Similarities to Turkic: Difference between revisions

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{{Turkic Orthography}}
Turkic words which are similar to words in other language groups


This is a collection of Turkic words which appear at least superficially similar to words in other language groups.  The list is kept for my own purposes: some day I'll spend time sorting it out and investigating each word more closely.  For now it's just a place to keep all the words.
== Technology ==
* altın - ''gold''
* altın - ''gold''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''ǵʰel-'' - to shine
* '''Finnish''' ''kulta'' - ''gold''
*** '''Germanic''' ''gold''
* '''Germanic''' ''gold''
**** '''Finnish''' ''kulta'' gold
 
* bulat - ''steel'', balta - ''axe''
** '''Tokharian''' ''porat, peret'' axe
** '''Proto-IE''' ''pelk'-'' chop
 
* ara - ''saw''
** '''Tokharian''' ''áre'' plough (n.)
 
* *yurt(ă?) - ''ring left when yurt is moved'' (''homeland'', ''yurt'')
** '''PIE''' '''ǵʰ—r(+dʰ)'' to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
*** '''Germanic''' ''gard''
**** '''English''' ''yard''
**** '''German''' ''garten''
*** '''Tokharian''' ''warto, wärto'' garden, grove
** '''PIE''' ''er(+t)'' earth
*** '''Germanic''' ''erθ''
**** '''English''' ''earth''
**** '''German''' ''erd''
*** '''Tokharian B''' ''yare'' gravel
** '''Semitic''' ''ˀarḍ'' earth
** '''Mongolian''' ''ger'' yurt
** '''Proto-IE''' *''wer-'' defend, close
 
* *yan(+dir) - ''to burn v.i. (v.t.)''
** '''Proto-Na-Dené''' ''*q’aˑn'' burn, ignite
** '''Ket''' ''-qan'' cook, burn, boil
 
* *köpür-üg - ''bridge''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*bʰruh-'' - bridge
*** '''Tokharian''' ''pärwāṃ/pärwāne'' - eyebrow
 
* *yez - ''copper''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ai̯os'' - metal (copper/iron)
*** Tokharian *yäs → yasa/wäsa
*** Latin ''aurum'' ← ''*ausum'' - gold
 
* *baqır - ''copper''
** '''Latin''' ''(aes) Cyprium'' - copper ((brass) of Cyprus)
*** '''OE''' ''coper''
*** '''German''' ''Kupfer''
*** '''Icelandic''' ''kopar''
 
* *(y)igne - ''needle''
** '''Proto-Uralic''' *''äjmä'' - needle
 
* *tām - hut, walled structure (in opposition to a yurt)
** '''Proto-IE''' *''dṓm'' - house / *''dema'' - build
*** '''Tocharian''' ''tam/täm''
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''dám''
 
* *yük - a load, *yüd- - to load
** '''Proto-IE''' *''i̯eu̯-g-'' - tie together, yoke
** '''Mongolic''' *''joge'' (?) - to carry
 
* *şatı - ladder/steps/stairs
** '''Proto-IE''' *''gʰredʰ-'' - march, step
** '''Proto-IE''' *''steigʰ-'' - march, ascend
*** '''OHG''' ''stega'' - stairs
 
* ?*tabaq - plate
** '''Middle Persian''' ''tapah'' - pot
** '''Mongolic''' ?*''tabaq'' - plate
 
* *mal - livestock
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''śemäl'' - cattle, livestock
 
* (kaz. dän, kir. dan; < Persian)
** '''Tokharian''' (B) ''tāno'' - grain
 
== Nature ==
* alma - ''apple''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''h₂ebl-o-''
*** '''Germanic''' ''*æpl''
*** '''Russian''' ''jablo-''
*** '''Latin/Romance''' ''pom-''
*** '''Greek''' ''melo-''
 
* kün - ''day, sun''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sh²u̯en-s'' sun
*** '''Germanic''' ''sun''
*** '''Tokharian B''' ''kaum̩''/''kon-''/''kaun-'' day
*** '''Avestan''' *húu̯ar/*huu̯ánh
 
* yil - ''year''
** ?'''Proto-IE''' ''yōr-''
*** '''English''' ''year''
 
