g, ɫ)]σ unless (j, w) follows; and rarely _d; unless it’s a form of a strong verb.</td>
<td>æ → ɛə / _(n, m) and others depending on dialect</td>
</tr>
</table>

English sound changes - Revision history

Firespeaker: /* Stuff that needs to be included */

Firespeaker: /* After Australian/British split */ table fix

Firespeaker: /* After Australian/British split */

Firespeaker: /* After Australian/British split */

Firespeaker: /* After Australian/British split */ categories

Cassowary at 15:08, 29 May 2007