View source for Non-productive morphemes in Turkic

== Verbalisers ==
=== -A (N→V) ===
* '''boş''' - empty, free (space, time); '''boşo-''' - to empty, become free (v.i.)
* '''at''' - name; '''ata-''' - to call/name (v.t.)
* '''san''' - number; '''sana-''' - to count/enumerate (v.t.)
* '''jaş''' - age (n.) / young; '''jaşa-''' - to live (v.i.)
* '''aş''' - food; '''aşa-''' - to eat by stuffing food into mouth from hands (one's own or other's)
* '''sın''' - criticism; '''sına-''' - to criticise, evaluate (v.t.)
* '''qıŋğır''' - jingling, ringing; '''qıŋğıra-''' - to jingle, ring (v.i.)
* '''qıyın''' - difficult; '''qıyna-''' - to be difficult (v.i.) ~ to torment? (v.t.)
* '''til''' - tongue; '''tile-''' - to wish
* '''orın''' - place/location; '''orna-''' - to be located
* '''qan''' - blood; '''qana-''' - to bleed? (v.t.)
* '''tüş''' - dream; '''tülö-''' - to have a dream
* '''uçur''' - time, instance; '''uçra-''' - to meet / to greet
==== -sIz → -sIrA ====
* '''alsız''' - weak; '''alsıra-''' - to weaken (v.i.)
* ''Uzbek'' '''yog‘''' - oil; '''yog‘sira-''' - to unoil(?)

=== -Ay (N→V) ===
* '''az''' - little (in quantity); '''azay-''' - to lessen (v.i.)
* '''çoŋ''' - big; '''çoŋoy-''' - to grow (v.i.)
* '''köp''' - a lot; '''köböy-''' - to increase in quantity (v.i.)
* '''keŋ''' - wide; '''keŋey-''' - to get wide (v.i.)
* '''qıyşıq''' - crooked; '''qıyşay-''' - to get crooked (v.i.)
* '''joon''' - thick (of cylindrical things); '''joonoy-''' - to thicken (??)
* '''muŋ''' - grief; '''muŋay-''' - to be sad
* '''qart''' - old (person); '''qartay-''' - to get old (v.i.)
* '''sarı''' - yellow; '''sarğay-''' - whither (v.i.)

=== -sI (Adj→V) ===
* '''sür''' - jerked (meat); '''sürsü-''' - be jerked (meat)

=== ∅ (X↔V?) ===
* '''köp''' - a lot; '''köp-''' - to swell, get big (in volume, not mass), rise (of dough)
* '''toŋ''' - frozen ground(?); '''toŋ-''' - to freeze (v.i.)
* '''qızıq''' - interesting (adj.); '''qızıq-''' - to be interested by (v.i.?)
* kör
* qır
* köç
* '''sağ''' - intellect (n.); '''saq-''' - think, consider

=== -(A)r (Adj→V) ===
* '''suu''' - water / wet; '''suğar-''' - to water (v.t.)
* '''jaş''' - age (n.) / young; '''jaşar-''' - to get/look younger
* '''qısqa''' - short; '''qısqar-''' - to shorten / get short (v.i.)
* '''kök''' - green~blue; '''kögör-''' - to turn green (v.i.)
* '''aq''' - white; '''ağar-''' - to turn white (v.i.)
* '''jaŋı''' - new; '''jaŋır-''' - to be restored/revitalised/renewed (v.i.)
* '''eski''' - old; '''eskir-''' - to wear out (v.i.)
* '''içke''' - thin (of long things); '''içker-''' - to get thin (v.i.)
* '''juqa''' - thin (of flat things); '''juqar-''' - to get thin (v.i.)
* '''özgö''' - different/foreign; '''özgör-''' - to change (v.i.)

