Difference between revisions of "Tæĺf"
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* noun & verb pre- and post-bound forms for 2, 3, 4, and 5 phoneme radicals. | * noun & verb pre- and post-bound forms for 2, 3, 4, and 5 phoneme radicals. | ||
* all other non-noun and -verb words | * all other non-noun and -verb words | ||
+ | ** including declined forms of pronouns | ||
* personal endings as if stressed | * personal endings as if stressed | ||
=== The changes === | === The changes === | ||
− | |||
* o → u / __ X<sub>[+labial]</sub> | * o → u / __ X<sub>[+labial]</sub> | ||
+ | * unstressed short vowels reduce | ||
** a → ɐ | ** a → ɐ | ||
** o,e → ə | ** o,e → ə | ||
Line 15: | Line 16: | ||
** {ə,ʉ,ɐ} → ∅ / __ # | ** {ə,ʉ,ɐ} → ∅ / __ # | ||
** {ʉ,ə} → {ʉu̯,əu̯} / __ ]<sub>σ</sub> | ** {ʉ,ə} → {ʉu̯,əu̯} / __ ]<sub>σ</sub> | ||
− | * | + | * stressed long vowels shifted down; long low vowels diphthongised: |
** ī → ē, ē → ǣ, ā → au̯, ō → ā, ū → ō | ** ī → ē, ē → ǣ, ā → au̯, ō → ā, ū → ō | ||
* Long vowels shorten in a closed syllable | * Long vowels shorten in a closed syllable | ||
** Vː → [-long] / __ C<sub>1</sub>]<sub>σ</sub> | ** Vː → [-long] / __ C<sub>1</sub>]<sub>σ</sub> | ||
** ī → i, ē → e, ǣ → æ, ā → a, ō → o, ū → u | ** ī → i, ē → e, ǣ → æ, ā → a, ō → o, ū → u | ||
+ | * ŋg → ŋ | ||
* non-sonorant consonants devoice at the end of a word | * non-sonorant consonants devoice at the end of a word | ||
** C<sub>[-son]</sub> → [-voice] / __ # | ** C<sub>[-son]</sub> → [-voice] / __ # | ||
+ | ** except for the personal ending -áð and the corresponding pronoun háð | ||
* consonants devoice before a devoiced consonant (/sound) | * consonants devoice before a devoiced consonant (/sound) | ||
** C → [-voice] / __ C<sub>[-voice]</sub> | ** C → [-voice] / __ C<sub>[-voice]</sub> | ||
Line 30: | Line 33: | ||
** C<sub>[+cons,-cor,-nas,+vc]</sub> → [+approx] | ** C<sub>[+cons,-cor,-nas,+vc]</sub> → [+approx] | ||
** {u̯,v,w} → w | ** {u̯,v,w} → w | ||
− | |||
* some things become stops at the beginning of syllables: | * some things become stops at the beginning of syllables: | ||
** ɣ,ŋ → g / <sub>σ</sub>[ __ | ** ɣ,ŋ → g / <sub>σ</sub>[ __ | ||
Line 40: | Line 42: | ||
** {k,g,z} → {x,ɣ,j} / {V,C<sub>[+son]</sub>} __ C<sub>1</sub> ]<sub>σ</sub> | ** {k,g,z} → {x,ɣ,j} / {V,C<sub>[+son]</sub>} __ C<sub>1</sub> ]<sub>σ</sub> | ||
** C<sub>[+stop,-vc]</sub> → [-stop] / __ C<sub>1</sub> ]<sub>σ</sub> | ** C<sub>[+stop,-vc]</sub> → [-stop] / __ C<sub>1</sub> ]<sub>σ</sub> | ||
+ | ** j → ś / {w,o̯,j} __ ]<sub>σ</sub> | ||
+ | ** w → p / j __ ]<sub>σ</sub> (e.g., / j __ C ) | ||
+ | ** ś → j / __ x C ]<sub>σ</sub> | ||
* continual process of devoicing reapplies to fix recent problems | * continual process of devoicing reapplies to fix recent problems | ||
** {o̯,w} → f / __ C<sub>[-vc]</sub> | ** {o̯,w} → f / __ C<sub>[-vc]</sub> | ||
+ | * some vowels don't take nicely to o̯: | ||
+ | ** oo̯ → ō | ||
* beginning of words starting with vowels acquire an h, if vowel is long, vowel shortens: | * beginning of words starting with vowels acquire an h, if vowel is long, vowel shortens: | ||
** V → [-long] / # __ | ** V → [-long] / # __ | ||
** ∅ → h / # __ V | ** ∅ → h / # __ V | ||
+ | * at the beginning or end of a syllable, coronal palatal simplification: | ||
+ | ** {tj,dj,sj,zj,nj} → {ts,dz,ś,j,j} / <sub>σ</sub>[ __ , __ ]<sub>σ</sub> | ||
+ | * h → ∅ / C<sub>[-stop,-son]</sub> __ ]<sub>σ</sub> | ||
== Orthography == | == Orthography == | ||
Line 54: | Line 64: | ||
** ɨ/ʉ → y, ɐ → a, a → á | ** ɨ/ʉ → y, ɐ → a, a → á | ||
* pronunciation of some vowels: | * pronunciation of some vowels: | ||
− | ** y [ɜ], u [ʊ], i [ɪ], o [ɔ], e [ɛ], æ [a], a [ɐ], á [ɑ], ū [u], ī [i], ō [o], ē [e], ā [ɒ], ǣ [æ] | + | ** y [ɜ], ə [ə], u [ʊ], i [ɪ], o [ɔ], e [ɛ], æ [a], a [ɐ], á [ɑ], ū [u], ī [i], ō [o], ē [e], ā [ɒ], ǣ [æ] |
+ | |||
+ | = Phonology = | ||
+ | |||
+ | = Morphology = | ||
+ | {| - | ||
+ | | indicates missing copula (see note 1) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | -k | ||
+ | | distributiviser/relativiser, for postpositions (see note 5) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | áwrə + verb.preBF | ||
