|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {{Turkic Orthography}}
| + | Turkic words which are similar to words in other language groups |
| | | | |
| − | This is a collection of Turkic words which appear at least superficially similar to words in other language groups. The list is kept for my own purposes: some day I'll spend time sorting it out and investigating each word more closely. For now it's just a place to keep all the words.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Technology ==
| |
| | * altın - ''gold'' | | * altın - ''gold'' |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''ǵʰel-'' - to shine
| + | * '''Finnish''' ''kulta'' - ''gold'' |
| − | *** '''Germanic''' ''gold''
| + | * '''Germanic''' ''gold'' |
| − | **** '''Finnish''' ''kulta'' gold
| |
| − | | |
| − | * bulat - ''steel'', balta - ''axe''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' ''porat, peret'' axe
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''pelk'-'' chop
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ara - ''saw''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' ''áre'' plough (n.)
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yurt(ă?) - ''ring left when yurt is moved'' (''homeland'', ''yurt'')
| |
| − | ** '''PIE''' '''ǵʰ—r(+dʰ)'' to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
| |
| − | *** '''Germanic''' ''gard''
| |
| − | **** '''English''' ''yard''
| |
| − | **** '''German''' ''garten''
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian''' ''warto, wärto'' garden, grove
| |
| − | ** '''PIE''' ''er(+t)'' earth
| |
| − | *** '''Germanic''' ''erθ''
| |
| − | **** '''English''' ''earth''
| |
| − | **** '''German''' ''erd''
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian B''' ''yare'' gravel
| |
| − | ** '''Semitic''' ''ˀarḍ'' earth
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolian''' ''ger'' yurt
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''wer-'' defend, close
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yan(+dir) - ''to burn v.i. (v.t.)''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-Na-Dené''' ''*q’aˑn'' burn, ignite
| |
| − | ** '''Ket''' ''-qan'' cook, burn, boil
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *köpür-üg - ''bridge''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*bʰruh-'' - bridge
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian''' ''pärwāṃ/pärwāne'' - eyebrow
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yez - ''copper''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''ai̯os'' - metal (copper/iron)
| |
| − | *** Tokharian *yäs → yasa/wäsa
| |
| − | *** Latin ''aurum'' ← ''*ausum'' - gold
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *baqır - ''copper''
| |
| − | ** '''Latin''' ''(aes) Cyprium'' - copper ((brass) of Cyprus)
| |
| − | *** '''OE''' ''coper''
| |
| − | *** '''German''' ''Kupfer''
| |
| − | *** '''Icelandic''' ''kopar''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *(y)igne - ''needle''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-Uralic''' *''äjmä'' - needle
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *tām - hut, walled structure (in opposition to a yurt)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''dṓm'' - house / *''dema'' - build
| |
| − | *** '''Tocharian''' ''tam/täm''
| |
| − | *** '''Sanskrit''' ''dám''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yük - a load, *yüd- - to load
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''i̯eu̯-g-'' - tie together, yoke
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' *''joge'' (?) - to carry
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *şatı - ladder/steps/stairs
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''gʰredʰ-'' - march, step
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''steigʰ-'' - march, ascend
| |
| − | *** '''OHG''' ''stega'' - stairs
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ?*tabaq - plate
| |
| − | ** '''Middle Persian''' ''tapah'' - pot
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' ?*''tabaq'' - plate
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *mal - livestock
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''śemäl'' - cattle, livestock
| |
| − | | |
| − | * (kaz. dän, kir. dan; < Persian)
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' (B) ''tāno'' - grain
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Nature ==
| |
| − | * alma - ''apple''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''h₂ebl-o-''
| |
| − | *** '''Germanic''' ''*æpl''
| |
| − | *** '''Russian''' ''jablo-''
| |
| − | *** '''Latin/Romance''' ''pom-''
| |
| − | *** '''Greek''' ''melo-''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * kün - ''day, sun''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sh²u̯en-s'' sun
| |
| − | *** '''Germanic''' ''sun''
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian B''' ''kaum̩''/''kon-''/''kaun-'' day
| |
| − | *** '''Avestan''' *húu̯ar/*huu̯ánh
| |
| − | | |
| − | * yil - ''year''
| |
| − | ** ?'''Proto-IE''' ''yōr-''
| |
| − | *** '''English''' ''year''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * yaz (*yaaŕ) - ''spring''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''yōr-'' year
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ań - ''moon, month''
| |
| − | ** (pre-Proto-Turkic *'''ā́ńu''', most Turkic '''ay''')
| |
| − | ** '''Latin''' ''annus'' - year
| |
| − | ** '''Gothic''' *''aþni'' - year
| |
| − | | |
| − | * yer - ''earth, land''
| |
| − | ** '''PIE''' ''ġʰ—r(+dʰ)'' to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
| |
| − | *** '''Germanic''' ''gard''
| |
| − | **** '''English''' ''yard''
| |
| − | **** '''German''' ''garten''
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian''' ''warto, wärto'' garden, grove
| |
| − | ** '''PIE''' ''er(+t)'' earth
| |
| − | *** '''Germanic''' ''erθ''
| |
| − | **** '''English''' ''earth''
| |
| − | **** '''German''' ''erd''
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian B''' ''yare'' gravel
| |
| − | ** '''Semitic''' ''ˀarḍ'' earth
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolian''' ''ger'' yurt
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''wer-'' defend, close
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ot - ''grass''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''ad-'' grain
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian A/B''' ''āti''/''atiyo'' ← *''ātiyā'' grass
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱóyno-''
| |
| − | *** '''Old Armenian''' ''խոտ (xot)'' grass
| |
| − | ** Caucasian something...
| |
| − | *** '''Archi''' ''гьоти (hoti)'' grass
| |
| − | *** '''Andi''' ''кIордо (k’ordo)'' grass
| |
| − | *** '''Rutul''' ''хьытІ (xyt’)'' barley
| |
| − | *** '''Tsakhur''' ''хьытIа (x’yt’a)'' barley
| |
| − | *** '''Udi''' ''ход (xod)'' tree
| |
| − | *** '''Avar''' ''гъветІ (ġvet’)'' tree
| |
| − | *** '''Georgian''' ''ხე (xe)'' tree
| |
| − | | |
| − | * sub - ''water''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''seu-, su-'' rain, flow
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''sūwe-'' to rain
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian''' ''su- / swāsā-''
| |
| − | *** '''Greek''' ''hǖei̯''
| |
| − | *** '''Albanian''' ''ši''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₂ep-'' water
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolian''' ''us''
| |
| − | ** '''Mandarin''' ''shui3''
| |
| − | ** '''Cantonese''' ''seoi2''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yapurgaq - ''leaf'' (*yepirdek, *yapirmaq, etc.)
| |
| − | ** '''Arabic''' ''varaq'' leaf?, page?
| |
| − | ** '''Persian''' ''barg'' leaf?
