Difference between revisions of "PIE Obstruents"

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!colspan="5"| Group B
 
!colspan="5"| Group B
 
!colspan="6"| Group C
 
!colspan="6"| Group C
−
! ?
+
! ? !! ?
 
|-
 
|-
 
!
 
!
Line 12: Line 12:
 
!colspan="2"| Celtic
 
!colspan="2"| Celtic
 
! Iranian !! Slavic !! Baltic !! Albanian
 
! Iranian !! Slavic !! Baltic !! Albanian
−
! Turkic
+
! Turkic !! Mongolic
 
|-
 
|-
−
! p
+
! rowspan="3" | p
 
| ||
 
| ||
 
| ''OE'' '''f'''æder || ''Lat.'' '''p'''ater || ''Gk.'' '''p'''atēr || ''Skt.'' '''p'''itṛ || ''Arm.'' '''h'''ayr
 
| ''OE'' '''f'''æder || ''Lat.'' '''p'''ater || ''Gk.'' '''p'''atēr || ''Skt.'' '''p'''itṛ || ''Arm.'' '''h'''ayr
 
|  ||  || ''Taj.'' '''p'''adar ||  || ||
 
|  ||  || ''Taj.'' '''p'''adar ||  || ||
−
| ''Tk.'' *ata
+
| ''Tk.'' *ata ||
 +
|-
 +
| ||
 +
| ''OE'' '''f'''eor || ''Lat.'' '''p'''er || ''Gk.'' '''p'''era || ''Skt.'' '''p'''aras || ''Arm.'' '''h'''eṙow
 +
|  || || || || ||
 +
| ''Tk.'' *'''b'''eri ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''TA/TB'' '''p'''äk- ||
 +
| ''Eng.'' '''b'''ake || ''Lat.'' '''c'''oc- || ''Gk.'' '''p'''ep- || ''OInd.'' '''p'''acati<br />''Av.'' '''p'''ačaiti ||
 +
| ''OIr.'' '''c'''uch- || || || ''OCS'' '''p'''eš-tь || ||
 +
| ''PTk.'' *'''b'''ış-/'''b'''iş- ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
! b
 
! b
 
| ''TB'' '''m'''āla || ''Luv.'' ša'''m'''lu-
 
| ''TB'' '''m'''āla || ''Luv.'' ša'''m'''lu-
−
| ''Gmc.'' *a'''p'''la- || ''Lat.'' '''m'''alum || || ||  
+
| ''Gmc.'' *a'''p'''la- || ''Lat.'' '''m'''alum || || ||
 
| ''OIr.'' u'''b'''ull || *a'''b'''lu || || *ā'''b'''lu-, *je'''m'''el- || *ā'''b'''ōl || ''Alb'' '''m'''ollë
 
| ''OIr.'' u'''b'''ull || *a'''b'''lu || || *ā'''b'''lu-, *je'''m'''el- || *ā'''b'''ōl || ''Alb'' '''m'''ollë
−
| ''Tk.'' *al'''m'''a
+
| ''PTk.'' *al'''m'''a || ''PMgl.'' *ali'''m'''a
 
|-
 
|-
−
! rowspan="2" | bʰ
+
! rowspan="1" | bʰ
 
| ||
 
| ||
 
| ''Gth.'' '''b'''ɛr- || ''Lat.'' '''f'''er- || ''Gk.'' '''pʰ'''er- || ''OInd.'' '''bʰ'''ár- || ''Arm.'' '''b'''er-
 
| ''Gth.'' '''b'''ɛr- || ''Lat.'' '''f'''er- || ''Gk.'' '''pʰ'''er- || ''OInd.'' '''bʰ'''ár- || ''Arm.'' '''b'''er-
 
| ''OIr.'' '''b'''ir- || || ''Taj.'' '''b'''ar- || ''OCS'' '''b'''er- || || ''Alb'' '''b'''ie  
 
| ''OIr.'' '''b'''ir- || || ''Taj.'' '''b'''ar- || ''OCS'' '''b'''er- || || ''Alb'' '''b'''ie  
−
| ''Tk.'' '''b'''er-
+
| ''PTk.'' *'''b'''er- ||  
−
|-
 
