Kyrgyz teaching materials - Revision history

Firespeaker: /* Consonants before vowel suffixes */

2011-09-11T18:06:39Z

Consonants before vowel suffixes

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 = Consonants before vowel suffixes =
-When a vowel-initial suffix is added to a word ending in certain consonants, the consonant changes (to a voiced version of the consonant).  This only happens after /п/ and /к/, which become /б/ and /г/ respectively.  For example, "китеп" ‘book’ + the possessive suffix -/(I)м/ is "китебим" ‘my book’, and "сабак" ‘class’ + possessive becomes "сабагым" ‘my class’.
+When a vowel-initial suffix is added to a word ending in certain consonants, the consonant changes (to a voiced version of the consonant).  This only happens after /п/ and /к/, which become /б/ and /г/ respectively.  For example, "ките'''п'''" ‘book’ + the possessive suffix -/(I)м/ is "ките'''б'''им" ‘my book’, and "саба'''к'''" ‘class’ + possessive becomes "саба'''г'''ым" ‘my class’.  No other stem-final consonants change.
 = Consonant agreement =

Firespeaker: /* Consonant agreement */

2011-09-11T18:01:59Z

Consonant agreement

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:01, 11 September 2011
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	The letter "е" is special, since it is always used '''after consonants''' to stand for the /э/ sound. After vowels and at the beginning of words, "э" is written for the /э/ sound, and "е" stands for /йэ/.		The letter "е" is special, since it is always used '''after consonants''' to stand for the /э/ sound. After vowels and at the beginning of words, "э" is written for the /э/ sound, and "е" stands for /йэ/.


			= Consonants before vowel suffixes =
			When a vowel-initial suffix is added to a word ending in certain consonants, the consonant changes (to a voiced version of the consonant). This only happens after /п/ and /к/, which become /б/ and /г/ respectively. For example, "китеп" ‘book’ + the possessive suffix -/(I)м/ is "китебим" ‘my book’, and "сабак" ‘class’ + possessive becomes "сабагым" ‘my class’.

	= Consonant agreement =		= Consonant agreement =

Firespeaker at 06:05, 11 September 2011

2011-09-11T06:05:29Z

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 = Vowel harmony =
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 | '''-(с)I-н-A''' || баласына, үйүнө
 | -(I)б{I}з-GA || балабызга, үйүбүзгө
 |}

Firespeaker: Undo revision 8288 by Firespeaker (Talk)

2011-09-11T05:25:35Z

Undo revision 8288 by Firespeaker (Talk)

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:25, 11 September 2011
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			__NOTOC__

	= Vowel harmony =		= Vowel harmony =

Firespeaker: Undo revision 8287 by Firespeaker (Talk)

2011-09-11T05:19:47Z

Undo revision 8287 by Firespeaker (Talk)

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:19, 11 September 2011
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	~~__NOTOC__~~

	= Vowel harmony =		= Vowel harmony =

Firespeaker at 05:11, 11 September 2011

2011-09-11T05:11:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:11, 11 September 2011
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			__NOTOC__