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' ''pält, pilta''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''bʰel''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * bulaq - ''spring, well''
| |
| − | ** '''Latin''' ''flus-'' river
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''bhleu-gʷ-'' overflow
| |
| − | ** '''English''' ''flow'', ''float''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * teke - ''goat''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''tek-'' - to flow, to run
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''digʰ-'' - goat
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ökiz - ''bull''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*uks-en-'' - ox
| |
| − | *** '''Germanic''' ''*uhsōn'' - ox
| |
| − | **** '''English''' ''ox''
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian B''' ''okso'' - cow
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' ''*üker'' - cow
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *bāl - ''honey''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' - *mélh₁
| |
| − | | |
| − | * balɯq - ''fish''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''l—k'' salmon
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*pesk''/''*h₂p-isk-'' fish
| |
| − | ** '''Germanic''' ''*bullaka-z'' a kind of fish - de: Bolch, nl: bolk
| |
| − | ** '''Japanese''' ''ɕake'' salmon
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *qāz - ''goose''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵʰáns-'' goose
| |
| − | *** Persian '''ʁāz'''
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | * *tal - ''willow''
| |
| − | ** '''Ket''' ''dɯˑl'' - willow
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-Athabaskan''' ''*č’ʷətɬ’'' - plant, shrub
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *köl - ''lake''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-Yeniseian''' ''kʰul'' - water
| |
| − | | |
| − | * çaŋğır - ''sled''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-Yeniseian''' ''*tsehʷəl'' - snowsled
| |
| − | | |
| − | * yıl- - ''warm''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱel-'' - warm/cool
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gel-'' - cold
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷʰer-'' - hot, warm
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *qarğa - ''crow''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱórw-eh₂-'' - crow
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *elme - ''elm tree''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ??
| |
| − | *** '''English''' - elm
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *qurt - ''worm''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''wr̥-mi-'' - worm
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *bȫrü - ''wolf''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ???
| |
| − | *** '''Ossetian''' ''бирæгъ''
| |
| − | *** '''Mazanderani''' ''ورگ (verg)''
| |
| − | *** '''Sanskrit''' ''वृक (vṛ́ka)''
| |
| − | ** Caucasian languages
| |
| − | *** '''Lak''' ''barc̣'' (pl. ''burc̣i-l'')
| |
| − | *** '''Chechen''' ''борз''
| |
| − | ** Uralic languages
| |
| − | *** '''Erzya''' ''верьгиз''
| |
| − | *** '''Eastern Mari''' ''пире''
| |
| − | *** '''Western Mari''' ''пирӹ''
| |
| − | *** '''Moksha''' ''врьгаз''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *qar(ı)şqır - ''wolf''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₂ŕ̥tḱos'' - bear
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *sāban (?*-m-) - ''straw''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sop-/*sep-''? - needle, reed
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *(h?)ayāŕ < *(p?)ańāŕ - ''frost''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE'''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *bulut - ''cloud''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*melōdʰ'' - elevation, head
| |
| − | ** '''Etruscan''' ''falatu'' - sky
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *sas-na, *çoç-qa - ''pig''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sū◌s'' - pig
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yibi- - ''become wet, soak''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*nebʰ'' - damp, water, clouds
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yar- - ''cliff'' ([early] Iranian borrowing?)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ner'' - to conceal, cover, hiding place, hollow
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ?badam (Iranic borrowing?) - ''almond''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' ''watām'' - almond
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *may(?) - ''fat''
| |
| − | ** '''Finno-Ugrian''' *''vaj/voj'' - butter
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *qadɯŋ - ''birch''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-Uralic''' *''koxji'' - birch
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yal- - ''to burn'', *yalın - ''flame'', *yaş- (yalʲ-) - ''to blaze'', *yalqı- - ''to glitter''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''dʰel-'' - light
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''ǵʰel-'' - to shine
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ?
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''dʰuH₁-mo-'' - smoke
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *balır - ''algae, muck, swamp''; *balqaş - ''swamp''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*bʰ◌lt-''?
| |
| − | *** '''Illyrian''' ''balta'' ‘swamp, marsh, white clay’
| |
| − | **** '''Latin''' ''blatea'' f., ‘excrement lump’, adalm. ''balta'' ‘sea swamp´
| |
| − | *** '''Ligurian''' ''*bolü'' - ‘swamp, marsh’
| |
| − | *** '''Slavic''' ''*bolto-'' (*bholǝto-) - ‘swamp, marsh, pond, pool, sea’
| |
| − | **** '''O.C.S.''' ''blato'' - ‘sea’
| |
| − | **** '''Ser.-Cr.''' ''blȁto'' - ‘sea, ordure”,
| |
| − | **** '''Russian''' ''boloto'' - swamp, bog; dial. ''bil'' - ‘swamp, marsh’; bala (*bhōlü): ''balaružina'' - ‘puddle, slop’
| |
| − | **** '''Polish''' dial. ''biel'' f. - ‘marshy wood, forest;
| |
| − | **** '''Clr.''' balka “ marsh “;
| |
| − | *** '''Lithuanian''' ''balà'' m. - ‘swamp, marsh, moor, fen, pool’
| |
| − | *** '''Albanian''' ''baltë'' f., ''balt'' m. - ‘slime, mud, swamp, marsh, white clay’
| |
| − | *** '''English''' ''pool''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *ot - ''fire''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*āt(e)r-''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *ört - ''fire'' (destructive)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*āt(e)r-''
| |
| − | *** '''Proto-Iranian''' ''*āθr''
| |
| − | **** '''Ossetic''' ''art''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *buzağu - ~''young bull''
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' *''bira-ɣu''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''mozǵʰo-s'' (only Armenian and Greek)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''bʰugo''- "buck"
| |
| − | *** '''Avestan''' *''buza'' "buck, goat"
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *kene - ''tick, mite''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''knid, ḱnid'' - louse, nit
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *tāş - ''stone''
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' *''tila-ɣu''
| |
| − | ** '''Etruscan''' *''tul''
| |
| − | ** '''Korean''' ''dol''
| |
| − | ** '''Old Indic''' ''śilā''
| |
| − | ** '''Ket''' ''təˀs''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *terek - ''tree, poplar''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' **''drw (*derw, *drēw)''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *otun - ''firewood, fuel''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''widhu'' wood, firewood, forest (only Germanic and Celtic?)
