|
|
| Line 2: |
Line 2: |
| | | | |
| | === What changed === | | === What changed === |
| − | * noun & verb pre- and post-bound forms for 2, 3, 4, and 5 phoneme radicals. | + | * noun |
| − | * all other non-noun and -verb words
| |
| − | ** including declined forms of pronouns
| |
| − | * personal endings as if stressed
| |
| − | | |
| − | === The changes ===
| |
| − | * o → u / __ X<sub>[+labial]</sub>
| |
| − | * unstressed short vowels reduce
| |
| − | ** a → ɐ
| |
| − | ** o,e → ə
| |
| − | ** i,y,u → ʉ/ɨ
| |
| − | * reduced vowels disappear, diphthongise
| |
| − | ** {ə,ʉ,ɐ} → ∅ / __ #
| |
| − | ** {ʉ,ə} → {ʉu̯,əu̯} / __ ]<sub>σ</sub>
| |
| − | * stressed long vowels shifted down; long low vowels diphthongised:
| |
| − | ** ī → ē, ē → ǣ, ā → au̯, ō → ā, ū → ō
| |
| − | * Long vowels shorten in a closed syllable
| |
| − | ** Vː → [-long] / __ C<sub>1</sub>]<sub>σ</sub>
| |
| − | ** ī → i, ē → e, ǣ → æ, ā → a, ō → o, ū → u
| |
| − | * ŋg → ŋ
| |
| − | * non-sonorant consonants devoice at the end of a word
| |
| − | ** C<sub>[-son]</sub> → [-voice] / __ #
| |
| − | ** except for the personal ending -áð and the corresponding pronoun háð
| |
| − | * consonants devoice before a devoiced consonant (/sound)
| |
| − | ** C → [-voice] / __ C<sub>[-voice]</sub>
| |
| − | * non-coronal (dental/alveolar) fricatives become stops word-finally when after a vowel or voiced sonorant
| |
| − | ** C<sub>[-coronal]</sub> → [+stop] / V __ #
| |
| − | ** C<sub>[-coronal]</sub> → [+stop] / C[+son,+vc] __ #
| |
| − | * voiced non-nasal labials and velars (non-coronals) become approximants
| |
| − | ** C<sub>[+cons,-cor,-nas,+vc]</sub> → [+approx]
| |
| − | ** {u̯,v,w} → w
| |
| − | * some things become stops at the beginning of syllables:
| |
| − | ** ɣ,ŋ → g / <sub>σ</sub>[ __
| |
| − | ** w → b / <sub>σ</sub>[ __
| |
| − | * some things become stops at the end of words or syllables:
| |
| − | ** w → p / __ #
| |
| − | * big changes in codas:
| |
| − | ** l → o̯ / V __ C<sub>0</sub> ]<sub>σ</sub>
| |
| − | ** {k,g,z} → {x,ɣ,j} / {V,C<sub>[+son]</sub>} __ C<sub>1</sub> ]<sub>σ</sub>
| |
| − | ** C<sub>[+stop,-vc]</sub> → [-stop] / __ C<sub>1</sub> ]<sub>σ</sub>
| |
| − | ** j → ś / {w,o̯,j} __ ]<sub>σ</sub>
| |
| − | ** w → p / j __ ]<sub>σ</sub> (e.g., / j __ C )
| |
| − | ** ś → j / __ x C ]<sub>σ</sub>
| |
| − | * continual process of devoicing reapplies to fix recent problems
| |
| − | ** {o̯,w} → f / __ C<sub>[-vc]</sub>
| |
| − | * some vowels don't take nicely to o̯:
| |
| − | ** oo̯ → ō
| |
| − | * beginning of words starting with vowels acquire an h, if vowel is long, vowel shortens:
| |
| − | ** V → [-long] / # __
| |
| − | ** ∅ → h / # __ V
| |
| − | * at the beginning or end of a syllable, coronal palatal simplification:
| |
| − | ** {tj,dj,sj,zj,nj} → {ts,dz,ś,j,j} / <sub>σ</sub>[ __ , __ ]<sub>σ</sub>
| |
| − | * h → ∅ / C<sub>[-stop,-son]</sub> __ ]<sub>σ</sub>
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Orthography ==
| |
| − | * Devoiced sonorants:
| |
| − | ** l → ĺ, r → ŕ, n → ń, m → ḿ, ŋ → ŋ´, j → ś
| |
| − | * glide
| |
| − | ** o̯ → ɬ
| |
| − | * vowels
| |
| − | ** ɨ/ʉ → y, ɐ → a, a → á
| |
| − | * pronunciation of some vowels:
| |
| − | ** y [ɜ], ə [ə], u [ʊ], i [ɪ], o [ɔ], e [ɛ], æ [a], a [ɐ], á [ɑ], ū [u], ī [i], ō [o], ē [e], ā [ɒ], ǣ [æ]
| |
| − | | |
| − | = Phonology =
| |
| − | | |
| − | = Morphology =
| |
| − | {| -
| |
| − | | indicates missing copula (see note 1)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | -k
| |
| − | | distributiviser/relativiser, for postpositions (see note 5)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | áwrə + verb.preBF
| |
| − | | future gerund or participle
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | áwrə + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun
| |
| − | | future gerund
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | beā
| |
| − | | locative, at
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | bir
| |
| − | | in
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ble + j + pronoun
| |
| − | | [pronoun]'s own (e.g., 'blejás' = 'your own')
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | brer
| |
| − | | temporal locative, during, at the time of
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ðek
| |
| − | | like, as (postposition)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | futGerund + pronoun + [necessary]
| |
| − | | [it is necessary that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is necessary], subject [needs to] verb, subject [should] verb
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | futGerund + pronoun + [possible]
| |
| − | | [it is possible that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is possible], subject [is able to / can] verb
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [tense]Gerund + pronoun + tsuj
| |
| − | | subject try[tense] to verb
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | futGerund + [come]
| |
| − | | verb tense: immediate future
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | futParticiple + [give]
| |
| − | | verb tense: future
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | háð
| |
| − | | s/he/it (3rd.sg.nom)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | háfþ
| |
| − | | you (2nd.pl.nom)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | hás
| |
| − | | you (2nd.sg.nom)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | háwŋ
| |
| − | | we (1st.pl.nom)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | háwn
| |
| − | | they (3rd.pl.nom)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | həwyðeā
| |
| − | | me (1st.sg.dat)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | hasyɬjáp
| |