+ | | future gerund or participle | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | áwrə + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun | ||
+ | | future gerund | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | beā | ||
+ | | locative, at | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | bir | ||
+ | | in | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | ble + j + pronoun | ||
+ | | [pronoun]'s own (e.g., 'blejás' = 'your own') | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | brer | ||
+ | | temporal locative, during, at the time of | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | ðek | ||
+ | | like, as (postposition) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | futGerund + pronoun + [necessary] | ||
+ | | [it is necessary that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is necessary], subject [needs to] verb, subject [should] verb | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | futGerund + pronoun + [possible] | ||
+ | | [it is possible that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is possible], subject [is able to / can] verb | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | [tense]Gerund + pronoun + tsuj | ||
+ | | subject try[tense] to verb | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | futGerund + [come] | ||
+ | | verb tense: immediate future | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | futParticiple + [give] | ||
+ | | verb tense: future | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | háð | ||
+ | | s/he/it (3rd.sg.nom) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | háfþ | ||
+ | | you (2nd.pl.nom) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | hás | ||
+ | | you (2nd.sg.nom) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | háwŋ | ||
+ | | we (1st.pl.nom) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | háwn | ||
+ | | they (3rd.pl.nom) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | həwyðeā | ||
+ | | me (1st.sg.dat) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | hasyɬjáp | ||
+ | | your (2nd.sg.gen) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | ho | ||
+ | | I (1st.sg.nom) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | hojā | ||
+ | | my (1st.sg.gen) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | kə (/ke) + verb.preBF | ||
+ | | passive participle | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | kaj + verb.preBF | ||
+ | | causative gerund or participle | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | kaj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun | ||
+ | | causative gerund | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | keft | ||
+ | | QUOT1 (see note 3) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | kesm | ||
+ | | QUOT2 (see note 3) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | laj + verb.preBF | ||
+ | | past gerund or participle | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | laj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun | ||
+ | | past gerund | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | liry + verb.preBF | ||
+ | | present gerund or participle | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | liry + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun | ||
+ | | present gerund | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | mij | ||
+ | | instrumental | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | noun.citeF-[y-]noun.citeF | ||
+ | | compound noun phrase (see note 4a) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | noun.citeF-[y-]noun.preBF | ||
+ | | compound noun phrase (see note 4a) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | noun.postBF | ||
+ | | oblique (followed by cases/postpositions) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | noun.postBF + (j +) pronoun | ||
+ | | possessed/ive form | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | noun.postBF + (j +) əla (+ j + pronoun) | ||
+ | | plural | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | noun.postBF noun | ||
+ | | distributive (see note 4) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | noun.postBF-[y-]noun.citeF | ||
+ | | compound noun phrase (see note 4a) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | passParticiple + [put] | ||
