Tæĺf

Sound changes from Tēlvo

What changed

• noun & verb pre- and post-bound forms for 2, 3, 4, and 5 phoneme radicals.
• all other non-noun and -verb words
  • including declined forms of pronouns
• personal endings as if stressed

The changes

• o → u / __ X_[+labial]
• unstressed short vowels reduce
  • a → ɐ
  • o,e → ə
  • i,y,u → ʉ/ɨ
• reduced vowels disappear, diphthongise
  • {ə,ʉ,ɐ} → ∅ / __ #
  • {ʉ,ə} → {ʉu̯,əu̯} / __ ]_σ
• stressed long vowels shifted down; long low vowels diphthongised:
  • ī → ē, ē → ǣ, ā → au̯, ō → ā, ū → ō
• Long vowels shorten in a closed syllable
  • Vː → [-long] / __ C₁]_σ
  • ī → i, ē → e, ǣ → æ, ā → a, ō → o, ū → u
• ŋg → ŋ
• non-sonorant consonants devoice at the end of a word
  • C_[-son] → [-voice] / __ #
  • except for the personal ending -áð and the corresponding pronoun háð
• consonants devoice before a devoiced consonant (/sound)
  • C → [-voice] / __ C_[-voice]
• non-coronal (dental/alveolar) fricatives become stops word-finally when after a vowel or voiced sonorant
  • C_[-coronal] → [+stop] / V __ #
  • C_[-coronal] → [+stop] / C[+son,+vc] __ #
• voiced non-nasal labials and velars (non-coronals) become approximants
  • C_{[+cons,-cor,-nas,+vc]} → [+approx]
  • {u̯,v,w} → w
• some things become stops at the beginning of syllables:
  • ɣ,ŋ → g / _σ[ __
  • w → b / _σ[ __
• some things become stops at the end of words or syllables:
  • w → p / __ #
• big changes in codas:
  • l → o̯ / V __ C₀ ]_σ
  • {k,g,z} → {x,ɣ,j} / {V,C_[+son]} __ C₁ ]_σ
  • C_[+stop,-vc] → [-stop] / __ C₁ ]_σ
  • j → ś / {w,o̯,j} __ ]_σ
  • w → p / j __ ]_σ (e.g., / j __ C )
• continual process of devoicing reapplies to fix recent problems
  • {o̯,w} → f / __ C_[-vc]
• some vowels don't take nicely to o̯:
  • oo̯ → ō
• beginning of words starting with vowels acquire an h, if vowel is long, vowel shortens:
  • V → [-long] / # __
  • ∅ → h / # __ V
• at the beginning or end of a syllable, coronal palatal simplification:
  • {tj,dj,sj,zj,nj} → {ts,dz,ś,j,j} / _σ[ __ , __ ]_σ
• h → ∅ / C_[-stop,-son] __ ]_σ

Orthography

• Devoiced sonorants:
  • l → ĺ, r → ŕ, n → ń, m → ḿ, ŋ → ŋ´, j → ś
• glide
  • o̯ → ɬ
• vowels
  • ɨ/ʉ → y, ɐ → a, a → á
• pronunciation of some vowels:
  • y [ɜ], ə [ə], u [ʊ], i [ɪ], o [ɔ], e [ɛ], æ [a], a [ɐ], á [ɑ], ū [u], ī [i], ō [o], ē [e], ā [ɒ], ǣ [æ]

Morphology

indicates missing copula (see note 1)
-k	distributiviser/relativiser, for postpositions (see note 5)
áwrə + verb.preBF	future gerund or participle
áwrə + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun	future gerund
beā	locative, at
bir	in
ble + j + pronoun	[pronoun]'s own (e.g., 'blejás' = 'your own')
brer	temporal locative, during, at the time of
ðek	like, as (postposition)
futGerund + pronoun + [necessary]	[it is necessary that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is necessary], subject [needs to] verb, subject [should] verb
futGerund + pronoun + [possible]	[it is possible that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is possible], subject [is able to / can] verb
futGerund + [come]	verb tense: immediate future
futParticiple + [give]	verb tense: future
háð	s/he/it (3rd.sg.nom)
háfþ	you (2nd.pl.nom)
hás	you (2nd.sg.nom)
háwŋ	we (1st.pl.nom)
háwn	they (3rd.pl.nom)
həwyðeā	me (1st.sg.dat)
hasyɬjáp	your (2nd.sg.gen)
ho	I (1st.sg.nom)
hojā	my (1st.sg.gen)
kə (/ke) + verb.preBF	passive participle
kaj + verb.preBF	causative gerund or participle
kaj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun	causative gerund
keft	QUOT1 (see note 3)
kesm	QUOT2 (see note 3)
laj + verb.preBF	past gerund or participle
laj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun	past gerund
liry + verb.preBF	present gerund or participle
liry + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun	present gerund
mij	instrumental
noun.citeF-[y-]noun.citeF	compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
noun.citeF-[y-]noun.preBF	compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
noun.postBF	oblique (followed by cases/postpositions)
noun.postBF + (j +) pronoun	possessed/ive form
noun.postBF + (j +) əla (+ j + pronoun)	plural
noun.postBF noun	distributive (see note 4)
noun.postBF-[y-]noun.citeF	compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
passParticiple + [put]	finite form of passive voice
passParticiple + [stay]	verb tense: [such a situation definitely exists]
presParticiple + [stay]	verb tense: [such a situation exists]
tēmə + noun.postBF	doer, agent; more generally, person whose job deals with noun
tsáŋ	because of, since, for
þá	accusative
verb.citeF	infinitival form
verb.postBF (+ j) + pronoun	finite form, usually present tense
verb.postBF + (y + ) lā(/laj)	negative
verb.postBF + (y +) tsā + j + pronoun	past tense
verb.postBF + saŋa + j + pronoun	imperative
yðeā	dative, to, towards

