View source for Tæĺf

== Sound changes from [[Tēlvo]] ==

=== What changed ===
* noun & verb pre- and post-bound forms for 2, 3, 4, and 5 phoneme radicals.
* all other non-noun and -verb words
** including declined forms of pronouns
* personal endings as if stressed

=== The changes ===
* o → u / __ X<sub>[+labial]</sub>
* unstressed short vowels reduce
** a → ɐ
** o,e → ə
** i,y,u → ʉ/ɨ
* reduced vowels disappear, diphthongise
** {ə,ʉ,ɐ} → ∅ / __ #
** {ʉ,ə} → {ʉu̯,əu̯} / __ ]<sub>σ</sub>
* stressed long vowels shifted down; long low vowels diphthongised:
** ī → ē, ē → ǣ, ā → au̯, ō → ā, ū → ō
* Long vowels shorten in a closed syllable
** Vː → [-long] / __ C<sub>1</sub>]<sub>σ</sub>
** ī → i, ē → e, ǣ → æ, ā → a, ō → o, ū → u
* ŋg → ŋ
* non-sonorant consonants devoice at the end of a word
** C<sub>[-son]</sub> → [-voice] / __ #
** except for the personal ending -áð and the corresponding pronoun háð
* consonants devoice before a devoiced consonant (/sound)
** C → [-voice] / __ C<sub>[-voice]</sub>
* non-coronal (dental/alveolar) fricatives become stops word-finally when after a vowel or voiced sonorant
** C<sub>[-coronal]</sub> → [+stop] / V __ #
** C<sub>[-coronal]</sub> → [+stop] / C[+son,+vc] __ #
* voiced non-nasal labials and velars (non-coronals) become approximants
** C<sub>[+cons,-cor,-nas,+vc]</sub> → [+approx]
** {u̯,v,w} → w
* some things become stops at the beginning of syllables:
** ɣ,ŋ → g / <sub>σ</sub>[ __
** w → b / <sub>σ</sub>[ __
* some things become stops at the end of words or syllables:
** w → p / __ #
* big changes in codas:
** l → o̯ / V __ C<sub>0</sub> ]<sub>σ</sub>
** {k,g,z} → {x,ɣ,j} / {V,C<sub>[+son]</sub>} __ C<sub>1</sub> ]<sub>σ</sub>
** C<sub>[+stop,-vc]</sub> → [-stop] / __ C<sub>1</sub> ]<sub>σ</sub>
** j → ś / {w,o̯,j} __ ]<sub>σ</sub>
** w → p / j __ ]<sub>σ</sub> (e.g., / j __ C )
** ś → j / __ x C ]<sub>σ</sub>
* continual process of devoicing reapplies to fix recent problems
** {o̯,w} → f / __ C<sub>[-vc]</sub>
* some vowels don't take nicely to o̯:
** oo̯ → ō
* beginning of words starting with vowels acquire an h, if vowel is long, vowel shortens:
** V → [-long] / # __
** ∅ → h / # __ V
* at the beginning or end of a syllable, coronal palatal simplification:
** {tj,dj,sj,zj,nj} → {ts,dz,ś,j,j} / <sub>σ</sub>[ __ , __ ]<sub>σ</sub>
* h → ∅ / C<sub>[-stop,-son]</sub> __ ]<sub>σ</sub>

== Orthography ==
* Devoiced sonorants:
** l → ĺ, r → ŕ, n → ń, m → ḿ, ŋ → ŋ´, j → ś
* glide
** o̯ → ɬ
* vowels
** ɨ/ʉ → y, ɐ → a, a → á
* pronunciation of some vowels:
** y [ɜ], ə [ə], u [ʊ], i [ɪ], o [ɔ], e [ɛ], æ [a], a [ɐ], á [ɑ], ū [u], ī [i], ō [o], ē [e], ā [ɒ], ǣ [æ]