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *taŋri (?) - ''sky, heaven''
| |
| − | ** '''Japanese''' *''tenki'' - weather
| |
| − | ** '''Chinese'''
| |
| − | *** '''Mandarin''' ''tiān'' - sky, day
| |
| − | *** '''Cantonese''' ''tin1'' - sky, day
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *iŋäk (?) - ''cow''
| |
| − | ** '''Tibetan''' ''nak'' - female yak
| |
| − | | |
| − | * **qıra~qarı (?) > qār, yur - ''snow''
| |
| − | ** '''Celtic''' ''*argyo-'' - snow
| |
| − | ** '''Iranian''' ''*wap-ra'' - snow
| |
| − | *** '''Gorani''' ''vværwæ'', ''værw''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yün - ''wool''
| |
| − | ** '''PIE''' ''u̯el-''
| |
| − | *** '''O.Ind.''' ''ū́rṇü''
| |
| − | *** '''Shughni''' ''wôwn''
| |
| − | *** '''Sarikoli''' ''won''
| |
| − | *** '''Khwarazmian''' ''w'n''
| |
| − | *** '''Greek''' ''ληνος''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *qumırsqa - ''ant''
| |
| − | ** '''PIE''' ''*moru̯i-''
| |
| − | *** '''Latin''' ''formīca''
| |
| − | *** '''Sanskrit''' ''vamrah''
| |
| − | *** '''Greek''' ''myrmex''
| |
| − | *** '''Sanskrit''' ''valmīka-'' - Ameisenhaufen
| |
| − | *** '''Greek''' ''βόρμᾱξ'' - Ameisenhaufen
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *baqa - ''frog''
| |
| − | ** '''Iranian'''
| |
| − | *** '''Middle Persian''' ''wk''
| |
| − | **** '''Modern Persian''' ''bæk''
| |
| − | *** '''Kurmancı''' ''baq''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ımır - ''ripples'', ımırqay - ''pinkish'', ımırt - ''dawn''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''wmār'' - jewel, pearl
| |
| − | | |
| − | * tamır/tımar/damar - ''root, vein''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''tsmār'' - root
| |
| − | | |
| − | * et - ''meat''
| |
| − | ** '''Sogdian''' ''yātē''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * tāğ - ''mountain''
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolian''' ''ta__-sun''
| |
| − | *** '''Khalkha''' ''тоос'' - dust, dirt
| |
| − | ** '''Chinese'''
| |
| − | *** '''Mandarin''' ''tŭ'' - soil, earth
| |
| − | *** '''Cantonese''' ''tou2'' - soil, earth
| |
| − | | |
| − | * būqa - ''bull''
| |
| − | ** '''PIE''' *''bʰugo''- "buck"
| |
| − | *** '''Proto-Germanic''' *''bukkô'' "male goat"
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Verbs ==
| |
| − | * qal - ''stay''
| |
| − | ** '''Germanic''' ''halt, hold''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ber - ''give''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''bʰer'' - carry, bear
| |
| − | *** '''Russian''' ''брать'' - take
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''per'' - go over, carry over, bring
| |
| − | | |
| − | * bış-/piş- - ''cook (v.i.)'', -ır ''(v.t.)''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''pekʷ-''
| |
| − | *** '''OCS''' ''peš-tь''
| |
| − | **** '''Russian''' ''печь''
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian''' ''päk-''
| |
| − | *** '''O. Indic''' ''pacati''
| |
| − | *** '''English''' ''bake''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * tur - ''stand, stay''
| |
| − | ** '''Germanic''' en: ''dare'', yi: ''tor''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''ter'' - to cross, transgress, to stay
| |
| − | ** '''Japanese''' ''tat'' - to stand up"
| |
| − | | |
| − | * je - ''eat''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''h₁ed-''
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' ''id''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * çab- - ''cut''
| |
| − | ** '''English''' ''chop''
| |
| − | ** '''Spanish''' ''zapatas'' - ''shoes''
| |
| − | ** '''French''' ''sabotage''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *iç- - ''drink''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''h₁egʰʷ'' (*''ekʷ-''?) - drink
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian''' (B) ''yok''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''aḱ''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''ēkʷ-'' - water
| |
| − | | |
| − | * gäp-ir - ''something said'', ''speak'' (later Iranian borrowing)
| |
| − | ** '''English''' ''jabber'', ''gab''
| |
| − | ** '''Russian''' ''говорить'' - ''speak''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''gebh-'' - ''jaw, mouth''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * öl - ''die''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' ''wäl'' - die
| |
| − | ** '''Germanic''' (OE) ''wæl'' / (ON) ''val'' - slain person
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *teg-/*tek- - ''touch''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*tag-'' - to touch
| |
| − | *** '''Gothic''' ''tēkan''
| |
| − | *** '''English''' ''touch''
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian B''' ''tek''/''tak''
| |
| − | *** '''Latin''' ''tangō'' ??
| |
| − | ** '''Japanese''' ''tuk-'' - to be attached / turned on
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*deḱ'' - accept ritually
| |
| − | | |
| − | * se(b/p?)- - ''to plant''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sē-'' - sow
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*seip/seib'' - pour, rain, sift, sieve, stream, trickle, dribble
| |
| − | | |
| − | * sebele- - ''to sprinkle''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*seip/seib'' - pour, rain, sift, sieve, stream, trickle, dribble
| |
| − | | |
| − | * öö(j?)- - ''to think, understand''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ous'' ear
| |
| − | | |
| − | * saqı- - ''to think''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sekʷ-'' - to see
| |
| − | | |
| − | * yaq- - ''to light, make burn''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*dʰégʷʰ'' - to burn (v.t.?)