* yaz (*yaaŕ) - ''spring''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''yōr-'' year
 
* ań - ''moon, month''
** (pre-Proto-Turkic *'''ā́ńu''', most Turkic '''ay''')
** '''Latin''' ''annus'' - year
** '''Gothic''' *''aþni'' - year
 
* yer - ''earth, land''
** '''PIE''' ''ġʰ—r(+dʰ)'' to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
*** '''Germanic''' ''gard''
**** '''English''' ''yard''
**** '''German''' ''garten''
*** '''Tokharian''' ''warto, wärto'' garden, grove
** '''PIE''' ''er(+t)'' earth
*** '''Germanic''' ''erθ''
**** '''English''' ''earth''
**** '''German''' ''erd''
*** '''Tokharian B''' ''yare'' gravel
** '''Semitic''' ''ˀarḍ'' earth
** '''Mongolian''' ''ger'' yurt
** '''Proto-IE''' *''wer-'' defend, close
 
* ot - ''grass''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''ad-'' grain
*** '''Tokharian A/B''' ''āti''/''atiyo'' ← *''ātiyā'' grass
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱóyno-''
*** '''Old Armenian''' ''խոտ (xot)'' grass
** Caucasian something...
*** '''Archi''' ''гьоти (hoti)'' grass
*** '''Andi''' ''кIордо (k’ordo)'' grass
*** '''Rutul''' ''хьытІ (xyt’)'' barley
*** '''Tsakhur''' ''хьытIа (x’yt’a)'' barley
*** '''Udi''' ''ход (xod)'' tree
*** '''Avar''' ''гъветІ (ġvet’)'' tree
*** '''Georgian''' ''ხე (xe)'' tree
 
* sub - ''water''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''seu-, su-'' rain, flow
** '''Proto-IE''' *''sūwe-'' to rain
*** '''Tokharian''' ''su- / swāsā-''
*** '''Greek''' ''hǖei̯''
*** '''Albanian''' ''ši''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₂ep-'' water
** '''Mongolian''' ''us''
** '''Mandarin''' ''shui3''
** '''Cantonese''' ''seoi2''
 
* *yapurgaq - ''leaf'' (*yepirdek, *yapirmaq, etc.)
** '''Arabic''' ''varaq'' leaf?, page?
** '''Persian''' ''barg'' leaf?
** '''Tokharian''' ''pält, pilta''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''bʰel''
 
* bulaq - ''spring, well''
** '''Latin''' ''flus-'' river
** '''Proto-IE''' ''bhleu-gʷ-'' overflow
** '''English''' ''flow'', ''float''
 
* teke - ''goat''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''tek-'' - to flow, to run
** '''Proto-IE''' ''digʰ-'' - goat
 
* ökiz - ''bull''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*uks-en-'' - ox
*** '''Germanic''' ''*uhsōn'' - ox
**** '''English''' ''ox''
*** '''Tokharian B''' ''okso'' - cow
** '''Mongolic''' ''*üker'' - cow
 
* *bāl - ''honey''
** '''Proto-IE''' - *mélh₁
 
* balɯq - ''fish''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''l—k'' salmon
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*pesk''/''*h₂p-isk-'' fish
** '''Germanic''' ''*bullaka-z'' a kind of fish - de: Bolch, nl: bolk
** '''Japanese''' ''ɕake'' salmon
 
* *qāz - ''goose''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵʰáns-'' goose
*** Persian '''ʁāz'''
 
 
* *tal - ''willow''
** '''Ket''' ''dɯˑl'' - willow
** '''Proto-Athabaskan''' ''*č’ʷətɬ’'' - plant, shrub
 
* *köl - ''lake''
** '''Proto-Yeniseian''' ''kʰul'' - water
 
* çaŋğır - ''sled''
** '''Proto-Yeniseian''' ''*tsehʷəl'' - snowsled
 
* yıl- - ''warm''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱel-'' - warm/cool
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gel-'' - cold
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷʰer-'' - hot, warm
 
* *qarğa - ''crow''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱórw-eh₂-'' - crow
 
* *elme - ''elm tree''
** '''Proto-IE''' ??
*** '''English''' - elm
 
* *qurt - ''worm''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''wr̥-mi-'' - worm
 