+ | | finite form of passive voice | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | passParticiple + [stay] | ||
+ | | verb tense: [such a situation definitely exists] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | presParticiple + [stay] | ||
+ | | verb tense: [such a situation exists] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | tēmə + noun.preBF | ||
+ | | doer, agent; more generally, person whose job deals with noun | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | tsáŋ | ||
+ | | because of, since, for | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | þá | ||
+ | | accusative | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | verb.citeF | ||
+ | | infinitival form | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | verb.postBF (+ j) + pronoun | ||
+ | | finite form, usually present tense | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | verb.postBF + (y + ) lā(/laj) | ||
+ | | negative | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | verb.postBF + (y +) tsā + j + pronoun | ||
+ | | past tense | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | verb.postBF + saŋa + j + pronoun | ||
+ | | imperative | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | yðeā | ||
+ | | dative, to, towards | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | = Lexicon = | ||
+ | == Some Vocab == | ||
+ | {| style="background:white; color:black; border: 1px solid black;" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | BJÐS (bæjðəs) | ||
+ | | world | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | bleŋk | ||
+ | | again | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | DGGW (dæɣgəp) | ||
+ | | milk | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | DNT (dæńt) | ||
+ | | gift | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | DNT (dānatá) | ||
+ | | give | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | DRK (dāraká) | ||
+ | | become | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | ÐÞRK (ðæþrək) | ||
+ | | amazing thing, marvel | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | ÐKL (ðākalá) | ||
+ | |keep | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | FÐR (fæðr) | ||
+ | | writing implement (pen, pencil, quill) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | FÐR (fāðará) | ||
+ | | write | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | FJT (fājatá) | ||
+ | | drink (verb) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | FRL (færl) | ||
+ | | story | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | FRL (fāralá) | ||
+ | | say (archaic: recount) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | FSH (fāsahá) | ||
+ | | push | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | FSH (fāsahá) | ||
+ | | push (see note 2a) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | GŊF (gæŋ́f) | ||
+ | | command (noun) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | GŊF (gāgafá) | ||
+ | | command (verb) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | ŊJ (gawś) | ||
+ | | scream, cry out, shriek | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | her | ||
+ | | very | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | het | ||
+ | | this | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | HLÐ (hæĺþ) | ||
+ | | cougar | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | HMJK (hæmjək) | ||
+ | | hamster; any small rodent (e.g., mouse, gerbil; most squirrels and rats would be considered large rodents) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | hojś! | ||
+ | | exclamation of surprise: "oy!", "ay!", "omg!" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | jelyj | ||
+ | | but | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | JH (jáf) | ||
+ | | go (see note 2a) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | JL (jæɬ) | ||
+ | | year | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | kəlamzyjānā | ||
+ | | unnecessary | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | kəmzyjáwnō | ||
+ | | necessary | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | KJ (káfś) | ||
+ | | put | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | KL (kawl) | ||