	= Vowel harmony =		= Vowel harmony =

Firespeaker: /* Possessive suffixes with case */

2011-09-11T00:07:01Z

Possessive suffixes with case

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:07, 11 September 2011
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	!colspan="2"\| 1st person plural		!colspan="2"\| 1st person plural
	\|-		\|-
	!~~nominative~~		!nom.
	\|— \|\| бала, үй		\|— \|\| бала, үй
	\| -(I)м \|\| балам, үйүм		\| -(I)м \|\| балам, үйүм
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	\| -(I)б{I}з \|\| балабыз, үйүбүз		\| -(I)б{I}з \|\| балабыз, үйүбүз
	\|-		\|-
	!~~accusative~~		!acc.
	\| -NI \|\| баланы, үйдү		\| -NI \|\| баланы, үйдү
	\| -(I)м-NI \|\| баламды, үйүмдү		\| -(I)м-NI \|\| баламды, үйүмдү
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	\| -(I)б{I}з-NI \|\| балабызды, үйүбүздү		\| -(I)б{I}з-NI \|\| балабызды, үйүбүздү
	\|-		\|-
	!~~genitive~~		!gen.
	\| -NIн \|\| баланын, үйдүн		\| -NIн \|\| баланын, үйдүн
	\| -(I)м-NIн \|\| баламдын, үйүмдүн		\| -(I)м-NIн \|\| баламдын, үйүмдүн
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	\| -(I)б{I}з-NIн \|\| балабыздын, үйүбүздүн		\| -(I)б{I}з-NIн \|\| балабыздын, үйүбүздүн
	\|-		\|-
	!~~locative~~		!loc.
	\| -DA \|\| балада, үйдө		\| -DA \|\| балада, үйдө
	\| -(I)м-DA \|\| баламда, үйүмдө		\| -(I)м-DA \|\| баламда, үйүмдө
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	\| -(I)б{I}з-DA \|\| балабызда, үйүбүздө		\| -(I)б{I}з-DA \|\| балабызда, үйүбүздө
	\|-		\|-
	!~~ablative~~		!abl.
	\| -DAн \|\| баладан, үйдөн		\| -DAн \|\| баладан, үйдөн
	\| -(I)м-DAн<br />'''-(I)м-Aн''' \|\| баламдан, үйүмдөн<br />баламан, үйүмөн		\| -(I)м-DAн<br />'''-(I)м-Aн''' \|\| баламдан, үйүмдөн<br />баламан, үйүмөн
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	\| -(I)б{I}з-DAн \|\| балабыздан, үйүбүздөн		\| -(I)б{I}з-DAн \|\| балабыздан, үйүбүздөн
	\|-		\|-
	!~~dative~~		!dat.
	\| -GA \|\| балага, үйгө		\| -GA \|\| балага, үйгө
	\| '''-(I)м-A''' \|\| балама, үйүмө		\| '''-(I)м-A''' \|\| балама, үйүмө

Firespeaker: /* Possessive suffixes */

2011-09-11T00:04:55Z

Possessive suffixes

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:04, 11 September 2011
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	The 3rd person suffixes have an extra /с/ after a vowel, so "анын алма'''с'''ы" ‘his apple’. All the other suffixes have an extra /I/ after a consonant, so "менин үй'''ү'''м" ‘my house’. First person plural can be -/(I)бIз/ or nothing, so "биздин үйүбүз" or "биздин үй" are both acceptable forms for "our house"; however, if the genitive-case pronoun ("биздин") is not used, then the suffix must be used.		The 3rd person suffixes have an extra /с/ after a vowel, so "анын алма'''с'''ы" ‘his apple’. All the other suffixes have an extra /I/ after a consonant, so "менин үй'''ү'''м" ‘my house’. First person plural can be -/(I)бIз/ or nothing, so "биздин үйүбүз" or "биздин үй" are both acceptable forms for "our house"; however, if the genitive-case pronoun ("биздин") is not used, then the suffix must be used.

			== Possessive suffixes with case ==

			In Kyrgyz, there are some irregular combinations of possessive suffixes followed by case suffixes. These occur with all cases except genitive and nominative and affect only singular 1st person, 2nd person informal, and 3rd person suffixes. The following chart provides some combinations, highlighting all of the irregular ones.

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+ ~~Case forms of~~ person suffixes		\|+ person suffixes + case suffixes
	\|-		\|-
	!		!
	!colspan="2"noun stem		!colspan="2"\| noun stem
	!colspan="2" 1st person singular		!colspan="2"\| 1st person singular
	!colspan="2" 2nd person singular		!colspan="2"\| 2nd person singular
	!colspan="2" 3rd person		!colspan="2"\| 3rd person
	!colspan="2" 1st person plural		!colspan="2"\| 1st person plural
	\|-		\|-
	!nominative		!nominative

Firespeaker: /* Which consonant to use */

2011-09-10T23:56:46Z

Which consonant to use

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:56, 10 September 2011
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	This chart means, for example, that /N/ after vowels is "н", but after /л/ is "д". So the genitive suffix -/NIн/ after "алма" ‘apple’ has "н" ("алманын"), but after "кол" ‘arm’ has a "д" ("колдун").		This chart means, for example, that /N/ after vowels is "н", but after /л/ is "д". So the genitive suffix -/NIн/ after "алма" ‘apple’ has "н" ("алманын"), but after "кол" ‘arm’ has a "д" ("колдун").

			= Morphology =

			== Possessive suffixes ==

			{\|class="wikitable"
			\|+ possessive suffixes
			\|-
			!1st person
			!менин
			\| -(I)м
			!биздин
			\| -(I)бIз / —
			\|-
			!2nd person informal
			!сенин
			\| -(I)ң
			!силердин
			\| -(I)ңAр
			\|-
			!2nd person formal
			!сиздин
			\| -(I)ңIз
			!сиздердин
			\| -(I)ңIздAр
			\|-
			!3rd person
			!анын
			\| -(с)I
			!алардын
			\| -(с)I
			\|}

			The 3rd person suffixes have an extra /с/ after a vowel, so "анын алма'''с'''ы" ‘his apple’. All the other suffixes have an extra /I/ after a consonant, so "менин үй'''ү'''м" ‘my house’. First person plural can be -/(I)бIз/ or nothing, so "биздин үйүбүз" or "биздин үй" are both acceptable forms for "our house"; however, if the genitive-case pronoun ("биздин") is not used, then the suffix must be used.