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *qap- - ''to snatch''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʰabʰ-'' - to take
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''kälp'' - acquire, attain
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *ket- - ''to go away, leave''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ked-'' - to go, yield
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''kätk-'' - go beyond, exceed, traverse
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *kes- - ''to cut''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱes-''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''kärṣt'' - cut off
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *qarı- - ''to grow old''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gerh₂-'' - to grow old
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *tug-ur - ''tent covering''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*tog-'' - to cover
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yorı-/yür(i)- - ''walk'' / *yügür- - ''run''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*dʰor-'' - to jump (at)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷʰðer-'' - to run, flow
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *siŋ- - ''sink into'' (get soaked up?)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*teng'' - to soak, wet
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sengʷ'' - to fall, to sink
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yet- - ''reach''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*yet'' - to set out for, to strive
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *qud- - ''pour''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵʰeu'' - pour
| |
| − | *** '''Gothic''' ''giutan'' - pour
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian''' (A?) ''ku-'' - pour
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *tök- - ''pour out, flow''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''tekʷ'' - to run, flow
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *bar- - ''to go, walk (away)''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''per'' - go over, carry over, bring
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *bat- - ''to sink; to fit into, get into''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''pet'' - open [arms] wide; to fall, to fly
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *saĺ- - ''to untie, loosen, solve''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''slab-'' - loose, weak
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *em- - ''to suck''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-Uralic''' ''*imi-'' - suck
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *tep- - ''to step on, trample''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*trep-'' - to trample, tread
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *türt- - ''to push''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*tr-eu-d-'' - to press, push
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *qur- - ''to build, erect, establish''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*kʷer-'' - to make (Baltic: erect, build)
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *ögrän- - ''to learn''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷʰren-'' - "phrenic"; soul, mind
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *uq- - ''understand, hear'', (*oqu- - ''read, study'')
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''ok-'' - understand, see
| |
| − | *** (only attested in Greek and Germanic)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''okʷ-'' - see, eye
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' *''uka'' - understand, think
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *ös- - ''grow''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''u̯eis-'' - sprout, grow
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''u̯og-s-'' - magnify, increase
| |
| − | *** '''Proto-Germanic''' *''vaks-'' - grow
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian A''' *''oks-'' - grow
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *bil- - ''know''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''weid-'' - know
| |
| − | *** '''Germanic''' *wit
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' *''med-'' - know
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''men-'' - mind
| |
| − | *** '''Persian''' ''menidan'' - think, ''menišn'' - thought
| |
| − | ** '''Tocharian''' ''päl-'' (A), ''pal-'' (B) - to think
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *kerek - ''needed''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''ǵʰer(e)-'' - desire
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *(b)ol- ''be''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ?
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' *''bü-''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *är - ''be''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''es-'' - be
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *tanı- - ''be acquainted with / know'' (but Kg. taanı)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''ǵnō-''/''ǵenə-'' - know
| |
| − | *** '''Iranian''' ??
| |
| − | **** '''New Persian''' ''dāni-''
| |
| − | **** '''New Persian''' ''šinā-'' ???
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *tut- (?*tukta-) - ''pull, subdue''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''deuk-'' - drag
| |
| − | *** '''English''' ''tug''
| |
| − | *** '''Latin''' ''duc-'' - lead
| |
| − | *** '''Latin''' "t-stem" ''ductus'' - duct
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ?ayda- - ''drive [animals]''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''aǵ'' (*''heǵ-'') - lead, drive cattle
| |
| − | | |
| − | * udı- - ''sleep'' (connected with od- - ''wake''??)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''sneud(h)-'' - drowsy / to drowse
| |
| − | | |
| − | * od- - ''wake''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''bheudh-'' - be awake / aware
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' ''(h)uda-'' - conceive, design, instigate (Starostin)
| |
| − | | |
| − | * aç- - ''open''
| |
| − | ** '''Japanese''' *''áká-'' - open
| |
| − | *** '''Modern Tokyo''' ''àke-'' - open
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *kid- ''wear''
| |
| − | ** '''Old Japanese''' ''kî-'' - wear
| |
| − | *** '''Modern Tokyo''' ''ki-'' - wear
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *ur- / *vur- (cf. Chuvash, Turkish) / *hur- (cf. Halaj) ''hit''
| |
| − | ** '''Modern Tokyo''' ''bu(t?)-'' - hit
| |
| − | ** '''Modern Tokyo''' ''fùru-'' - shake
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *sez- ''feel''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''sent-'' - take a direction; feel
| |
| − | *** '''Latin''' ''sens-us'' - sense, mind
| |
| − | *** '''OCS''' ''sęštь'' - smart
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *sıç- ''defecate''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''k̂ekʷ-''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *kel- ''come''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''kälk-'' - walk
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' (B) ''kalāk-'' - follow
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''käl-'' - lead, bring
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yap- ''close''
| |
| − | ** '''PIE''' ''*yew-o-''?
| |
| − | *** '''Proto-Tokharian''' *yäpa-
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian''' (AB) ''yām'', (A) ''ya-''/''ypa-'' - make
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *āş- ''cross, exceed''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''āsuk'' - over
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yıq- (klj,kjh: yuq) - defeat, overthrow
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''yuk-'' - conquer, overcome
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Body parts ==
| |
| − | | |
| − | * PrTk. *bāş - ''head''
| |
| − | ** '''Ainu''' ''pake'' - head
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʰebʰōl'' - ?
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian A''' ''śpāl'' - head
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian B''' ''śpālu'' - head
| |
| − | *** '''OHG''' ''gebal'' - ?
| |
| − | *** '''Greek''' ''κɛɸɑlή'' - ?
| |
| − | ** '''Lak''' ''baḳ''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * Pre-PrTk. *padaq - ''foot''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''bʰad'' (*''bʰ—ħd'') - boot
| |
| − | | |
| − | * PrTk. *būt - ''foot, thigh''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''*pṓds'' - foot
| |
| − | | |
| − | * el - ''hand'', alaqan - ''palm of hand'', al- - ''take''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₁el-'' elbow, forearm
| |
| − | *** '''English''' ''ell'', ''elbow''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * qol - ''hand, arm''
| |
| − | ** '''Germanic''' ''hand, hold''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *jajŋaq (jāq) - ''jaw''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵebʰ-'' - ''jaw, mouth''
| |
| − | *** '''English''' ''jowl''
| |
| − | ** '''English''' ''jaw''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * qulaq - ''ear''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱlew-'' - to hear
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian B''' ''klautso'' ?, ''kl̄aw'' - to hear
| |
| − | *** '''Celtic''' *''klew-o''
| |
| − | ** '''Old Persian''' ''gauša-'' - ear
| |
| − | *** '''Modern Persian''' ''guš'' - ear
| |
| − | | |
| − | * meŋä / miy / mee (*bejŋi?) - ''brain''
| |
| − | ** '''Russian''' ''мозг'' brain
| |
| − | ** '''Hebrew''' ''MWX'' brain
| |
| − | *** '''Yiddish''' ''moyex'' brain
| |
| − | ** '''Sogdian''' m'g
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*men-'' mind
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*moz-g-'' brain
| |
| − | *** '''Old Indic''' majján
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *burut - ''mustache''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''bʰardʰ-'' - beard
| |
| − | | |
| − | * bel - ''waist''
| |
| − | ** '''Latin''' ''balteus'' belt (of Etruscan origin?)