= Phonology =

= Morphology =
{| -
| indicates missing copula (see note 1)
|-
| -k
| distributiviser/relativiser, for postpositions (see note 5)
|-
| áwrə + verb.preBF
| future gerund or participle
|-
| áwrə + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun
| future gerund
|-
| beā
| 			locative, at
|-
| bir
| 			in
|-
| ble + j + pronoun
| 	[pronoun]'s own (e.g., 'blejás' = 'your own')
|-
| brer
| 			temporal locative, during, at the time of
|-
| ðek
| 			like, as (postposition)
|-
| futGerund + pronoun + [necessary]
|    [it is necessary that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is necessary], subject [needs to] verb, subject [should] verb
|-
| futGerund + pronoun + [possible]
|    [it is possible that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is possible], subject [is able to / can] verb
|-
| [tense]Gerund + pronoun + tsuj
| subject try[tense] to verb
|-
| futGerund + [come]
| 		verb tense: immediate future
|-
| futParticiple + [give]
| 	verb tense: future
|-
| háð
| 			s/he/it (3rd.sg.nom)
|-
| háfþ
| 			you (2nd.pl.nom)
|-
| hás
| 			you (2nd.sg.nom)
|-
| háwŋ
| 			we (1st.pl.nom)
|-
| háwn
| 			they (3rd.pl.nom)
|-
| həwyðeā
| 			me (1st.sg.dat)
|-
| hasyɬjáp
| 			your (2nd.sg.gen)
|-
| ho
| 			I (1st.sg.nom)
|-
| hojā
| 			my (1st.sg.gen)
|-
| kə (/ke) + verb.preBF
| 	passive participle
|-
| kaj + verb.preBF
| 		causative gerund or participle
|-
| kaj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun
|    causative gerund
|-
| keft
| 			QUOT1 (see note 3)
|-
| kesm
| 			QUOT2 (see note 3)
|-
| laj + verb.preBF
| 		past gerund or participle
|-
| laj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun
|    past gerund
|-
| liry + verb.preBF
| 		present gerund or participle
|-
| liry + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun
|    present gerund
|-
| mij
| 			instrumental
|-
| noun.citeF-[y-]noun.citeF
| 	compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
|-
| noun.citeF-[y-]noun.preBF
| 	compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
|-
| noun.postBF
| 		oblique (followed by cases/postpositions)
|-
| noun.postBF + (j +) pronoun
|    possessed/ive form
|-
| noun.postBF + (j +) əla (+ j + pronoun)
|    plural
|-
| noun.postBF noun
| 		distributive (see note 4)
|-
| noun.postBF-[y-]noun.citeF
| 	compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
|-
| passParticiple + [put]
| 	finite form of passive voice
|-
| passParticiple + [stay]
| 	verb tense: [such a situation definitely exists]
|-
| presParticiple + [stay]
| 	verb tense: [such a situation exists]
|-
| tēmə + noun.preBF
| doer, agent; more generally, person whose job deals with noun
|-
| tsáŋ
| 			because of, since, for
|-
| þá
| 			accusative
|-
| verb.citeF
| 		infinitival form
|-
| verb.postBF (+ j) + pronoun
|    finite form, usually present tense
|-
| verb.postBF + (y + ) lā(/laj)
|    negative
|-
| verb.postBF + (y +) tsā + j + pronoun
|    past tense
|-
| verb.postBF + saŋa + j + pronoun
|    imperative
|-
| yðeā
| 			dative, to, towards
|}