* *bȫrü - ''wolf''
** '''Proto-IE''' ???
*** '''Ossetian''' ''бирæгъ''
*** '''Mazanderani''' ''ورگ (verg)''
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''वृक (vṛ́ka)''
** Caucasian languages
*** '''Lak''' ''barc̣'' (pl. ''burc̣i-l'')
*** '''Chechen''' ''борз''
** Uralic languages
*** '''Erzya''' ''верьгиз''
*** '''Eastern Mari''' ''пире''
*** '''Western Mari''' ''пирӹ''
*** '''Moksha''' ''врьгаз''
 
* *qar(ı)şqır - ''wolf''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₂ŕ̥tḱos'' - bear
 
* *sāban (?*-m-) - ''straw''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sop-/*sep-''?  - needle, reed
 
* *(h?)ayāŕ < *(p?)ańāŕ - ''frost''
** '''Proto-IE'''
 
* *bulut - ''cloud''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*melōdʰ'' - elevation, head
** '''Etruscan''' ''falatu'' - sky
 
* *sas-na, *çoç-qa - ''pig''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sū◌s'' - pig
 
* *yibi- - ''become wet, soak''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*nebʰ'' - damp, water, clouds
 
* *yar- - ''cliff'' ([early] Iranian borrowing?)
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ner'' - to conceal, cover, hiding place, hollow
 
* ?badam (Iranic borrowing?) - ''almond''
** '''Tokharian''' ''watām'' - almond
 
* *may(?) - ''fat''
** '''Finno-Ugrian''' *''vaj/voj'' - butter
 
* *qadɯŋ - ''birch''
** '''Proto-Uralic''' *''koxji'' - birch
 
* *yal- - ''to burn'', *yalın - ''flame'', *yaş- (yalʲ-) - ''to blaze'', *yalqı- - ''to glitter''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''dʰel-'' - light
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ǵʰel-'' - to shine
 
* ?
** '''Proto-IE''' *''dʰuH₁-mo-'' - smoke
 
* *balır - ''algae, muck, swamp''; *balqaş - ''swamp''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*bʰ◌lt-''?
*** '''Illyrian''' ''balta'' ‘swamp, marsh, white clay’
**** '''Latin''' ''blatea'' f., ‘excrement lump’, adalm. ''balta'' ‘sea swamp´
*** '''Ligurian''' ''*bolü'' - ‘swamp, marsh’
*** '''Slavic''' ''*bolto-'' (*bholǝto-) - ‘swamp, marsh, pond, pool, sea’
**** '''O.C.S.''' ''blato'' - ‘sea’
**** '''Ser.-Cr.''' ''blȁto'' - ‘sea, ordure”,
**** '''Russian''' ''boloto'' - swamp, bog;  dial. ''bil'' - ‘swamp, marsh’; bala (*bhōlü): ''balaružina'' - ‘puddle, slop’
**** '''Polish''' dial. ''biel'' f. - ‘marshy wood, forest;
**** '''Clr.''' balka “ marsh “;
*** '''Lithuanian''' ''balà'' m. - ‘swamp, marsh, moor, fen, pool’
*** '''Albanian''' ''baltë'' f., ''balt'' m. - ‘slime, mud, swamp, marsh, white clay’
*** '''English''' ''pool''
 
* *ot - ''fire''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*āt(e)r-''
 
* *ört - ''fire'' (destructive)
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*āt(e)r-''
*** '''Proto-Iranian''' ''*āθr''
**** '''Ossetic''' ''art''
 
* *buzağu - ~''young bull''
** '''Mongolic''' *''bira-ɣu''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''mozǵʰo-s'' (only Armenian and Greek)
** '''Proto-IE''' *''bʰugo''- "buck"
*** '''Avestan''' *''buza'' "buck, goat"
 
* *kene - ''tick, mite''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''knid, ḱnid'' - louse, nit
 
* *tāş - ''stone''
** '''Mongolic''' *''tila-ɣu''
** '''Etruscan''' *''tul''
** '''Korean''' ''dol''
** '''Old Indic''' ''śilā''
** '''Ket''' ''təˀs''
 
* *terek - ''tree, poplar''
** '''Proto-IE''' **''drw (*derw, *drēw)''
 
* *otun - ''firewood, fuel''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''widhu'' wood, firewood, forest (only Germanic and Celtic?)
 
