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| Line 2: |
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| === What changed === | | === What changed === |
| * noun & verb pre- and post-bound forms for 2, 3, 4, and 5 phoneme radicals. | | * noun |
| * all other non-noun and -verb words
| |
| ** including declined forms of pronouns
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| * personal endings as if stressed
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| | |
| === The changes ===
| |
| * o → u / __ X<sub>[+labial]</sub>
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| * unstressed short vowels reduce
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| ** a → ɐ
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| ** o,e → ə
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| ** i,y,u → ʉ/ɨ
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| * reduced vowels disappear, diphthongise
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| ** {ə,ʉ,ɐ} → ∅ / __ #
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| ** {ʉ,ə} → {ʉu̯,əu̯} / __ ]<sub>σ</sub>
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| * stressed long vowels shifted down; long low vowels diphthongised:
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| ** ī → ē, ē → ǣ, ā → au̯, ō → ā, ū → ō
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| * Long vowels shorten in a closed syllable
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| ** Vː → [-long] / __ C<sub>1</sub>]<sub>σ</sub>
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| ** ī → i, ē → e, ǣ → æ, ā → a, ō → o, ū → u
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| * ŋg → ŋ
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| * non-sonorant consonants devoice at the end of a word
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| ** C<sub>[-son]</sub> → [-voice] / __ #
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| ** except for the personal ending -áð and the corresponding pronoun háð
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| * consonants devoice before a devoiced consonant (/sound)
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| ** C → [-voice] / __ C<sub>[-voice]</sub>
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| * non-coronal (dental/alveolar) fricatives become stops word-finally when after a vowel or voiced sonorant
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| ** C<sub>[-coronal]</sub> → [+stop] / V __ #
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| ** C<sub>[-coronal]</sub> → [+stop] / C[+son,+vc] __ #
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| * voiced non-nasal labials and velars (non-coronals) become approximants
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| ** C<sub>[+cons,-cor,-nas,+vc]</sub> → [+approx]
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| ** {u̯,v,w} → w
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| * some things become stops at the beginning of syllables:
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| ** ɣ,ŋ → g / <sub>σ</sub>[ __
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| ** w → b / <sub>σ</sub>[ __
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| * some things become stops at the end of words or syllables:
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| ** w → p / __ #
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| * big changes in codas:
| |
| ** l → o̯ / V __ C<sub>0</sub> ]<sub>σ</sub>
| |
| ** {k,g,z} → {x,ɣ,j} / {V,C<sub>[+son]</sub>} __ C<sub>1</sub> ]<sub>σ</sub>
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| ** C<sub>[+stop,-vc]</sub> → [-stop] / __ C<sub>1</sub> ]<sub>σ</sub>
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| ** j → ś / {w,o̯,j} __ ]<sub>σ</sub>
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| ** w → p / j __ ]<sub>σ</sub> (e.g., / j __ C )
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| ** ś → j / __ x C ]<sub>σ</sub>
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| * continual process of devoicing reapplies to fix recent problems
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| ** {o̯,w} → f / __ C<sub>[-vc]</sub>
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| * some vowels don't take nicely to o̯:
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| ** oo̯ → ō
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| * beginning of words starting with vowels acquire an h, if vowel is long, vowel shortens:
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| ** V → [-long] / # __
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| ** ∅ → h / # __ V
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| * at the beginning or end of a syllable, coronal palatal simplification:
| |
| ** {tj,dj,sj,zj,nj} → {ts,dz,ś,j,j} / <sub>σ</sub>[ __ , __ ]<sub>σ</sub>
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| * h → ∅ / C<sub>[-stop,-son]</sub> __ ]<sub>σ</sub>
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| | |
| == Orthography ==
| |
| * Devoiced sonorants:
| |
| ** l → ĺ, r → ŕ, n → ń, m → ḿ, ŋ → ŋ´, j → ś
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| * glide
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| ** o̯ → ɬ
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| * vowels
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| ** ɨ/ʉ → y, ɐ → a, a → á
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| * pronunciation of some vowels:
| |
| ** y [ɜ], ə [ə], u [ʊ], i [ɪ], o [ɔ], e [ɛ], æ [a], a [ɐ], á [ɑ], ū [u], ī [i], ō [o], ē [e], ā [ɒ], ǣ [æ]
| |
| | |
| = Phonology =
| |
| | |
| = Morphology =
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| {| -
| |
| | indicates missing copula (see note 1)
| |
| |-
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| | -k
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| | distributiviser/relativiser, for postpositions (see note 5)
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| |-
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| | áwrə + verb.preBF
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| | future gerund or participle
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| |-
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| | áwrə + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun
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| | future gerund
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| |-
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| | beā
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| | locative, at
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| |-
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| | bir
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| | in
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| |-
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| | ble + j + pronoun
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| | [pronoun]'s own (e.g., 'blejás' = 'your own')
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| |-
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| | brer
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| | temporal locative, during, at the time of
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| |-
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| | ðek
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| | like, as (postposition)
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| |-
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| | futGerund + pronoun + [necessary]
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| | [it is necessary that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is necessary], subject [needs to] verb, subject [should] verb
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| |-
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| | futGerund + pronoun + [possible]
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| | [it is possible that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is possible], subject [is able to / can] verb
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| |-
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| | [tense]Gerund + pronoun + tsuj
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| | subject try[tense] to verb
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| |-
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| | futGerund + [come]
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| | verb tense: immediate future
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| |-
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| | futParticiple + [give]
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| | verb tense: future
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| |-
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| | háð
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| | s/he/it (3rd.sg.nom)
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| |-
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| | háfþ
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| | you (2nd.pl.nom)
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| |-
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| | hás
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| | you (2nd.sg.nom)
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| |-
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| | háwŋ
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| | we (1st.pl.nom)
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| |-
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| | háwn
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| | they (3rd.pl.nom)
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| |-
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| | həwyðeā