+ | | stay | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | KLK (kæĺk) | ||
+ | | wolf; scary or dangerous animal, monster | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | KLV (kālabá) | ||
+ | | come | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | KMV (kæḿp) | ||
+ | | rope, string | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | KN (kæn) | ||
+ | | sun; day | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | KRŊ (kāragá) | ||
+ | | address, hail | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | kuhkaɬ | ||
+ | | much | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | LVS (læfs) | ||
+ | | blanket, cover, covering (sometimes: rug, carpet) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | LVS (lābasá) | ||
+ | | cover (verb) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | MJS (mæśs) | ||
+ | | life | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | MJSH (mæśsəh) | ||
+ | | baby (see note 2a) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | MKK (mæxk) | ||
+ | | any sort of armed force: army, military, police, etc | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | MLN (mæln) | ||
+ | | belief, faith, religion | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | MM (mæm) | ||
+ | | mother | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | momgyn | ||
+ | | possible | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | MTN (mætn) | ||
+ | | declaration | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | MTN (mātaná) | ||
+ | | declare | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | nō | ||
+ | | what, which | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | NKL (naxl) | ||
+ | | ordinary, plain, normal | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | rep | ||
+ | | one | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | RG (ráfk) | ||
+ | | lead (verb) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | RJ (ráfś) | ||
+ | | see | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | RNL (rānalá) | ||
+ | | die | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | RZDT (ræzdət) | ||
+ | | birth (noun) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | RZDT (rāzadátī) | ||
+ | | give birth (verb) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | SFRNZ (sāfaránis) | ||
+ | | hope; pray non-secularly | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | SLM (sæɬm) | ||
+ | | eye | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | SM (sæm) | ||
+ | | name (noun) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | soɣr | ||
+ | | soon | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | SSLS (sæsləs) | ||
+ | | honour (noun) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | SSLS (sāsalásī) | ||
+ | | honour (verb) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | STKN (sætkən) | ||
+ | | mug, cup, glass, goblet; any container with a wide, open top which liquid is poured into and drunk from (e.g., not a flask) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | tefr | ||
+ | | too | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | TJD (tæśt) | ||
+ | | age, oldness (noun) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | TJD (tājadá) | ||
+ | | age (verb) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | TJD (teśt,tejde) | ||
+ | | aged, old (adj) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | TLL (tæĺĺ) | ||
+ | | thickness | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | TLL (tālalá) | ||
+ | | to be thick | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | TLL (teɬle) | ||
+ | | thick | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | TRV (tæŕf) | ||
+ | | fear (noun) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | TRV (tārabá) | ||
+ | | fear (verb) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | ÞNDT (þændət) | ||
+ | | woman, any female creature | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | ÞRFN (þæŕfən) | ||
+ | | priest, any religious leader | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | ÞRRS (þærrəs) | ||
+ | | alcoholic beverage, spirits: usually cider, but also applies to wine, beer, ale, vodka, etc. (of these, only cider and various wines are native to Tæĺf speakers) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | VNTJ (bānatájī) | ||