* *taŋri (?) - ''sky, heaven''
** '''Japanese''' *''tenki'' - weather
** '''Chinese'''
*** '''Mandarin''' ''tiān'' - sky, day
*** '''Cantonese''' ''tin1'' - sky, day
 
* *iŋäk (?) - ''cow''
** '''Tibetan''' ''nak'' - female yak
 
* **qıra~qarı (?) > qār, yur - ''snow''
** '''Celtic''' ''*argyo-'' - snow
** '''Iranian''' ''*wap-ra'' - snow
*** '''Gorani''' ''vværwæ'', ''værw''
 
* *yün - ''wool''
** '''PIE''' ''u̯el-''
*** '''O.Ind.''' ''ū́rṇü''
*** '''Shughni''' ''wôwn''
*** '''Sarikoli''' ''won''
*** '''Khwarazmian''' ''w'n''
*** '''Greek''' ''ληνος''
 
* *qumırsqa - ''ant''
** '''PIE''' ''*moru̯i-''
*** '''Latin''' ''formīca''
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''vamrah''
*** '''Greek''' ''myrmex''
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''valmīka-'' - Ameisenhaufen
*** '''Greek''' ''βόρμᾱξ'' - Ameisenhaufen
 
* *baqa - ''frog''
** '''Iranian'''
*** '''Middle Persian''' ''wk''
**** '''Modern Persian''' ''bæk''
*** '''Kurmancı''' ''baq''
 
* ımır - ''ripples'', ımırqay - ''pinkish'', ımırt - ''dawn''
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''wmār'' - jewel, pearl
 
* tamır/tımar/damar - ''root, vein''
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''tsmār'' - root
 
* et - ''meat''
** '''Sogdian''' ''yātē''
 
* tāğ - ''mountain''
** '''Mongolian''' ''ta__-sun''
*** '''Khalkha''' ''тоос'' - dust, dirt
** '''Chinese'''
*** '''Mandarin''' ''tŭ'' - soil, earth
*** '''Cantonese''' ''tou2'' - soil, earth
 
* būqa - ''bull''
** '''PIE''' *''bʰugo''- "buck"
*** '''Proto-Germanic''' *''bukkô'' "male goat"
 
== Verbs ==
* qal - ''stay''
** '''Germanic''' ''halt, hold''
 
* ber - ''give''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''bʰer'' - carry, bear
*** '''Russian''' ''брать'' - take
** '''Proto-IE''' ''per'' - go over, carry over, bring
 
* bış-/piş- - ''cook (v.i.)'', -ır ''(v.t.)''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''pekʷ-''
*** '''OCS''' ''peš-tь''
**** '''Russian''' ''печь''
*** '''Tokharian''' ''päk-''
*** '''O. Indic''' ''pacati''
*** '''English''' ''bake''
 
* tur - ''stand, stay''
** '''Germanic''' en: ''dare'', yi: ''tor''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''ter'' - to cross, transgress, to stay
** '''Japanese''' ''tat'' - to stand up"
 
* je - ''eat''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''h₁ed-''
** '''Mongolic''' ''id''
 
* çab- - ''cut''
** '''English''' ''chop''
** '''Spanish''' ''zapatas'' - ''shoes''
** '''French''' ''sabotage''
 
* *iç- - ''drink''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''h₁egʰʷ'' (*''ekʷ-''?) - drink
*** '''Tokharian''' (B) ''yok''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''aḱ''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ēkʷ-'' - water
 
* gäp-ir - ''something said'', ''speak'' (later Iranian borrowing)
** '''English''' ''jabber'', ''gab''
** '''Russian''' ''говорить'' - ''speak''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''gebh-'' - ''jaw, mouth''
 
* öl - ''die''
** '''Tokharian''' ''wäl'' - die
** '''Germanic''' (OE) ''wæl'' / (ON) ''val'' - slain person
 