| − | | your (2nd.sg.gen)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ho
| |
| − | | I (1st.sg.nom)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | hojā
| |
| − | | my (1st.sg.gen)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | kə (/ke) + verb.preBF
| |
| − | | passive participle
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | kaj + verb.preBF
| |
| − | | causative gerund or participle
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | kaj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun
| |
| − | | causative gerund
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | keft
| |
| − | | QUOT1 (see note 3)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | kesm
| |
| − | | QUOT2 (see note 3)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | laj + verb.preBF
| |
| − | | past gerund or participle
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | laj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun
| |
| − | | past gerund
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | liry + verb.preBF
| |
| − | | present gerund or participle
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | liry + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun
| |
| − | | present gerund
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | mij
| |
| − | | instrumental
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | noun.citeF-[y-]noun.citeF
| |
| − | | compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | noun.citeF-[y-]noun.preBF
| |
| − | | compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | noun.postBF
| |
| − | | oblique (followed by cases/postpositions)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | noun.postBF + (j +) pronoun
| |
| − | | possessed/ive form
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | noun.postBF + (j +) əla (+ j + pronoun)
| |
| − | | plural
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | noun.postBF noun
| |
| − | | distributive (see note 4)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | noun.postBF-[y-]noun.citeF
| |
| − | | compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | passParticiple + [put]
| |
| − | | finite form of passive voice
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | passParticiple + [stay]
| |
| − | | verb tense: [such a situation definitely exists]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | presParticiple + [stay]
| |
| − | | verb tense: [such a situation exists]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | tēmə + noun.preBF
| |
| − | | doer, agent; more generally, person whose job deals with noun
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | tsáŋ
| |
| − | | because of, since, for
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | þá
| |
| − | | accusative
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | verb.citeF
| |
| − | | infinitival form
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | verb.postBF (+ j) + pronoun
| |
| − | | finite form, usually present tense
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | verb.postBF + (y + ) lā(/laj)
| |
| − | | negative
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | verb.postBF + (y +) tsā + j + pronoun
| |
| − | | past tense
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | verb.postBF + saŋa + j + pronoun
| |
| − | | imperative
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | yðeā
| |
| − | | dative, to, towards
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | = Lexicon =
| |
| − | == Some Vocab ==
| |
| − | {| style="background:white; color:black; border: 1px solid black;"
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | BJÐS (bæjðəs)
| |
| − | | world
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | bleŋk
| |
| − | | again
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | DGGW (dæɣgəp)
| |
| − | | milk
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | DNT (dæńt)
| |
| − | | gift
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | DNT (dānatá)
| |
| − | | give
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | DRK (dāraká)
| |
| − | | become
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ÐÞRK (ðæþrək)
| |
| − | | amazing thing, marvel
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ÐKL (ðākalá)
| |
| − | |keep
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | FÐR (fæðr)
| |
| − | | writing implement (pen, pencil, quill)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | FÐR (fāðará)
| |
| − | | write
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | FJT (fājatá)
| |
| − | | drink (verb)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | FRL (færl)
| |
| − | | story
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | FRL (fāralá)
| |
| − | | say (archaic: recount)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | FSH (fāsahá)
| |
| − | | push
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | FSH (fāsahá)
| |
| − | | push (see note 2a)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | GŊF (gæŋ́f)
| |
| − | | command (noun)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | GŊF (gāgafá)
| |
| − | | command (verb)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ŊJ (gawś)
| |
| − | | scream, cry out, shriek
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | her
| |
| − | | very
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | het
| |
| − | | this
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | HLÐ (hæĺþ)
| |
| − | | cougar
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | HMJK (hæmjək)
| |
| − | | hamster; any small rodent (e.g., mouse, gerbil; most squirrels and rats would be considered large rodents)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | hojś!