−
| ||
 
−
| ''Eng.'' '''b'''ake || || || ||
 
−
| || || || || ||
 
−
| ''Tk.'' '''b'''ış-
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
! t
 
! t
 
|-
 
|-
 
! d
 
! d
−
| ||
+
| ''TA'' '''t'''am, ''TB'' '''t'''äm ||
 
| ''OE'' '''t'''imber || ''Lat.'' '''d'''omus || ''Gk.'' '''d'''omos || ''Skt.'' '''d'''ama || ''Arm.'' '''t'''own ||  
 
| ''OE'' '''t'''imber || ''Lat.'' '''d'''omus || ''Gk.'' '''d'''omos || ''Skt.'' '''d'''ama || ''Arm.'' '''t'''own ||  
 
| || || ''Rus.'' '''d'''om || ||
 
| || || ''Rus.'' '''d'''om || ||
−
| ''Tk.'' '''t'''am
+
| ''PTk.'' *'''t'''ām ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
! dʰ
 
! dʰ
−
| ||
+
| TB '''t'''were ||
−
| ''OE'' '''d'''or || ''Lat.'' '''f'''ores || ''Gk.'' '''tʰ'''ura || ''Skt.'' '''d'''vār || ''Arm.'' '''d'''owṙ
+
| ''OE'' '''d'''or || ''Lat.'' '''f'''ores || ''Gk.'' '''tʰ'''urā || ''Skt.'' '''d'''vār<br/>''Av.'' '''d'''varəm || ''Arm.'' '''d'''owṙ
−
| || || ''Taj.'' '''d'''ar || ''Rus.'' '''d'''vʲerʲ || ||
+
| ''OIr.'' '''d'''orus || || ''Taj.'' '''d'''ar || OCS '''d'''vɪri<br />''Rus.'' '''d'''vʲerʲ || ||
−
| ''Tk.'' '''t'''ȫr
+
| ''PTk.'' *'''t'''ȫr ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
! ḱ
+
! rowspan="4" | ḱ
 
| ''TA'' śä'''k''', ''TB'' śa'''k''' ||
 
| ''TA'' śä'''k''', ''TB'' śa'''k''' ||
−
| ''Gth.'' tɛ'''h'''un || ''Lat.'' de'''c'''em || ''Gk.'' dé'''k'''a || ''OInd.'' dá'''ś'''a || ''Arm.'' ta'''s'''n
+
| ''Gth.'' tɛ'''h'''un || ''Lat.'' de'''c'''em || ''Gk.'' dé'''k'''a || ''OInd.'' dá'''ś'''a<br />''Av.'' da'''s'''a || ''Arm.'' ta'''s'''n
 
| ''OIr.'' dei'''ch''' || || ''Taj.'' da'''h''' || ''OCS'' de'''s'''ętı̆ || ''OPr'' de'''s'''-? || ''Alb'' djëte  
 
| ''OIr.'' dei'''ch''' || || ''Taj.'' da'''h''' || ''OCS'' de'''s'''ętı̆ || ''OPr'' de'''s'''-? || ''Alb'' djëte  
 +
| ||
 +
|-
 +
| || ''Hit.'' '''k'''ardi-
 +
| ''OE'' '''h'''eorte || ''Lat.'' ''c''or(d)- || ''Gk.'' '''k'''ardia || ''Skt.'' '''h'''ŗdaya || ''Arm.'' '''s'''irt
 +
| || || || ''Rus.'' '''s'''ʲerdʦe || ||
 +
| ||
 +
|-
 +
| ||
 +
| ''OE'' ea'''h'''ta || ''Lat.'' o'''c'''tō || ''Gk.'' o'''k'''tō || ''Skt.'' a'''ş'''ţa || ''Arm.'' o'''w'''t
 +
| || || ''Taj.'' ha'''ʃ'''t ||  || ||
 +
| ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''TA'' yu'''k''', ''TB'' ya'''k'''we || ''Hit.'' a'''s'''wa, a'''s'''u
 +
| ''Gth.'' ē'''h'''wa || ''Lat.'' e'''q'''uus || ''Gk.'' hi'''pp'''os || ''OInd.'' a'''ś'''va || ''Arm.'' ē'''š'''
 +
| ''OIr.'' e'''ch''' || ''Gaul.'' e'''p'''o- || ''Taj.'' a'''s'''p ||  || ''OLth.'' a'''š'''và ||
 +
|  ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
! ǵ
 