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| | me (1st.sg.dat)
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| |-
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| | hasyɬjáp
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| | your (2nd.sg.gen)
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| |-
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| | ho
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| | I (1st.sg.nom)
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| |-
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| | hojā
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| | my (1st.sg.gen)
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| |-
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| | kə (/ke) + verb.preBF
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| | passive participle
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| |-
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| | kaj + verb.preBF
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| | causative gerund or participle
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| |-
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| | kaj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun
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| | causative gerund
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| |-
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| | keft
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| | QUOT1 (see note 3)
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| |-
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| | kesm
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| | QUOT2 (see note 3)
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| |-
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| | laj + verb.preBF
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| | past gerund or participle
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| |-
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| | laj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun
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| | past gerund
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| |-
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| | liry + verb.preBF
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| | present gerund or participle
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| |-
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| | liry + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun
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| | present gerund
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| |-
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| | mij
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| | instrumental
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| |-
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| | noun.citeF-[y-]noun.citeF
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| | compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
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| |-
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| | noun.citeF-[y-]noun.preBF
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| | compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
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| |-
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| | noun.postBF
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| | oblique (followed by cases/postpositions)
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| |-
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| | noun.postBF + (j +) pronoun
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| | possessed/ive form
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| |-
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| | noun.postBF + (j +) əla (+ j + pronoun)
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| | plural
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| |-
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| | noun.postBF noun
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| | distributive (see note 4)
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| |-
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| | noun.postBF-[y-]noun.citeF
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| | compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
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| |-
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| | passParticiple + [put]
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| | finite form of passive voice
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| |-
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| | passParticiple + [stay]
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| | verb tense: [such a situation definitely exists]
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| |-
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| | presParticiple + [stay]
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| | verb tense: [such a situation exists]
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| |-
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| | tēmə + noun.preBF
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| | doer, agent; more generally, person whose job deals with noun
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| |-
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| | tsáŋ
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| | because of, since, for
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| |-
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| | þá
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| | accusative
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| |-
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| | verb.citeF
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| | infinitival form
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| |-
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| | verb.postBF (+ j) + pronoun
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| | finite form, usually present tense
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| |-
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| | verb.postBF + (y + ) lā(/laj)
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| | negative
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| |-
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| | verb.postBF + (y +) tsā + j + pronoun
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| | past tense
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| |-
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| | verb.postBF + saŋa + j + pronoun
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| | imperative
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| |-
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| | yðeā
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| | dative, to, towards
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| |}
| |
| | |
| = Lexicon =
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| == Some Vocab ==
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| {| style="background:white; color:black; border: 1px solid black;"
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| |-
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| | BJÐS (bæjðəs)
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| | world
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| |-
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| | bleŋk
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| | again
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| |-
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| | DGGW (dæɣgəp)
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| | milk
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| |-
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| | DNT (dæńt)
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| | gift
| |
| |-
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| | DNT (dānatá)
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| | give
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| |-
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| | DRK (dāraká)
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| | become
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| |-
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| | ÐÞRK (ðæþrək)
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| | amazing thing, marvel
| |
| |-
| |
| | ÐKL (ðākalá)
| |
| |keep
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| |-
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| | FÐR (fæðr)
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| | writing implement (pen, pencil, quill)
| |
| |-
| |
| | FÐR (fāðará)
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| | write
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| |-
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| | FJT (fājatá)
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| | drink (verb)
| |
| |-
| |
| | FRL (færl)
| |
| | story
| |
| |-
| |
| | FRL (fāralá)
| |
| | say (archaic: recount)
| |
| |-
| |
| | FSH (fāsahá)
| |
| | push
| |
| |-
| |
| | FSH (fāsahá)
| |
| | push (see note 2a)
| |
| |-
| |
| | GŊF (gæŋ́f)
| |
| | command (noun)
| |
| |-
| |
| | GŊF (gāgafá)
| |
| | command (verb)
| |
| |-
| |
| | ŊJ (gawś)
| |
| | scream, cry out, shriek
| |
| |-
| |
| | her
| |
| | very
| |
| |-
| |
| | het
| |
| | this
| |
| |-
| |
| | HLÐ (hæĺþ)
| |
| | cougar
| |
| |-
| |
| | HMJK (hæmjək)
| |
| | hamster; any small rodent (e.g., mouse, gerbil; most squirrels and rats would be considered large rodents)
| |
| |-
| |
| | hojś!