			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|+ Case forms of person suffixes
			\|-
			!
			!colspan="2"noun stem
			!colspan="2" 1st person singular
			!colspan="2" 2nd person singular
			!colspan="2" 3rd person
			!colspan="2" 1st person plural
			\|-
			!nominative
			\|— \|\| бала, үй
			\| -(I)м \|\| балам, үйүм
			\| -(I)ң \|\| балаң, үйүң
			\| -(с)I \|\| баласы, үйү
			\| -(I)б{I}з \|\| балабыз, үйүбүз
			\|-
			!accusative
			\| -NI \|\| баланы, үйдү
			\| -(I)м-NI \|\| баламды, үйүмдү
			\| -(I)ң-NI \|\| балаңды, үйүңдү
			\| '''-(с)I-N''' \|\| баласын, үйүн
			\| -(I)б{I}з-NI \|\| балабызды, үйүбүздү
			\|-
			!genitive
			\| -NIн \|\| баланын, үйдүн
			\| -(I)м-NIн \|\| баламдын, үйүмдүн
			\| -(I)ң-NIн \|\| балаңдын, үйүңдүн
			\| -(с)I-NIн \|\| баласынын, үйүнүн
			\| -(I)б{I}з-NIн \|\| балабыздын, үйүбүздүн
			\|-
			!locative
			\| -DA \|\| балада, үйдө
			\| -(I)м-DA \|\| баламда, үйүмдө
			\| -(I)ң-DA \|\| балаңда, үйүңдө
			\| '''-(с)I-н-DA''' \|\| баласында, үйүндө
			\| -(I)б{I}з-DA \|\| балабызда, үйүбүздө
			\|-
			!ablative
			\| -DAн \|\| баладан, үйдөн
			\| -(I)м-DAн<br />'''-(I)м-Aн''' \|\| баламдан, үйүмдөн<br />баламан, үйүмөн
			\| -(I)ң-DAн<br />'''-(I)ң-Aн''' \|\| балаңдан, үйүңдөн<br />балаңан, үйүңөн
			\| '''-(с)I-NAн''' \|\| баласынан, үйүнөн
			\| -(I)б{I}з-DAн \|\| балабыздан, үйүбүздөн
			\|-
			!dative
			\| -GA \|\| балага, үйгө
			\| '''-(I)м-A''' \|\| балама, үйүмө
			\| '''-(I)ң-A''' \|\| балаңа, үйүңө
			\| '''-(с)I-н-A''' \|\| баласына, үйүнө
			\| -(I)б{I}з-GA \|\| балабызга, үйүбүзгө
			\|}

Firespeaker: /* How to know whether a suffix has /I/ or /A/ */

2011-09-10T23:31:08Z

How to know whether a suffix has /I/ or /A/

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:31, 10 September 2011
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	=== How to know whether a suffix has /I/ or /A/ ===		=== How to know whether a suffix has /I/ or /A/ ===
	In order to know which vowel is correct in a suffix, you must know whether that vowel is underlyingly high (/I/) or low (/A/). This depends on the suffix. For instance, the locative case suffix is -/DA/, meaning that the vowel could be /а/, /э/, /о/, or /ө/. [[#The letter "е"\|Keep in mind that /э/ is always written as "е" after consonants]], so in this case, the possible forms are "да", "де", "до", and "дө" (and also [[~~the section on consonant~~ agreement\|"та", "те", "то", and "тө"]]).		In order to know which vowel is correct in a suffix, you must know whether that vowel is underlyingly high (/I/) or low (/A/). This depends on the suffix. For instance, the locative case suffix is -/DA/, meaning that the vowel could be /а/, /э/, /о/, or /ө/. [[#The letter "е"\|Keep in mind that /э/ is always written as "е" after consonants]], so in this case, the possible forms are "да", "де", "до", and "дө" (and also [[#Consonant agreement\|"та", "те", "то", and "тө"]]).

	Likewise, a suffix with /I/—for example the genitive case suffix -/NIн/—will always have a high vowel: either /ы/, /и/, /у/, or /ү/.		Likewise, a suffix with /I/—for example the genitive case suffix -/NIн/—will always have a high vowel: either /ы/, /и/, /у/, or /ү/.