=== -(I)r, -(I)rA, etc. ===
* '''jarıq''' - bright; '''jarqır-''' - flash (v.i.) ?
* '''jelbire-'''; '''jel'''

== r/z and l/ş alternations ==
* '''köz''' - eye; '''kör-''' - see
** Sakha/Dolgan '''kör-''' - see, '''köhün-''' - to be seen
** Tuvan '''kör-''' see, '''köskü''' - visible
** Khakas '''kör-''' see, '''kösküt-''' - show
* '''semiz''' - fat (adj.); '''semir-''' - to get fat
* '''jetkiz-'''/'''jetkir-''' - to ~lead somewhere / help reach
* '''jatqız-'''/'''jatqır-''' - to make lie down
* '''ötköz-'''/'''ötkör-''' - to carry out / execute
* '''otqor-'''/'''otqoz''' - to graze (v.t.)
* '''tüş'''/'''tülö-''' - dream (n/v.?.)
* '''az''' - little (in quantity), '''araŋ''' - barely (Mo. '''arai''')
* '''uzaq''' - long; '''(y)ıraq''' - far
* '''ağuz''' - mouth; '''ağurt''' - corner of mouth (?*ağz/*ağurt)
* '''jultuz''' - star; '''jultura'''- - sparkle
* '''-siz''' - -less; '''-sira-''' - lose
* '''-Ar''' / '''-mAz'''
* '''jalbız''' ; '''jalbıraq''' ?

== Causatives ==
The normal causative formation in Kyrgyz employes -t (after 2+-syllable vowel stems) / and -DIr (after consonant and 1-syllable stems).  However, there are a bunch more causative morphemes.
=== -KAr and -KIz causatives ===
==== -KAr/-KAz ====
* '''ötkör-'''/'''ötköz-''' - to carry out / execute (v.t.)
* '''bütkör-''' - to finish (v.t.)
* '''körgöz-''' - to show (v.t.)
* '''unutqar-''' - forget
* Maybe a different -KAr/-KAz ?
** '''atqar-''' - to carry out / execute (v.t.)
** '''başqar-''' - to direct (v.t.)
** '''qutqar-''' - to save (v.t.)
** '''ayıpqar-''' - 
** '''uyatqar-''' - to shame (v.t.)
** '''kömkör-''' - to lay on front side (v.t.)
** '''tütkör-''' - to make be enough (v.t.)
** '''otqor-'''/'''otqoz-''' - to graze (v.t.)
** ('''t''')'''omqor''' / tomur- - to upturn something heavy

==== -KIr/-KIz ====
* '''jetkir-'''/'''jetkiz-''' - to see/walk someone somewhere / help them get there (v.dt.)
* '''jatqır-'''/'''jatqız-''' - to make lie down (v.t.)
* '''batqız-'''/'''batqır-'''(?) - to make something fit [somewhere] (v.[d]t.)
* '''mingiz-''' - to make someone mount/ride
* '''tiygiz-''' - to make touch
* '''turğuz-''' - to stand up (v.t.)
* '''o(l)turğuz-''' - to make sit (v.t.)
* '''kiygiz-''' - to dress (v.t.)
* '''kirgiz-''' - to put in / enter (e.g., data) (v.t.)
* '''jegiz-'''/jedir- - make eat (v.t.)
* '''emgiz-''' - nurse (v.t.)

=== -(I)r/-(I)z causative ===
* '''siŋ-''' - to get absorbed; '''siŋir-''' - to absorb
* '''büt-''' - finish/end (v.i.); '''bütür-''' - finish (v.t.)
* '''bış-''' - cook (v.i.); '''bışır-''' - cook (v.t.)
* '''tüs-''' - fall (v.i.); '''tüşür-''' - make fall (v.t.)
* '''ket-''' - leave (v.i.); '''ketir-''' - make leave (v.t.)
* '''aş-''' - pass/exceed (+''abl''); '''aşır''' - make exceed (v.t.)
* '''aq-''' - flow (v.i.); '''ağız-''' - make flow (v.t.)
* '''köç-''' - move (v.i.); '''köçür-''' - move (v.t.)
* '''öç-''' - turn off/go out/be extinguished (v.i.); '''öçür-''' turn off/put out/extinguish (v.t.)
* '''qat-''' - get hard (v.i.); '''qatır-''' make hard (v.t.)
* '''uq-''' - listen, hear (v.i./v.t.); '''uğuz-''' make hear (v.t.)
* '''iç-''' - drink (v.t.); '''içir-''' make drink (v.t.)
* '''tam-''' - drip (v.i.); '''tamız-''' make drip (v.t.)
* '''ös-''' - grow (v.i.); '''ösür-''' make grow, raise (v.t.)
==== -Ar ====
* '''çıq-''' - take/move out (v.i.); '''çığar-''' take/put/move out (v.t.)