* *teg-/*tek- - ''touch''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*tag-'' - to touch
*** '''Gothic''' ''tēkan''
*** '''English''' ''touch''
*** '''Tokharian B''' ''tek''/''tak''
*** '''Latin''' ''tangō'' ??
** '''Japanese''' ''tuk-'' - to be attached / turned on
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*deḱ'' - accept ritually
 
* se(b/p?)- - ''to plant''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sē-'' - sow
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*seip/seib'' - pour, rain, sift, sieve, stream, trickle, dribble
 
* sebele- - ''to sprinkle''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*seip/seib'' - pour, rain, sift, sieve, stream, trickle, dribble
 
* öö(j?)- - ''to think, understand''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ous'' ear
 
* saqı- - ''to think''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sekʷ-'' - to see
 
* yaq- - ''to light, make burn''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*dʰégʷʰ'' - to burn (v.t.?)
 
* *qap- - ''to snatch''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʰabʰ-'' - to take
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''kälp'' - acquire, attain
 
* *ket- - ''to go away, leave''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ked-'' - to go, yield
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''kätk-'' - go beyond, exceed, traverse
 
* *kes- - ''to cut''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱes-''
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''kärṣt'' - cut off
 
* *qarı- - ''to grow old''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gerh₂-'' - to grow old
 
* *tug-ur - ''tent covering''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*tog-'' - to cover
 
* *yorı-/yür(i)- - ''walk'' / *yügür- - ''run''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*dʰor-'' - to jump (at)
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷʰðer-'' - to run, flow
 
* *siŋ- - ''sink into'' (get soaked up?)
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*teng'' - to soak, wet
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sengʷ'' - to fall, to sink
 
* *yet- - ''reach''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*yet'' - to set out for, to strive
 
* *qud- - ''pour''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵʰeu'' - pour
*** '''Gothic''' ''giutan'' - pour
*** '''Tokharian''' (A?) ''ku-'' - pour
 
* *tök- - ''pour out, flow''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''tekʷ'' - to run, flow
 
* *bar- - ''to go, walk (away)''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''per'' - go over, carry over, bring
 
* *bat- - ''to sink; to fit into, get into''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''pet'' - open [arms] wide; to fall, to fly
 
* *saĺ- - ''to untie, loosen, solve''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''slab-'' - loose, weak
 
* *em- - ''to suck''
** '''Proto-Uralic''' ''*imi-'' - suck
 
* *tep- - ''to step on, trample''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*trep-'' - to trample, tread
 
* *türt- - ''to push''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*tr-eu-d-'' - to press, push
 
* *qur- - ''to build, erect, establish''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*kʷer-'' - to make (Baltic: erect, build)
 
* *ögrän- - ''to learn''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷʰren-'' - "phrenic"; soul, mind
 
* *uq- - ''understand, hear'', (*oqu- - ''read, study'')
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ok-'' - understand, see
*** (only attested in Greek and Germanic)
** '''Proto-IE''' *''okʷ-'' - see, eye
** '''Mongolic''' *''uka'' - understand, think
 
* *ös- - ''grow''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''u̯eis-'' - sprout, grow
** '''Proto-IE''' *''u̯og-s-'' - magnify, increase
*** '''Proto-Germanic''' *''vaks-'' - grow
*** '''Tokharian A''' *''oks-'' - grow
 
* *bil-  - ''know''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''weid-'' - know
*** '''Germanic''' *wit
** '''Mongolic''' *''med-'' - know
** '''Proto-IE''' *''men-'' - mind
*** '''Persian''' ''menidan'' - think, ''menišn'' - thought
** '''Tocharian''' ''päl-'' (A), ''pal-'' (B) - to think
 
* *kerek - ''needed''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ǵʰer(e)-'' - desire
 
* *(b)ol- ''be''
** '''Proto-IE''' ?
** '''Mongolic''' *''bü-''
 
* *är - ''be''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''es-'' - be
 
* *tanı- - ''be acquainted with / know'' (but Kg. taanı)
** '''Proto-IE''' ''ǵnō-''/''ǵenə-'' - know
*** '''Iranian''' ??
**** '''New Persian''' ''dāni-''
**** '''New Persian''' ''šinā-'' ???
 