! ǵ
 
|-
 
|-
 
! ǵʰ
 
! ǵʰ
 +
| ||
 +
| ''OHG'' '''g'''ans || ''Lat.'' ('''h''')ānser || ''Gk.'' '''kʰ'''ḗn || ||
 +
| ''OIr.'' '''g'''ēiss || || ''Taj.'' ('''ʁ'''oz) || ''Slv'' (*'''g'''õsĭ) || ''Lth.'' '''ž'''ąsìs, ''Ltv.'' '''z'''ùoss, ''OPr'' '''s'''ansy ||
 +
| ''Tk.'' *'''q'''āz
 
|-
 
|-
 
! k
 
! k
Line 66: Line 91:
 
! gʰ
 
! gʰ
 
|-
 
|-
−
! kʷ
+
! rowspan="2" | kʷ
 
| ''TB'' o'''k'''so ||
 
| ''TB'' o'''k'''so ||
 
| ''Gth.'' ɔ'''χ'''sus || || || ''OInd.'' u'''k'''şā́ ||
 
| ''Gth.'' ɔ'''χ'''sus || || || ''OInd.'' u'''k'''şā́ ||
 
| ''MIr.'' o'''s'''s || *u'''x'''en || || || || ''Alb'' '''k'''a
 
| ''MIr.'' o'''s'''s || *u'''x'''en || || || || ''Alb'' '''k'''a
−
| ''Tk.'' *ö'''k'''üz
+
| ''PTk.'' *ö'''k'''üz || ''PMgl.'' *ü'''k'''er
 +
|-
 +
| ||
 +
| ''OE'' ē'''g'''e || ''Lat.'' o'''c'''ulus || ''Gk.'' o'''pʰ'''tʰalmos || ''Skt.'' a'''k'''şan || ''Arm.'' a'''č'''kʰ
 +
| || || || || ||
 +
| ''Tk.'' u'''q'''- ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
! rowspan="2"| gʷ
 
! rowspan="2"| gʷ
−
| ''TA'' '''ś'''äm, ''TB'' '''ś'''ana ||
+
| ''TA'' '''ś'''äm, ''TB'' '''ś'''ana || ''Hit'' *'''kuw'''anz
 
| ''Gth.'' '''kʷ'''ino || || ''Gk.'' '''g'''yné || ''OInd.'' '''g'''nā || ''Arm.'' '''k'''in
 
| ''Gth.'' '''kʷ'''ino || || ''Gk.'' '''g'''yné || ''OInd.'' '''g'''nā || ''Arm.'' '''k'''in
 
| ''OIr.'' '''b'''en || || ''Taj.'' '''z'''an || ''OCS'' '''ʒ'''ená- || || ''Alb'' '''z'''onjë
 
| ''OIr.'' '''b'''en || || ''Taj.'' '''z'''an || ''OCS'' '''ʒ'''ená- || || ''Alb'' '''z'''onjë
−
|
+
| ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| ''TA'' '''k'''o, ''TB'' '''k'''au ||
+
| ''TA'' '''k'''o, ''TB'' '''k'''au ||  
 
| ''O.S.'' '''k'''ō || ''Lat.'' '''b'''ō-, '''b'''ov- || ''Gk.'' '''b'''ous || ''OInd.'' '''g'''áuh. || ''Arm.'' '''k'''ov
 