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *bod - ''body'' (Kg boy - ''height'', ''length'')
| |
| − | ** '''OE''' bodig - trunk, chest (of a man or animal), originally "cask;"
| |
| − | *** '''English''' - ''body''
| |
| − | ** '''OHG''' botah
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yāş - ''tear'' (from eye)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*dáḱru-'' - tear
| |
| − | *** '''Wakhi''' ''yashk'' - tear [http://www.angelfire.com/sd/tajikistanupdate/engpamirlanguages.html]
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' ''nilmus'' - tear
| |
| − | ** ('''Mongolic''' ''dusal'' ? - drop < ''dus-'' - drip (v.i.))
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yür-ek - ''heart'' (but Chuvash çəre)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱḗr'' - heart
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *qar-ın - ''belly''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵʰer-'' - bowels
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *tīş - ''tooth''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵeus-'' - to taste
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₁dónts'' - tooth
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *bʲağır - ''liver''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*yeh₁kwr̥-'' - liver (maybe *by- or *py-?)
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *tǖk - hair
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*twék-'' - skin
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *bōyn - neck
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*mon-'' - neck
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *beŋ - mole
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*meng-'' - pretty, beautiful
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *ağıŕ - mouth
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ōus'' - mouth
| |
| − | ** '''Persian''' ''āvāz'' - voice
| |
| − | | |
| − | * çiray (Mongolic) - ~visage
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' ?''*čirai'' - ~visage
| |
| − | ** '''Persian''' ''čehra'' - face
| |
| − | | |
| − | * qaraq/qarek - pupil of the eye / eyeball
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE'''
| |
| − | *** Greek κόρη/κούρη/κώρα "the pupil of the eye, eyeball"
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ?*saç - hair
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*dēḱwā'' - ?
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian A''' ''śāku'' - hair
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *qıl ~ ?*qılq (chv. χələχ) - hair
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' *''kilga-su-n'' - horse's hair
| |
| − | *** '''Classical Mongolian''' ''kilgasu(n)'' - horse's hair
| |
| − | *** '''Khalkha''' ''хялгас'' - horse's hair
| |
| − | ** '''Finnish''' ''kalki'' - hair
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ~*köks - chest
| |
| − | ** '''Celtic''' ''kīkā'' - breast
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *omuz - shoulder (and Kazakh ''omırtqa'' ‘spine’)
| |
| − | ** distribution in Turkic: Middle Turkic, Chuvash, Oğuz, Uzbek, some Western Qıpçaq (Balkar, Karaim, Kumyk)
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' (WM)''omuruɣu(n)''/(MM)''omori'ut'' - collar bone
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' (khk) ''mör'' - shoulder
| |
| − | ** '''Evenki''' mïre(?)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''H₁ōmso-''
| |
| − | *** '''Old Indian''' ''áṁsa-''
| |
| − | *** '''Old Greek''' ''ō̂m(s)o-s''
| |
| − | *** '''Germanic''' ''áms-a-''
| |
| − | *** '''Latin''' ''umerus''
| |
| − | *** '''Tocharian''' ''es'' (A) (*omso-), ''āntse'' (B) (*omeso-)
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | * *qān (but chv jun)
| |
| − | ** '''Sogdian''' ''xurn-i'' blood-nom
| |
| − | ** '''Germanic''' ''*kunją'' - kin/clan
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Numerals ==
| |
| − | | |
| − | * bīr - ''one''
| |
| − | ** '''English''' ''first'', ''fore''
| |
| − | ** '''Romance''' ''prim-''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''prHuo-'', ''pro-wo-'', ''perǝ'', ''pro'' first, fore, ahead
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' ''parwe''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ä(k)ki, i(k)ki - ''two''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''sekʷ'' follow
| |
| − | *** '''English''' ''second''
| |
| − | ** '''Finnish''' ''kaksi'' (?)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''du̯ō+ko''
| |
| − | *** Old Indic ''dviká-'' twofold
| |
| − | *** Armenian ''erkic̣s'' twice
| |
| − | *** Albanian ''dyshi'' two
| |
| − | *** Old Saxon ''twisk'' twofold
| |
| − | | |
| − | * tȫrt - ''four''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''kwetwores''
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian''' ''çtwar, çtwer''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * bēş - ''five''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''penkwe''
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian''' ''pañä, piç, piś''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * jet(t)i - ''seven''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''septom''
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian''' ''s.pät, sukt''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * sek(k)iz - ''eight''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''októ''
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian''' ''okat, okt''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * yigirmä - ''twenty''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''u̯i-ḱmt-ī''
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian''' ''wiki, ikäṃ'' (PTn *w'īkän)
| |
| − | | |
| − | * tümän - ''ten thousand''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' ''tmām; tumane, tmāne; tumám''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * -(i)nçi - ''-th''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''-nte? '' -th
| |
| − | | |
| − | == People ==
| |
| − | | |
| − | * qağan - ''ruler, khan''
| |
| − | ** '''Hebrew''' ''kohen''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * qı̄z - ''girl, daughter'' (Chuvash xĕr)
| |
| − | ** '''English''' ''kid, kith''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''ḱer''- grow
| |
| − | *** Greek κόρη/κούρη/κώρα "girl, virgin"
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | * er - ''male, man'' (?*her (Halaj hir-) ← ?*per)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''er'' - bull, male
| |
| − | ** '''Germanic''' *''ærgi'' (?) - unmasculine?