=== -tIr causatives ===
These causatives don't have voicing assimilation for some reason
* '''kel-''' - to come (v.i.); '''keltir-''' - to make come (v.t.)
* '''qal-''' - to stay (v.i.); '''qaltır-''' - to leave (behind) (v.t.)
* '''öl-''' - to die (v.i.); '''öltür-''' - to kill (v.t.)
* '''tol-''' - to fill (v.i.); '''toltur-''' - to fill (v.t.)

== Other Derivational Alternations ==
*??? '''qız''' - girl / '''qızıl''' - red / '''qızı-''' - to blush / '''qızar-''' - to blush
*'''jarıq''' - bright, '''jar-''' - explode
*'''jalaŋ''' - naked, '''jalğız''' - lone, alone
*'''balqaş''' - swamp, '''balır''' - swamp

== Irregular inflectional forms ==
* Kyrgz/Kazakh '''bala''' → '''baldar'''
* Sakha '''kııs''' → '''kıırkıttar'''

=== Complex Codas ===
* Kyrgyz '''qarın''' ‘stomach’ → '''qard-''' (''poss. root'')
* Kyrgyz '''murun''' ‘nose’ → '''murd-''' (''poss. root'')
* Kyrgyz '''orun''' ‘place’ → '''ord-''' (''poss. root'')
* Kyrgyz dial. '''moyun''' ‘neck’ → '''moyd-''' (''poss. root'')
* OT '''oğıl''' → '''oğl-'''
* Tatar '''siŋil''' → '''siŋl-'''

=== Complex Codas 2 ===
* Tatar '''dus''' → '''dust-'''

== -KArI ==
'''keri''' means something like "backside side" or "reverse" or something, though this seems to be from the directive case -GArU
* '''teskeri''' - backwards ← '''ters''' - opposite
* '''tışqarı''' - aside from, outside of ← '''tış''' - outside
* '''ilgeri'''
* '''sırtqarı'''

== -GU (N→N?) ==
* '''qār''' (**qıra?) snow ~ '''qırağu''' (hoar)frost

== Adjective derivation ==
=== -(K)AK ===
V→A
* '''jabışqaq''' - ‘sticky’
* '''batqaq''' - ‘mud’?
* '''çıçqaq''' - ‘shitter’
* '''osurak''' - ‘farter’
* '''siygek''' - ‘pisser’

=== -sAK ===
* '''supsaq''' cf. suu
* '''boorsoq''' cf. boor

=== -(I)K ===
This -(I)K is V→A
* '''açıq''' ‘open’
* '''ısıq''' ‘hot’
* '''sınıq''' ‘broken’
* ?'''qızıq''' ‘interesting’

Some potential ones:
* '''arıq''' (cf. az)
* '''anıq''' (cf. ay)

== Nominalisers ==
These are mostly all V→N morphemes

=== -(I)N ===
* '''kelin''' - ‘bride / daughter in law’
* ?'''aqırın''' - slowly, carefully
* ?'''salqın'''
* ?'''jaqın''' (vs. '''yağuq''')
* ?'''ışqın'''
* ?'''qıyın'''
* ?'''dayın''' (vs. '''dayar''')
* '''iyin''' - ‘shoulder’
* '''tüyün''' - ‘knot’
* ?'''tütün''' - ‘smoke’
* '''uzun''' (vs. '''uzaq''')
* ?'''ustun''' - ‘(tree )trunk’
* '''jarqın''' (vs. '''jarıq''') - ‘bright’
* '''jaan''' (cf. '''jaa-''') - ‘rain’
* '''muun''' (cf. *'''boğ-''') - ‘joint’