| ''O.S.'' '''k'''ō || ''Lat.'' '''b'''ō-, '''b'''ov- || ''Gk.'' '''b'''ous || ''OInd.'' '''g'''áuh. || ''Arm.'' '''k'''ov
 
| ''OIr.'' '''b'''ó || ''OWlsh'' '''b'''uch || || *'''g'''ovędo || ''Ltv.'' '''gù'''ovs || *'''kʷ'''o ''Alb.'' '''k'''au
 
| ''OIr.'' '''b'''ó || ''OWlsh'' '''b'''uch || || *'''g'''ovędo || ''Ltv.'' '''gù'''ovs || *'''kʷ'''o ''Alb.'' '''k'''au
−
|
+
| ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
! gʷʰ
 
! gʷʰ
 
| ||
 
| ||
 
| ''OE'' '''w'''earm || ''Lat.'' '''f'''ormus || ''Gk.'' '''tʰ'''ermos || ''Skt.'' '''gʰ'''arma || ''Arm.'' '''ʤ'''erm
 
| ''OE'' '''w'''earm || ''Lat.'' '''f'''ormus || ''Gk.'' '''tʰ'''ermos || ''Skt.'' '''gʰ'''arma || ''Arm.'' '''ʤ'''erm
−
| || || ''Taj.'' '''g'''arm || ''Rus'' '''ʒ'''ar- || ||  
+
| || || ''Taj.'' '''g'''arm || ''Rus.'' '''ʒ'''ar- || ||  
−
|
+
| ||
 +
|-
 +
! w
 +
| ||
 +
| ''OE'' '''w'''it- || ''Lat.'' '''v'''ide- || ''Gk.'' eide- || ''Skt.'' '''v'''id || ''Arm.'' '''g'''it(e?)
 +
| || ||  || ''Rus'' '''v'''ʲidʲe- || ||
 +
|  || ''PMgl.'' *'''m'''ed(e?)-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
== Germanic notes ==
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|- style="text-align: center;"
 +
! PIE
 +
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|*p}}
 +
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|*t}}
 +
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|*k}}
 +
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|*kʷ}}
 +
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|*s}}
 +
|- style="text-align: center;"
 +
! PrePG
 +
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|*pʰ}}
 +
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|*tʰ}}
 +
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|*kʰ}}
 +
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|*kʷʰ}}
 +
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|*s}}
 +
|- style="text-align: center;"
 +
! Verner
 +
| {{IPA|*pʰ}}
 +
! {{IPA|*bʱ}}
 +
| {{IPA|*tʰ}}
 +
! {{IPA|*dʱ}}
 +
| {{IPA|*kʰ}}
 +
! {{IPA|*ɡʱ}}
 +
| {{IPA|*kʷʰ}}
 +
! {{IPA|*ɡʷʱ}}
 +
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"| {{IPA|*s}}
 +
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"| {{IPA|*z}}
 +
|- style="text-align: center;"
 +
! Grimm
 +
| {{IPA|*ɸ}}
 +
! {{IPA|*β}}
 +
| {{IPA|*θ}}
 +
! {{IPA|*ð}}
 +
| {{IPA|*x}}
 +
! {{IPA|*ɣ}}
 +
| {{IPA|*xʷ}}
 +
! {{IPA|*ɣʷ}}
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|- style="text-align: center;"
 +
! PIE
 +
| {{IPA|*bʰ}}
 +
| {{IPA|*dʰ}}
 +
| {{IPA|*gʰ}}
 +
| {{IPA|*gʷʰ}}
 +
|- style="text-align: center;"
 +
! Grimm
 +
| {{IPA|*b}}
 +
| {{IPA|*d}}
 +
| {{IPA|*g}}
 +
| {{IPA|*gʷ}}
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|- style="text-align: center;"
 +
! PIE
 +
| {{IPA|*b}}
 +
| {{IPA|*d}}
 +
| {{IPA|*g}}
 +
| {{IPA|*gʷ}}
 +
|- style="text-align: center;"
 +
! Grimm
 +
| {{IPA|*p}}
 +
| {{IPA|*t}}
 +
| {{IPA|*k}}
 +
| {{IPA|*kʷ}}
 