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''wiro-'' - man; warrior
| |
| − | *** '''Scythian''' ''oior'' - man (Herodotus)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *ario-? - master, lord
| |
| − | ** '''Burushaski''' ''hir'' - man
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ata - ''father/grandfather''; aqa/äke - ''older male relative''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ph₂tḗr''
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian''' ''pácar, pacer''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*hatta''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ayal - ''woman, wife''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' ''ckácar, tkácer'' daughter
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *ēş (*ēlʲ?) - friend
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*bʰili''/''*bʰilo'' - harmonious, friendly
| |
| − | ** '''Tungusic''' ''*pali'' - friendship, relationship
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *orda - horde
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱerdʰā'' - troop, line
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *edi (**hedi?) - master, owner
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*poti-s'' - master, owner, host
| |
| − | *** '''Old Indic''' ''páti''- - master
| |
| − | *** '''Avestan''' ''paiti''- - master
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' ''eje-n'' - master, owner
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *küni - co-wife
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷ(e)na-'' - wife, woman
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Grammatical ==
| |
| − | | |
| − | * qāń - (qaysı - ''which'', qayda - ''where'', qana - ''where (to)'', (kim - ''who'',) etc)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*kʷo''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-Uralic''' ''*ke-'' who
| |
| − | | |
| − | * -kan - (deverbal adverbial / adjectival / nominal suffix)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*kʷo''
| |
| − | *** ''kwand'' / ''when'' / etc.
| |
| − | | |
| − | * orta - ''middle, centre''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' ''orto'' - ''up''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * oqşa- - ''like, similar''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' ''oki'' - ''like''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * oq - emphatic particle
| |
| − | ** '''Tokarian''' ''ats'' - ''exactly''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * -mA - verbal negative morpheme
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' ''má'' - ''not''
| |
| − | ** '''Greek''' ''má, mé'' - ''not''
| |
| − | ** '''Sanskrit''' ''má'' - ''don't''
| |
| − | ** '''Mandarin''' ''mei2'', ''bu1'' - ''NEG''
| |
| − | ** '''Cantonese''' ''mo5'', ''ng4'' - ''NEG''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * beri - ''before'', ''since''
| |
| − | ** '''IE''' *prih₁-mó- / *prō-to- ''foremost''
| |
| − | *** '''Russian''' p(e)red - ''before'', ''in front of''
| |
| − | *** '''English''' fore
| |
| − | *** '''Latin''' pre-
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Other ==
| |
| − | | |
| − | * yaq-şı - ''good'' ← yaq- ''to be pleasing'' (?)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''meH-, wEsu-'' (?)
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *agıl - ''cohabitated place'' (?) (ağla - ''yard''?)
| |
| − | ** '''English''' ''hall''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * āq - ''white''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₂erǵ-'' - ''white, shine''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' ''árki , árkwi-'' ''white''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * qut - ''fortune''
| |
| − | ** '''Germanic''' en: ''good''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ant+ar - ''turn over''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''ant'' front
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' ''ánt'' through, across, ''ánt, ánte'' forehead
| |
| − | ** '''Germanic''' ''anðar'' other
| |
| − | | |
| − | * tın+ıç - ''peace''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' ''tunk'' love
| |
| − | | |
| − | * süːt - ''milk''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sweh₂d-u-'' sweet
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ksweid-'' milk
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ülkän - ''big''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' ''walke'' long
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *bek - ''firm, stable''
| |
| − | * bedük(?) - ''large''
| |
| − | ** '''IE''' ''*mag-'' large, many
| |
| − | *** '''Tokharian''' ''makí'', (A?) ''māk'' much
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolian''' ''hike'' - big
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *bek - fast (as in solid/stable)
| |
| − | * man - ''great''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*meǵ-'' - great?
| |
| − | *** '''Phrygian''' ''meka'' great
| |
| − | *** '''Greek''' ''megas'' great
| |
| − | *** '''Latin''' ''magna'' ?
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*magʰ-'' - able/power
| |
| − | ** '''Korean''' ''manhi'' - a lot
| |
| − | ** '''Korean''' ''pʰək'' - very
| |
| − | ** '''Korean''' ''pak'' - vigorously
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolian''' ''maš'' - very
| |
| − | | |
| − | * büt/bük? - all, entire
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''puk'' - all, every, whole
| |
| − | | |
| − | * töbe - ''hill, peak, crest''
| |
| − | ** '''English''' ''top''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * māl - ''time, moment''
| |
| − | ** '''Germanic''' ''*mēl'' time of meal
| |
| − | *** '''en''': ''meal''
| |
| − | *** '''yi''': ''mol'' time
| |
| − | *** '''de''': ''Mahl'', ''Mal''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * ters - ''reverse, backwards''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ter-'' - cross over
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ter / *tero'' - over/through
| |
| − | | |
| − | * kers - ''reverse, backwards''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵers'' - to turn, to bend
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yal-aŋ/-ŋuz - ''naked/lone''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gal-'' - naked
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yalğan - falsehood
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' ''*ywolo'' - bad, ugly
| |
| − | *** '''Khotanese''' ''yola'' - falsehood
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yar-ıq/-qın//-ıl - ''light, bright//explode''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''gʷʰer-'' - warm
| |
| − | | |
| − | * Kg. ubada- - ''promise'' (origin?)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*wadʰ-'' - promise
| |
| − | | |
| − | * alıs - ''far, distant''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''h₂el-yó''- - beyond; other
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' ''alisun'' - far
| |
| − | | |
| − | * äli - ''still'' (Iranian borrowing?)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''h₂el-yó''- - beyond; other
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *yeŋgü-l - ''lightweight''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''lengʷʰ''- - lightweight
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *ōçuz - ''thin/light/easy/worthless''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''ténh₂us'' - thin
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *qula - ''light yellow, brown''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''ǵʰel-'' - to shine (>yellow)
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *boŕ / *bōŕ - ''grey''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''mor(u)'' - to blacken, dark spot
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *buŕ / *boŕ - ''to spoil, be damaged, destroyed''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''merk'' - to rot
| |
| − | | |
| − | * teŋ - ''equal''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*tengʰ/tenk/tens'' - to extend, stretch, span
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''tenk'' - contract
| |
| − | | |
| − | * yāĺıl - ''green'' ← yāĺ ''young''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵʰel'' - shine; green
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*dʰāl''- blossom, be green
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*iēlo-'' (only Celtic and Balto-Slavic) unripe, raw
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolian''' ''zalʊː'' young
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *ağır - ''heavy''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷer'' - heavy
| |
| − | *** '''Sogdian''' ''ɣr’n = ɣərān'' - heavy
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *bayram - ''festival'' (*badram?)