=== -(I)K ===
* '''jırtıq''' - ‘tear (rip)’
* '''teşik''' - ‘hole’
* '''ayrıq''' - ‘scrap, shred’
* '''ışqırıq''' - ‘whistle’
* '''qaqırıq''' - ‘loogie’
* '''sızıq''' - ‘line, dash’
* '''sınıq''' - ‘broken piece’
* '''qıyqırıq''' - ‘yelp’
* '''kekirik''' - ‘burp’
* '''ketik''' - ‘chip(ped part)’
* ?'''tütük''' - ‘pipe’
* '''kürök''' - ‘shovel’
* '''tayaq''' - ‘stick/cane/prop/support’
* '''jölök''' - ‘prop/support’
* '''tilek''' - ‘wish’
* '''buyruq''' - ‘command’

=== -(I)m ===
* '''ağım''' - ‘flow’
* '''kesim''' - ‘slice’
* '''çeçim''' - ‘decision’
* '''kiyim''' - ‘clothes/clothing’

=== -AK ===
* '''jataq''' - ‘standing [e.g., question]’
* '''uzaq''' (vs. '''uzun''')

=== -MA ===
... No, this is too productive

=== -MAl ===
These might just be Mongolian words in Kyrgyz?
* '''saamal''' - horse milk (< '''saa-''' - to milk (could be Turkic or Mongolic))
* '''açımal''' - fermeneted [[w:jarma]] (< '''açı-''' - to ferment (v.i.))
* '''tarmal''' - curly (of hair)
* '''tuqtamal''' - suddenly
* '''tejemel''' - child being artificially fed??
* '''şişimel''' - puffed up (< '''şişi'''- - to swell/puff up)
* '''taanımal''' - familiar

=== -KA ===
V??→N ??
* '''jumurtqa''' - ‘egg’
* '''çegirtke''' - ‘grasshopper’
* '''qabırğa''' - ‘rib, wall’
* '''köleŋke'''/'''kölökö''' - ‘shade/shadow’
* '''qumursqa''' - ‘ant’
* '''kesirtke''' (Kazakh) - ‘lizard’

=== -KI (V→N) ===
* '''açıtqı''' - yeast
* '''şıpırğı''' - broom
* '''uyutqu''' - coagulator (i.e., for yoghurt)
* ?'''çalğı''' - scythe
* '''sınalğı''' - TV
* '''ünalğı''' - radio
* ?'''ülgü''' - pattern
* OTk. '''içkü''' - a drink

=== -dAK ===
V>N, N>A?
* şırı- - "quilt"; '''şırdaq''' - felt rug
* quuru- - "be fried"; '''quurdaq''' - fried meat (& potatoes)
* шырдак
* куурдак
* ардак(?)
* балдак(?)
* ажылдак
* буудак
* жайдак "bareback"
* кумдак 
* кызгалдак
* муздак
* саадак
* саздак
* тоңкулдак woodpecker
* чаңдак
* чардак gull

=== -AçAK ===
* keleçek - "future"
* Kazakh bolaşaq - "future"

=== -KIn ===
* '''qaçqın''' - ‘runaway, fugitive’
* '''taşqın''' - ‘flood’
* '''turğun''' - ‘resident’
* '''jutqınçaq''' - ‘adam's apple’

== -nAKAy ==
Adj → Adj
* jaqşınaqay - ~nice (< jaqşı - good)
* jönököy - simple (< jön - simple?)
* tatınaqay - ~cute (< tatuu - sweet)
* kiçinekey - little (< kiçüü - ~small)

== -(A)LA ==
V → V; adds iterativity to meaning
* tebele- ← tep-
* qubala- ← quu-
* jörgölö- ← *jörgö-

== -KILA ==
* tepkile- ← tep-
* çapqıla- ← çap-

== -ç ==
* тынч ← тын-
* бурч ← бур-
* курч ← кур- ?

== Misc ==
* кап- ''capture, grab''
** капкан ''trap''
** капкак ''lid''
** каптал ''side''

[[Category:Turkic Languages]]
[[Category:Kyrgyz]]
[[Category:Historical Linguistics]]