|}
 
|}

Latest revision as of 23:45, 22 September 2016

Group A Group B Group C ? ?
Tokharian Hittite Germanic Italic Greek Indic Armenian Celtic Iranian Slavic Baltic Albanian Turkic Mongolic
p OE fæder Lat. pater Gk. patēr Skt. pitṛ Arm. hayr Taj. padar Tk. *ata
OE feor Lat. per Gk. pera Skt. paras Arm. heṙow Tk. *beri
TA/TB päk- Eng. bake Lat. coc- Gk. pep- OInd. pacati
Av. pačaiti		 OIr. cuch- OCS peš-tь PTk. *bış-/biş-
b TB māla Luv. šamlu- Gmc. *apla- Lat. malum OIr. ubull *ablu *āblu-, *jemel- *ābōl Alb mollë PTk. *alma PMgl. *alima
bʰ Gth. bɛr- Lat. fer- Gk. pʰer- OInd. bʰár- Arm. ber- OIr. bir- Taj. bar- OCS ber- Alb bie PTk. *ber-
t
d TA tam, TB täm OE timber Lat. domus Gk. domos Skt. dama Arm. town Rus. dom PTk. *tām
dʰ TB twere OE dor Lat. fores Gk. tʰurā Skt. dvār
Av. dvarəm		 Arm. dowṙ OIr. dorus Taj. dar OCS dvɪri
Rus. dvʲerʲ		 PTk. *tȫr
ḱ TA śäk, TB śak Gth. tɛhun Lat. decem Gk. déka OInd. dáśa
Av. dasa		 Arm. tasn OIr. deich Taj. dah OCS desętı̆ OPr des-? Alb djëte
Hit. kardi- OE heorte Lat. cor(d)- Gk. kardia Skt. hŗdaya Arm. sirt Rus. sʲerdʦe
OE eahta Lat. octō Gk. oktō Skt. aşţa Arm. owt Taj. haʃt
TA yuk, TB yakwe Hit. aswa, asu Gth. ēhwa Lat. equus Gk. hippos OInd. aśva Arm. ēš OIr. ech Gaul. epo- Taj. asp OLth. ašvà
ǵ
ǵʰ OHG gans Lat. (h)ānser Gk. kʰḗn OIr. gēiss Taj. (ʁoz) Slv (*gõsĭ) Lth. žąsìs, Ltv. zùoss, OPr sansy Tk. *qāz
k
g
gʰ
kʷ TB okso Gth. ɔχsus OInd. ukşā́ MIr. oss *uxen Alb ka PTk. *öküz PMgl. *üker
OE ēge Lat. oculus Gk. opʰtʰalmos Skt. akşan Arm. ačkʰ Tk. uq-
gʷ TA śäm, TB śana Hit *kuwanz Gth. kʷino Gk. gyné OInd. gnā Arm. kin OIr. ben Taj. zan OCS ʒená- Alb zonjë
TA ko, TB kau O.S. kō Lat. bō-, bov- Gk. bous OInd. gáuh. Arm. kov OIr. bó OWlsh buch *govędo Ltv. gùovs *kʷo Alb. kau
gʷʰ OE wearm Lat. formus Gk. tʰermos Skt. gʰarma Arm. ʤerm Taj. garm Rus. ʒar-
w OE wit- Lat. vide- Gk. eide- Skt. vid Arm. git(e?) Rus vʲidʲe- PMgl. *med(e?)-

Germanic notes

PIE *p *t *k *kʷ *s
PrePG *pʰ *tʰ *kʰ *kʷʰ *s
Verner *pʰ *bʱ *tʰ *dʱ *kʰ *ɡʱ *kʷʰ *ɡʷʱ *s *z
Grimm *ɸ *β *θ *ð *x *ɣ *xʷ *ɣʷ
PIE *bʰ *dʰ *gʰ *gʷʰ
Grimm *b *d *g *gʷ
PIE *b *d *g *gʷ
Grimm *p *t *k *kʷ
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