= Lexicon =
== Some Vocab ==
{| style="background:white; color:black; border: 1px solid black;"
|- 
| BJÐS (bæjðəs)
| world
|-
| bleŋk
| again
|-
| DGGW (dæɣgəp)
| milk
|-
| DNT (dæńt)
| gift
|-
| DNT (dānatá)
| give
|-
| DRK (dāraká)
| become
|-
| ÐÞRK (ðæþrək)
| 	amazing thing, marvel
|-
| ÐKL (ðākalá)
|keep
|-
| FÐR (fæðr)
|	writing implement (pen, pencil, quill)
|-
| FÐR (fāðará)
|	write
|-
| FJT (fājatá)
|	drink (verb)
|-
| FRL (færl)
|	story
|-
| FRL (fāralá)
|	say (archaic: recount)
|-
| FSH (fāsahá)
|	push
|-
| FSH (fāsahá)
|	push (see note 2a)
|-
| GŊF (gæŋ́f)
|	command (noun)
|-
| GŊF (gāgafá)
|	command (verb)
|-
| ŊJ (gawś)
|		scream, cry out, shriek
|-
| her
| very
|-
| het
| this
|-
| HLÐ (hæĺþ)
|	cougar
|-
| HMJK (hæmjək)
|		hamster; any small rodent (e.g., mouse, gerbil; most squirrels and rats would be considered large rodents)
|-
| hojś!
|	exclamation of surprise: "oy!", "ay!", "omg!"
|-
| jelyj
|	but
|-
| JH (jáf)
|	go (see note 2a)
|-
| JL (jæɬ)
|	year
|-
| kəlamzyjānā
|	unnecessary
|-
| kəmzyjáwnō
|	necessary
|-
| KJ (káfś)
|	put
|-
| KL (kawl)	
|	stay
|-
| KLK (kæĺk)
|	wolf; scary or dangerous animal, monster
|-
| KLV (kālabá)
|	come
|-
| KMV (kæḿp)
|	rope, string
|-
| KN (kæn)
|		sun; day
|-
| KRŊ (kāragá)
|	address, hail
|-
| kuhkaɬ
|	much
|-
| LVS (læfs)
|	blanket, cover, covering (sometimes: rug, carpet)
|-
| LVS (lābasá)
|	cover (verb)
|-
| MJS (mæśs)
|	life
|-
| MJSH (mæśsəh)
|		baby (see note 2a)
|-
| MKK (mæxk)
|	any sort of armed force: army, military, police, etc
|-
| MLN (mæln)
|	belief, faith, religion 
|-
| MM (mæm)
|		mother
|-
| momgyn
|	possible
|-
| MTN (mætn)
|	declaration
|-
| MTN (mātaná)	
|	declare
|-
| nō
| what, which
|-
| NKL (naxl)
|	ordinary, plain, normal
|-
| rep
| one
|-
| RG (ráfk)
|	lead (verb)
|-
| RJ (ráfś)
| 	see
|-
| RNL (rānalá)
| 	die
|-
| RZDT (ræzdət)
|		birth (noun)
|-
| RZDT (rāzadátī)
|		give birth (verb)
|-
| SFRNZ (sāfaránis)
|		hope; pray non-secularly
|-
| SLM (sæɬm)
| eye
|-
| SM (sæm)
| 	name (noun)
|-
| soɣr
|	soon
|-
| SSLS (sæsləs)
|	honour (noun)
|-
| SSLS (sāsalásī)
|	honour (verb)
|-
| STKN (sætkən)
|		mug, cup, glass, goblet; any container with a wide, open top which liquid is poured into and drunk from (e.g., not a flask)
|-
| tefr
| too
|-
| TJD (tæśt)
|	age, oldness (noun)
|-
| TJD (tājadá)
|	age (verb)
|-
| TJD (teśt,tejde)
|		aged, old (adj)
|-
| TLL (tæĺĺ)
|	thickness
|-
| TLL (tālalá)
|	to be thick
|-
| TLL (teɬle)
|	thick
|-
| TRV (tæŕf)
|	fear (noun)
|-
| TRV (tārabá)
|	fear (verb)
|-
| ÞNDT (þændət)
|		woman, any female creature
|-
| ÞRFN (þæŕfən)	
|	priest, any religious leader
|-
| ÞRRS (þærrəs)
|	alcoholic beverage, spirits: usually cider, but also applies to wine, beer, ale, vodka, etc. (of these, only cider and various wines are native to Tæĺf speakers)
|-
| VNTJ (bānatájī)
|		exclaim, sound/peal (of a horn/bell)
|-
| VRK (bāraká)
|	bless, make holy/divine; make non-secularly divine/special  
|-
| VRTZ (bāratázī)
|		help, assist
|-
| VTN (bātaná)
|	speak, talk
|-
| ZSD (zāsadá)
|	cut, slice; split, divide
|-
| ZVR (zæwr)
|	gate, opening
|}

== Some Constructions ==

[[Category:Conlangs]]