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*bʰăd-'' - good
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *tȫr - ''seat of honour in home (across from door)''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''dʰwer'' - door
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *qır - ''edge''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''gʰer / gʰrØ-'' - stick out
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''(s)ker-'' - turn, bend
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''(s)ker-'' - cut
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *sāɣ - ''thought''; *sāq- - ''think''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE'''
| |
| − | *** '''Greek''' ''sopʰo-''
| |
| − | *** '''Latin''' ''sabe-''
| |
| − | *** '''Hittite''' ''sak''/''sek''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *siŋ- - ''soak up''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sengʷ-'' - sink
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *bata? - ''blessing''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''bʰād'' - good
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *eşik - ''door''
| |
| − | ** '''Hittite''' ''aska-'' - door
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *burç (??) - ''corner''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''mereǵ''/''mərǵ''- - border
| |
| − | *** '''Latin''' ''margō''
| |
| − | *** '''Persian''' ''marz''
| |
| − | *** '''OIr''' ''mruig''
| |
| − | *** '''Germanic''' ''marka''
| |
| − | ** IE
| |
| − | *** '''Germanic''' ''brink''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * tığız - ''tight, snug'' (< tıq- ''cram''?)
| |
| − | ** IE ?
| |
| − | *** '''Germanic''' ''tight''?, ''taut''?
| |
| − | *** '''Slavic''' ''tug-''?
| |
| − | | |
| − | * *sarığ < *sarğa? - ''yellow''
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' *''sira''
| |
| − | ** '''Japanese''' ''siro'' - white
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''ǵʰel-'' - to shine (>yellow)
| |
| − | *** '''Iranian''' ?*''zari'' - golden
| |
| − | **** '''Persian''' ''zard'' - yellow
| |
| − | ** '''Mandan''' ''síre'' - yellow
| |
| − | ** '''Ossetian''' ''syrx'' - red
| |
| − | | |
| − | * qara - ''black''
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' *''qara''
| |
| − | ** '''Japanese''' ''kuro''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''ker-/ḱer-'' - dark colour
| |
| − | *** '''Slavic''' *čer-
| |
| − | | |
| − | * sekin - ''slow, quiet''
| |
| − | ** '''PIE''' *''sēk-'' - quiet, lazy
| |
| − | | |
| − | * yıraq - ''far''
| |
| − | ** '''Iranian''' ?
| |
| − | *** '''Avestan''' ''dûra''
| |
| − | *** '''Shughni''', '''Sarikoli''' ''ðar''
| |
| − | *** '''Wakhi''' ''ðir''
| |
| − | *** '''Persian''' ''dur''
| |
| − | | |
| − | * sağ - ''healthy''
| |
| − | ** '''Mongolic''' ''sayin'' - healthy
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''sāno-s'' - healthy (Italic, maybe Albanian)
| |
| − | | |
| − | * iqma - ''method''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''wkäṃ'' - manner, type
| |
| − | | |
| − | * qıl- - ''do, make''
| |
| − | ** '''Tokharian''' (B) ''käl'' - endure
| |
| − | | |
| − | * sekin - ''quiet, without force''
| |
| − | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''sēk'' - quiet, lazy
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Incorporate or not? ==
| |
| − | * Tokharian sále, sályi - salt (IE *sal- - grey, dirty; salt)
| |
| − | ** Turkic tuz - salt
| |
| − | * Tokharian salu, sol - whole (IE *salw- - whole, healthy)
| |
| − | ** Turkic tol- - full/fill
| |
| − | * Tokharian särk, sark - an illness
| |
| − | ** Turkic ogr- - to hurt
| |
| − | * IE *sú- - to be born
| |
| − | ** Turkic tuğ- - to be born
| |
| − | * Tokharian káryap - harm
| |
| − | ** Turkic qab(a)- - to harm
| |
| − | * IE weid- - to know
| |
| − | ** Turkic bil- (possible, due to sonority stuff)
| |
| − | * IE (En will, Lt vol-, etc)
| |
| − | ** Turkic bil-
| |
| − | * Germanic *sūmian- - to miss
| |
| − | ** Turkic *seb- - to love
| |
| − | * IE *su̯ei- - to make a noise
| |
| − | ** Turkic *seb-le - to speak
| |
| − | * IE *h₂eiǵ- - goat
| |
| − | ** Turkic eçki - ''goat''
| |
| − | * IE *pel- - grey
| |
| − | ** Turkic boz - ~grey
| |
| − | * IE *ḱas- - grey
| |
| − | ** Turkic çal- grey-haired
| |
| − | * IE *tark- - to twist
| |
| − | ** Turkic tart- - to pull
| |
| − | * IE *ǵʰés-ro- - hand
| |
| − | ** Turkic qol - hand
| |
| − | * IE *kaput- - head
| |
| − | ** Turkic baş - head
| |
| − | * IE *knid- - louse
| |
| − | ** Turkic kene - flea?
| |
| − | * IE *plōu- - flea (Pashto vrāž.a)
| |
| − | ** Turkic *bürče / *bürge - flea
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Cognates with Russian ===
| |
| − | * murç / burç - pepper
| |
| − | ** pérec - pepper
| |
| − | * muz / buz - ice
| |
| − | ** moróz - frost (Slavic ?*morz-)
| |
| − | * yarıq, yaruğ, yarqın - light, bright
| |
| − | ** jark-ij - bright
| |
| − | * qara
| |
| − | ** čer- (Slavic ?*kr̩-)
| |
| − | * beri - before, since
| |
| − | ** pered - before, in front of
| |
| − | * boran - storm
| |
| − | ** burʲa - storm
| |
| − | ** purga, buran
| |
| − | * seb+kil (?) - freckle(s)
| |
| − | ** sypʲ - rash
| |
| − | * sep- - scatter/sow
| |
| − | ** ras-syp- scatter
| |
| − | * sıdır- - to peel, strip, tear off
| |
| − | ** sdir-atʲ - "
| |
| − | * taşı- - to overflow
| |
| − | ** taši-tʲ - to overflow
| |
| − | * taşı- - to haul
| |
| − | ** toska-tʲ - to haul
| |
| − | | |
| − | * Lak stuff
| |
| − | ** barzu - eagle (bürküt)
| |
| − | ** čul - field, steppe (Mg. tala)
| |
| − | ** barc̣ (pl. burc̣i-l) - wolf (börü)
| |
| − | ** barḫ - back (arqa)
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Not to incorporate ===
| |
| − | * ?lağ - ''meadow''
| |
| − | ** '''Balto-Slavic''' ''*plãka'' (?) pl:''łąka'', ru:''lug''
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Notes ==
| |
| − | * Tokharian (B?) /ä/ was probably [ɨ]
| |
| − | * When two Tokharian words given, first is Tokharian A, second is Tokharian B
| |
| − | * Tokharian /ç/ is probably [ɕ]
| |
| − | * Tokharian /ts/ and /c/ are different?