+ | | exclaim, sound/peal (of a horn/bell) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | VRK (bāraká) | ||
+ | | bless, make holy/divine; make non-secularly divine/special | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | VRTZ (bāratázī) | ||
+ | | help, assist | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | VTN (bātaná) | ||
+ | | speak, talk | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | ZSD (zāsadá) | ||
+ | | cut, slice; split, divide | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | ZVR (zæwr) | ||
+ | | gate, opening | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Some Constructions == | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Category:Conlangs]] |
Latest revision as of 04:08, 8 July 2007
Contents
Sound changes from Tēlvo
What changed
- noun & verb pre- and post-bound forms for 2, 3, 4, and 5 phoneme radicals.
- all other non-noun and -verb words
- including declined forms of pronouns
- personal endings as if stressed
The changes
- o → u / __ X[+labial]
- unstressed short vowels reduce
- a → ɐ
- o,e → ə
- i,y,u → ʉ/ɨ
- reduced vowels disappear, diphthongise
- {ə,ʉ,ɐ} → ∅ / __ #
- {ʉ,ə} → {ʉu̯,əu̯} / __ ]σ
- stressed long vowels shifted down; long low vowels diphthongised:
- ī → ē, ē → ǣ, ā → au̯, ō → ā, ū → ō
- Long vowels shorten in a closed syllable
- Vː → [-long] / __ C1]σ
- ī → i, ē → e, ǣ → æ, ā → a, ō → o, ū → u
- ŋg → ŋ
- non-sonorant consonants devoice at the end of a word
- C[-son] → [-voice] / __ #
- except for the personal ending -áð and the corresponding pronoun háð
- consonants devoice before a devoiced consonant (/sound)
- C → [-voice] / __ C[-voice]
- non-coronal (dental/alveolar) fricatives become stops word-finally when after a vowel or voiced sonorant
- C[-coronal] → [+stop] / V __ #
- C[-coronal] → [+stop] / C[+son,+vc] __ #
- voiced non-nasal labials and velars (non-coronals) become approximants
- C[+cons,-cor,-nas,+vc] → [+approx]
- {u̯,v,w} → w
- some things become stops at the beginning of syllables:
- ɣ,ŋ → g / σ[ __
- w → b / σ[ __
- some things become stops at the end of words or syllables:
- w → p / __ #
- big changes in codas:
- l → o̯ / V __ C0 ]σ
- {k,g,z} → {x,ɣ,j} / {V,C[+son]} __ C1 ]σ
- C[+stop,-vc] → [-stop] / __ C1 ]σ
- j → ś / {w,o̯,j} __ ]σ
- w → p / j __ ]σ (e.g., / j __ C )
- ś → j / __ x C ]σ
- continual process of devoicing reapplies to fix recent problems
- {o̯,w} → f / __ C[-vc]
- some vowels don't take nicely to o̯:
- oo̯ → ō
- beginning of words starting with vowels acquire an h, if vowel is long, vowel shortens:
- V → [-long] / # __
- ∅ → h / # __ V
- at the beginning or end of a syllable, coronal palatal simplification:
- {tj,dj,sj,zj,nj} → {ts,dz,ś,j,j} / σ[ __ , __ ]σ
- h → ∅ / C[-stop,-son] __ ]σ
Orthography
- Devoiced sonorants:
- l → ĺ, r → ŕ, n → ń, m → ḿ, ŋ → ŋ´, j → ś
- glide
- o̯ → ɬ
- vowels
- ɨ/ʉ → y, ɐ → a, a → á
- pronunciation of some vowels:
- y [ɜ], ə [ə], u [ʊ], i [ɪ], o [ɔ], e [ɛ], æ [a], a [ɐ], á [ɑ], ū [u], ī [i], ō [o], ē [e], ā [ɒ], ǣ [æ]
Phonology
Morphology
indicates missing copula (see note 1) | |
-k | distributiviser/relativiser, for postpositions (see note 5) |
áwrə + verb.preBF | future gerund or participle |
áwrə + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun | future gerund |
beā | locative, at |
bir | in |
ble + j + pronoun | [pronoun]'s own (e.g., 'blejás' = 'your own') |
brer | temporal locative, during, at the time of |
ðek | like, as (postposition) |
futGerund + pronoun + [necessary] | [it is necessary that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is necessary], subject [needs to] verb, subject [should] verb |
futGerund + pronoun + [possible] | [it is possible that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is possible], subject [is able to / can] verb |
[tense]Gerund + pronoun + tsuj | subject try[tense] to verb |
futGerund + [come] | verb tense: immediate future |
futParticiple + [give] | verb tense: future |
háð | s/he/it (3rd.sg.nom) |
háfþ | you (2nd.pl.nom) |
hás | you (2nd.sg.nom) |
háwŋ | we (1st.pl.nom) |
háwn | they (3rd.pl.nom) |
həwyðeā | me (1st.sg.dat) |
hasyɬjáp | your (2nd.sg.gen) |
ho | I (1st.sg.nom) |
hojā | my (1st.sg.gen) |