| |
| | exclamation of surprise: "oy!", "ay!", "omg!"
| |
| |-
| |
| | jelyj
| |
| | but
| |
| |-
| |
| | JH (jáf)
| |
| | go (see note 2a)
| |
| |-
| |
| | JL (jæɬ)
| |
| | year
| |
| |-
| |
| | kəlamzyjānā
| |
| | unnecessary
| |
| |-
| |
| | kəmzyjáwnō
| |
| | necessary
| |
| |-
| |
| | KJ (káfś)
| |
| | put
| |
| |-
| |
| | KL (kawl)
| |
| | stay
| |
| |-
| |
| | KLK (kæĺk)
| |
| | wolf; scary or dangerous animal, monster
| |
| |-
| |
| | KLV (kālabá)
| |
| | come
| |
| |-
| |
| | KMV (kæḿp)
| |
| | rope, string
| |
| |-
| |
| | KN (kæn)
| |
| | sun; day
| |
| |-
| |
| | KRŊ (kāragá)
| |
| | address, hail
| |
| |-
| |
| | kuhkaɬ
| |
| | much
| |
| |-
| |
| | LVS (læfs)
| |
| | blanket, cover, covering (sometimes: rug, carpet)
| |
| |-
| |
| | LVS (lābasá)
| |
| | cover (verb)
| |
| |-
| |
| | MJS (mæśs)
| |
| | life
| |
| |-
| |
| | MJSH (mæśsəh)
| |
| | baby (see note 2a)
| |
| |-
| |
| | MKK (mæxk)
| |
| | any sort of armed force: army, military, police, etc
| |
| |-
| |
| | MLN (mæln)
| |
| | belief, faith, religion
| |
| |-
| |
| | MM (mæm)
| |
| | mother
| |
| |-
| |
| | momgyn
| |
| | possible
| |
| |-
| |
| | MTN (mætn)
| |
| | declaration
| |
| |-
| |
| | MTN (mātaná)
| |
| | declare
| |
| |-
| |
| | nō
| |
| | what, which
| |
| |-
| |
| | NKL (naxl)
| |
| | ordinary, plain, normal
| |
| |-
| |
| | rep
| |
| | one
| |
| |-
| |
| | RG (ráfk)
| |
| | lead (verb)
| |
| |-
| |
| | RJ (ráfś)
| |
| | see
| |
| |-
| |
| | RNL (rānalá)
| |
| | die
| |
| |-
| |
| | RZDT (ræzdət)
| |
| | birth (noun)
| |
| |-
| |
| | RZDT (rāzadátī)
| |
| | give birth (verb)
| |
| |-
| |
| | SFRNZ (sāfaránis)
| |
| | hope; pray non-secularly
| |
| |-
| |
| | SLM (sæɬm)
| |
| | eye
| |
| |-
| |
| | SM (sæm)
| |
| | name (noun)
| |
| |-
| |
| | soɣr
| |
| | soon
| |
| |-
| |
| | SSLS (sæsləs)
| |
| | honour (noun)
| |
| |-
| |
| | SSLS (sāsalásī)
| |
| | honour (verb)
| |
| |-
| |
| | STKN (sætkən)
| |
| | mug, cup, glass, goblet; any container with a wide, open top which liquid is poured into and drunk from (e.g., not a flask)
| |
| |-
| |
| | tefr
| |
| | too
| |
| |-
| |
| | TJD (tæśt)
| |
| | age, oldness (noun)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TJD (tājadá)
| |
| | age (verb)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TJD (teśt,tejde)
| |
| | aged, old (adj)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TLL (tæĺĺ)
| |
| | thickness
| |
| |-
| |
| | TLL (tālalá)
| |
| | to be thick
| |
| |-
| |
| | TLL (teɬle)
| |
| | thick
| |
| |-
| |
| | TRV (tæŕf)
| |
| | fear (noun)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TRV (tārabá)
| |
| | fear (verb)
| |
| |-
| |
| | ÞNDT (þændət)
| |
| | woman, any female creature
| |
| |-
| |
| | ÞRFN (þæŕfən)
| |
| | priest, any religious leader
| |
| |-
| |
| | ÞRRS (þærrəs)
| |
| | alcoholic beverage, spirits: usually cider, but also applies to wine, beer, ale, vodka, etc. (of these, only cider and various wines are native to Tæĺf speakers)
| |
| |-
| |
| | VNTJ (bānatájī)
| |
| | exclaim, sound/peal (of a horn/bell)
| |
| |-
| |
| | VRK (bāraká)
| |
| | bless, make holy/divine; make non-secularly divine/special
| |
| |-
| |
| | VRTZ (bāratázī)
| |
| | help, assist
| |
| |-
| |
| | VTN (bātaná)
| |
| | speak, talk
| |
| |-
| |
| | ZSD (zāsadá)
| |
| | cut, slice; split, divide
| |
| |-
| |
| | ZVR (zæwr)
| |
| | gate, opening
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| == Some Constructions ==
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Conlangs]]
| |