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | == PIE-to-Turkic correspondences ==
| |
| − | This is just for the sake of organising stuff, so I can see better what might be going on, if anything even is..
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Labial stops ===
| |
| − | {{col-begin}}
| |
| − | {{col-break}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*p
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! beginning !! end !! other
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | '''p'''h₂tḗr → '''∅'''ata || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | '''p'''rih₁- → '''b'''eri<br /> '''p'''rih₁- → '''b'''ir<br /> '''p'''énkʷe → '''b'''ēş<br />'''p'''ekʷ → '''b'''iş-<br />'''p'''el → '''b'''oz<br />'''p'''ṓds → '''b'''ut
| |
| − | | ||
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{col-break}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*b
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! beginning !! end !! other
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | || ||
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{col-break}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*bʰ
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! beginning !! end !! other
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | '''bʰ'''er- → '''b'''er || gʰa'''bʰ'''- → qa'''p'''- ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | '''bʰ'''ardʰ → '''b'''urut<br />'''bʰ'''◌ħd → '''∅'''ad-aq<br />'''bʰ'''ili → '''∅'''ēlʲ || ||
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{col-end}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Coronal stops ===
| |
| − | {{col-begin}}
| |
| − | {{col-break}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*t
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! beginning !! end !! other
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | '''t'''wék- → '''t'''ǖk<br />'''t'''ag- → '''t'''eg-<br />'''t'''ekʷ → '''t'''ök || ||
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{col-break}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*d
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! beginning !! end !! other
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | '''d'''áḱru- → '''y'''āş<br />'''d'''ṓm → '''t'''ām || pṓ'''d'''s → bu'''t''' || bʰ◌ħ'''d''' → pa'''d'''-aq
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | '''d'''igʰo → '''t'''eke || ||
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{col-break}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*dʰ
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! beginning !! end !! other
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | '''dʰ'''égʷʰ- → '''y'''aq-<br />'''dʰ'''wer → '''t'''ȫr || ǵʰer-'''dʰ''' → yur'''t'''<br />bʰar'''dʰ''' → buru'''t''' ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | || ||
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{col-end}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Palatal stops ===
| |
| − | {{col-begin}}
| |
| − | {{col-break}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*ḱ
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! beginning !! end !! other
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | '''ḱ'''órw-eh₂ → '''q'''arğa<br />'''ḱ'''lew- → '''q'''ul-aq
| |
| − | | dá'''ḱ'''ru- → ya'''ş'''
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | '''ḱ'''el- → '''y'''ıl<br />'''ḱ'''ḗr → '''y'''ür-äk<br />'''ḱ'''es- → '''k'''es-
| |
| − | | ||
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{col-break}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*ǵ
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! beginning !! end !! other
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | || h₂er'''ǵ'''- → ā'''q''' ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | '''ǵ'''ers → '''k'''ers || ||
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{col-break}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*ǵʰ
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! beginning !! end !! other
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | '''ǵʰ'''áns- → '''q'''āz<br />'''ǵʰ'''er- → '''q'''ar-ın<br />'''ǵʰ'''el- → '''q'''ula
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | '''ǵʰ'''el- → '''∅'''altın<br />'''ǵʰ'''er-dʰ → '''y'''ur-t
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{col-end}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Velar stops ===
| |
| − | {{col-begin}}
| |
| − | {{col-break}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*k
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! beginning !! end !! other
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | '''k'''er- → '''q'''ara || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | '''k'''ed- → '''k'''et- || twé'''k'''- → tǖ'''k''' || u'''k'''s → ö'''k'''iz
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{col-break}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*g
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! beginning !! end !! other
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | '''g'''erh₂- → '''q'''arı- || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | '''g'''al- → '''y'''al- || ta'''g'''- → te'''g'''- ||
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{col-break}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*gʰ
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! beginning !! end !! other
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | '''gʰ'''abʰ- → '''q'''ap- || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | || || di'''gʰ'''o → te'''k'''e
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{col-end}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Labialised stops ===
| |
| − | {{col-begin}}
| |
| − | {{col-break}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*kʷ
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! beginning !! end !! other
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | '''kʷ'''o → '''q'''āń<br />'''kʷ'''er- → '''q'''ur- || se'''kʷ'''- → sa'''q'''ı ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | || pe'''kʷ''' → bi'''ş'''-<br /> pén'''kʷ'''e → bē'''ş'''<br />te'''kʷ''' → tö'''k'''- ||
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{col-break}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*gʷ
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! beginning !! end !! other
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | '''gʷ'''er → a'''ğ'''ır || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | || ||
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{col-break}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*gʷʰ
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! beginning !! end !! other
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | || dʰé'''gʷʰ''' → ya'''q''' ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | '''gʷʰ'''er- → '''y'''ar- || h₁e'''gʷʰ''' → i'''ç'''- || len'''gʷʰ'''-◌ → yen'''g'''ü-l
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{col-end}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Other ===
| |
| − | | |
| − | <div style="width: 100%; clear: left;">
| |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*n
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! _C]<sub>σ</sub>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | || ǵʰá'''n'''s- → qa'''̄∅'''s → qa'''̄∅'''z
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | || pé'''n'''kʷe → be'''̄∅'''ş
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | || h₁dó'''n'''ts → ti'''̄∅'''ş
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*w
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! beginning || end || other
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | || ḱór'''w'''-eh₂ → qar'''ğ'''a || ḱle'''w'''- → qula'''q'''
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | ||
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+*m
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! !! beginning || end || other
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| |
| − | | || ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| |
| − | | ||
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | </div>
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Sources ==
| |
| − | * IE: [http://www.bartleby.com/61/ http://www.bartleby.com/61/], [[w:Appendix:List of Proto-Indo-European roots]]
| |
| − | * Tokharian: [http://www.wordgumbo.com/ie/cmp/toch.htm http://www.wordgumbo.com/ie/cmp/toch.htm]
| |
| − | * Altaic: [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\alt\altet http://starling.rinet.ru/]
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Turkic Languages]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Historical Linguistics]]
| |