| |
| − | | exclamation of surprise: "oy!", "ay!", "omg!"
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | jelyj
| |
| − | | but
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | JH (jáf)
| |
| − | | go (see note 2a)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | JL (jæɬ)
| |
| − | | year
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | kəlamzyjānā
| |
| − | | unnecessary
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | kəmzyjáwnō
| |
| − | | necessary
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | KJ (káfś)
| |
| − | | put
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | KL (kawl)
| |
| − | | stay
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | KLK (kæĺk)
| |
| − | | wolf; scary or dangerous animal, monster
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | KLV (kālabá)
| |
| − | | come
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | KMV (kæḿp)
| |
| − | | rope, string
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | KN (kæn)
| |
| − | | sun; day
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | KRŊ (kāragá)
| |
| − | | address, hail
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | kuhkaɬ
| |
| − | | much
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | LVS (læfs)
| |
| − | | blanket, cover, covering (sometimes: rug, carpet)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | LVS (lābasá)
| |
| − | | cover (verb)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | MJS (mæśs)
| |
| − | | life
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | MJSH (mæśsəh)
| |
| − | | baby (see note 2a)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | MKK (mæxk)
| |
| − | | any sort of armed force: army, military, police, etc
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | MLN (mæln)
| |
| − | | belief, faith, religion
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | MM (mæm)
| |
| − | | mother
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | momgyn
| |
| − | | possible
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | MTN (mætn)
| |
| − | | declaration
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | MTN (mātaná)
| |
| − | | declare
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | nō
| |
| − | | what, which
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | NKL (naxl)
| |
| − | | ordinary, plain, normal
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | rep
| |
| − | | one
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | RG (ráfk)
| |
| − | | lead (verb)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | RJ (ráfś)
| |
| − | | see
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | RNL (rānalá)
| |
| − | | die
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | RZDT (ræzdət)
| |
| − | | birth (noun)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | RZDT (rāzadátī)
| |
| − | | give birth (verb)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | SFRNZ (sāfaránis)
| |
| − | | hope; pray non-secularly
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | SLM (sæɬm)
| |
| − | | eye
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | SM (sæm)
| |
| − | | name (noun)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | soɣr
| |
| − | | soon
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | SSLS (sæsləs)
| |
| − | | honour (noun)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | SSLS (sāsalásī)
| |
| − | | honour (verb)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | STKN (sætkən)
| |
| − | | mug, cup, glass, goblet; any container with a wide, open top which liquid is poured into and drunk from (e.g., not a flask)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | tefr
| |
| − | | too
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | TJD (tæśt)
| |
| − | | age, oldness (noun)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | TJD (tājadá)
| |
| − | | age (verb)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | TJD (teśt,tejde)
| |
| − | | aged, old (adj)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | TLL (tæĺĺ)
| |
| − | | thickness
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | TLL (tālalá)
| |
| − | | to be thick
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | TLL (teɬle)
| |
| − | | thick
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | TRV (tæŕf)
| |
| − | | fear (noun)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | TRV (tārabá)
| |
| − | | fear (verb)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ÞNDT (þændət)
| |
| − | | woman, any female creature
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ÞRFN (þæŕfən)
| |
| − | | priest, any religious leader
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ÞRRS (þærrəs)
| |
| − | | alcoholic beverage, spirits: usually cider, but also applies to wine, beer, ale, vodka, etc. (of these, only cider and various wines are native to Tæĺf speakers)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | VNTJ (bānatájī)
| |
| − | | exclaim, sound/peal (of a horn/bell)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | VRK (bāraká)
| |
| − | | bless, make holy/divine; make non-secularly divine/special
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | VRTZ (bāratázī)
| |
| − | | help, assist
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | VTN (bātaná)
| |
| − | | speak, talk
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ZSD (zāsadá)
| |
| − | | cut, slice; split, divide
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | ZVR (zæwr)
| |
| − | | gate, opening
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Some Constructions ==
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Conlangs]]
| |