Lexicon

Some Vocab

BJÐS (bæjðəs)	world
bleŋk	again
DGGW (dæɣgəp)	milk
DNT (dæńt)	gift
DNT (dānatá)	give
DRK (dāraká)	become
ÐÞRK (ðæþrək)	amazing thing, marvel
ÐKL (ðākalá)	keep
FÐR (fæðr)	writing implement (pen, pencil, quill)
FÐR (fāðará)	write
FJT (fājatá)	drink (verb)
FRL (færl)	story
FRL (fāralá)	say (archaic: recount)
FSH (fāsahá)	push
FSH (fāsahá)	push (see note 2a)
GŊF (gæŋ́f)	command (noun)
GŊF (gāgafá)	command (verb)
ŊJ (gawś)	scream, cry out, shriek
her	very
het	this
HLÐ (hæĺþ)	cougar
HMJK (hæmjək)	hamster; any small rodent (e.g., mouse, gerbil; most squirrels and rats would be considered large rodents)
hojś!	exclamation of surprise: "oy!", "ay!", "omg!"
jelyj	but
JH (jáf)	go (see note 2a)
JL (jæɬ)	year
kəlamzyjānā	unnecessary
kəmzyjáwnō	necessary
KJ (káfś)	put
KL (kawl)	stay
KLK (kæĺk)	wolf; scary or dangerous animal, monster
KLV (kālabá)	come
KMV (kæḿp)	rope, string
KN (kæn)	sun; day
KRŊ (kāragá)	address, hail
kuhkaɬ	much
LVS (læfs)	blanket, cover, covering (sometimes: rug, carpet)
LVS (lābasá)	cover (verb)
MJS (mæśs)	life
MJSH (mæśsəh)	baby (see note 2a)
MKK (mæxk)	any sort of armed force: army, military, police, etc
MLN (mæln)	belief, faith, religion
MM (mæm)	mother
momgyn	possible
MTN (mætn)	declaration
MTN (mātaná)	declare
nō	what, which
NKL (naxl)	ordinary, plain, normal
rep	one
RG (ráfk)	lead (verb)
RJ (ráfś)	see
RNL (rānalá)	die
RZDT (ræzdət)	birth (noun)
RZDT (rāzadátī)	give birth (verb)
SFRNZ (sāfaránis)	hope; pray non-secularly
SLM (sæɬm)	eye
SM (sæm)	name (noun)
soɣr	soon
SSLS (sæsləs)	honour (noun)
SSLS (sāsalásī)	honour (verb)
STKN (sætkən)	mug, cup, glass, goblet; any container with a wide, open top which liquid is poured into and drunk from (e.g., not a flask)
tefr	too
TJD (tæśt)	age, oldness (noun)
TJD (tājadá)	age (verb)
TJD (teśt,tejde)	aged, old (adj)
TLL (tæĺĺ)	thickness
TLL (tālalá)	to be thick
TLL (teɬle)	thick
TRV (tæŕf)	fear (noun)
TRV (tārabá)	fear (verb)
ÞNDT (þændət)	woman, any female creature
ÞRFN (þæŕfən)	priest, any religious leader
ÞRRS (þærrəs)	alcoholic beverage, spirits: usually cider, but also applies to wine, beer, ale, vodka, etc. (of these, only cider and various wines are native to Tæĺf speakers)
VNTJ (bānatájī)	exclaim, sound/peal (of a horn/bell)
VRK (bāraká)	bless, make holy/divine; make non-secularly divine/special
VRTZ (bāratázī)	help, assist
VTN (bātaná)	speak, talk
ZSD (zāsadá)	cut, slice; split, divide
ZVR (zæwr)	gate, opening