kə (/ke) + verb.preBF | passive participle |
kaj + verb.preBF | causative gerund or participle |
kaj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun | causative gerund |
keft | QUOT1 (see note 3) |
kesm | QUOT2 (see note 3) |
laj + verb.preBF | past gerund or participle |
laj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun | past gerund |
liry + verb.preBF | present gerund or participle |
liry + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun | present gerund |
mij | instrumental |
noun.citeF-[y-]noun.citeF | compound noun phrase (see note 4a) |
noun.citeF-[y-]noun.preBF | compound noun phrase (see note 4a) |
noun.postBF | oblique (followed by cases/postpositions) |
noun.postBF + (j +) pronoun | possessed/ive form |
noun.postBF + (j +) əla (+ j + pronoun) | plural |
noun.postBF noun | distributive (see note 4) |
noun.postBF-[y-]noun.citeF | compound noun phrase (see note 4a) |
passParticiple + [put] | finite form of passive voice |
passParticiple + [stay] | verb tense: [such a situation definitely exists] |
presParticiple + [stay] | verb tense: [such a situation exists] |
tēmə + noun.preBF | doer, agent; more generally, person whose job deals with noun |
tsáŋ | because of, since, for |
þá | accusative |
verb.citeF | infinitival form |
verb.postBF (+ j) + pronoun | finite form, usually present tense |
verb.postBF + (y + ) lā(/laj) | negative |
verb.postBF + (y +) tsā + j + pronoun | past tense |
verb.postBF + saŋa + j + pronoun | imperative |
yðeā | dative, to, towards |
Lexicon
Some Vocab
BJÐS (bæjðəs) | world |
bleŋk | again |
DGGW (dæɣgəp) | milk |
DNT (dæńt) | gift |
DNT (dānatá) | give |
DRK (dāraká) | become |
ÐÞRK (ðæþrək) | amazing thing, marvel |
ÐKL (ðākalá) | keep |
FÐR (fæðr) | writing implement (pen, pencil, quill) |
FÐR (fāðará) | write |
FJT (fājatá) | drink (verb) |
FRL (færl) | story |
FRL (fāralá) | say (archaic: recount) |
FSH (fāsahá) | push |
FSH (fāsahá) | push (see note 2a) |
GŊF (gæŋ́f) | command (noun) |
GŊF (gāgafá) | command (verb) |
ŊJ (gawś) | scream, cry out, shriek |
her | very |
het | this |
HLÐ (hæĺþ) | cougar |
HMJK (hæmjək) | hamster; any small rodent (e.g., mouse, gerbil; most squirrels and rats would be considered large rodents) |
hojś! | exclamation of surprise: "oy!", "ay!", "omg!" |
jelyj | but |
JH (jáf) | go (see note 2a) |
JL (jæɬ) | year |
kəlamzyjānā | unnecessary |
kəmzyjáwnō | necessary |
KJ (káfś) | put |
KL (kawl) | stay |
KLK (kæĺk) | wolf; scary or dangerous animal, monster |
KLV (kālabá) | come |
KMV (kæḿp) | rope, string |
KN (kæn) | sun; day |
KRŊ (kāragá) | address, hail |
kuhkaɬ | much |
LVS (læfs) | blanket, cover, covering (sometimes: rug, carpet) |
LVS (lābasá) | cover (verb) |
MJS (mæśs) | life |
MJSH (mæśsəh) | baby (see note 2a) |
MKK (mæxk) | any sort of armed force: army, military, police, etc |
MLN (mæln) | belief, faith, religion |
MM (mæm) | mother |
momgyn | possible |
MTN (mætn) | declaration |
MTN (mātaná) | declare |
nō | what, which |
NKL (naxl) | ordinary, plain, normal |
rep | one |
RG (ráfk) | lead (verb) |
RJ (ráfś) | see |
RNL (rānalá) | die |
RZDT (ræzdət) | birth (noun) |
RZDT (rāzadátī) | give birth (verb) |
SFRNZ (sāfaránis) | hope; pray non-secularly |
SLM (sæɬm) | eye |
SM (sæm) | name (noun) |
soɣr | soon |
SSLS (sæsləs) | honour (noun) |
SSLS (sāsalásī) | honour (verb) |
STKN (sætkən) | mug, cup, glass, goblet; any container with a wide, open top which liquid is poured into and drunk from (e.g., not a flask) |
tefr | too |
TJD (tæśt) | age, oldness (noun) |
TJD (tājadá) | age (verb) |
TJD (teśt,tejde) | aged, old (adj) |
TLL (tæĺĺ) | thickness |
TLL (tālalá) | to be thick |
TLL (teɬle) | thick |
TRV (tæŕf) | fear (noun) |
TRV (tārabá) | fear (verb) |
ÞNDT (þændət) | woman, any female creature |
ÞRFN (þæŕfən) | priest, any religious leader |
ÞRRS (þærrəs) | alcoholic beverage, spirits: usually cider, but also applies to wine, beer, ale, vodka, etc. (of these, only cider and various wines are native to Tæĺf speakers) |
VNTJ (bānatájī) | exclaim, sound/peal (of a horn/bell) |
VRK (bāraká) | bless, make holy/divine; make non-secularly divine/special |
VRTZ (bāratázī) | help, assist |
VTN (bātaná) | speak, talk |
ZSD (zāsadá) | cut, slice; split, divide |
ZVR (zæwr) | gate, opening |