* *tut- (?*tukta-) - ''pull, subdue''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''deuk-'' - drag
*** '''English''' ''tug''
*** '''Latin''' ''duc-'' - lead
*** '''Latin''' "t-stem" ''ductus'' - duct
 
* ?ayda- - ''drive [animals]''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''aǵ'' (*''heǵ-'') - lead, drive cattle
 
* udı- - ''sleep'' (connected with od- - ''wake''??)
** '''Proto-IE''' ''sneud(h)-'' - drowsy / to drowse
 
* od- - ''wake''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''bheudh-'' - be awake / aware
** '''Mongolic''' ''(h)uda-'' - conceive, design, instigate (Starostin)
 
* aç- - ''open''
** '''Japanese''' *''áká-'' - open
*** '''Modern Tokyo''' ''àke-'' - open
 
* *kid- ''wear''
** '''Old Japanese''' ''kî-'' - wear
*** '''Modern Tokyo''' ''ki-'' - wear
 
* *ur- / *vur- (cf. Chuvash, Turkish) / *hur- (cf. Halaj) ''hit''
** '''Modern Tokyo''' ''bu(t?)-'' - hit
** '''Modern Tokyo''' ''fùru-'' - shake
 
* *sez- ''feel''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''sent-'' - take a direction; feel
*** '''Latin''' ''sens-us'' - sense, mind
*** '''OCS''' ''sęštь'' - smart
 
* *sıç- ''defecate''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''k̂ekʷ-''
 
* *kel- ''come''
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''kälk-'' - walk
** '''Tokharian''' (B) ''kalāk-'' - follow
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''käl-'' - lead, bring
 
* *yap- ''close''
** '''PIE''' ''*yew-o-''?
*** '''Proto-Tokharian''' *yäpa-
*** '''Tokharian''' (AB) ''yām'', (A) ''ya-''/''ypa-'' - make
 
* *āş- ''cross, exceed''
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''āsuk'' - over
 
* *yıq- (klj,kjh: yuq) - defeat, overthrow
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''yuk-'' - conquer, overcome
 
== Body parts ==
 
* PrTk. *bāş - ''head''
** '''Ainu''' ''pake'' - head
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʰebʰōl'' - ?
*** '''Tokharian A''' ''śpāl'' - head
*** '''Tokharian B''' ''śpālu'' - head
*** '''OHG''' ''gebal'' - ?
*** '''Greek''' ''κɛɸɑlή'' - ?
** '''Lak''' ''baḳ''
 
* Pre-PrTk. *padaq - ''foot''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''bʰad'' (*''bʰ—ħd'') - boot
 
* PrTk. *būt - ''foot, thigh''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''*pṓds'' - foot
 
* el - ''hand'', alaqan - ''palm of hand'', al- - ''take''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₁el-'' elbow, forearm
*** '''English''' ''ell'', ''elbow''
 
* qol - ''hand, arm''
** '''Germanic''' ''hand, hold''
 
* *jajŋaq (jāq) - ''jaw''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵebʰ-'' - ''jaw, mouth''
*** '''English''' ''jowl''
** '''English''' ''jaw''
 
* qulaq - ''ear''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱlew-'' - to hear
*** '''Tokharian B''' ''klautso'' ?, ''kl̄aw'' - to hear
*** '''Celtic''' *''klew-o''
** '''Old Persian''' ''gauša-'' - ear
*** '''Modern Persian''' ''guš'' - ear
 
* meŋä / miy / mee (*bejŋi?) - ''brain''
** '''Russian''' ''мозг'' brain
** '''Hebrew''' ''MWX'' brain
*** '''Yiddish''' ''moyex'' brain
** '''Sogdian''' m'g
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*men-'' mind
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*moz-g-'' brain
*** '''Old Indic''' majján
 
* *burut - ''mustache''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''bʰardʰ-'' - beard
 
* bel - ''waist''
** '''Latin''' ''balteus'' belt (of Etruscan origin?)
 
* *bod - ''body'' (Kg boy - ''height'', ''length'')
** '''OE''' bodig - trunk, chest (of a man or animal), originally "cask;"
*** '''English''' - ''body''
** '''OHG''' botah
 
* *yāş - ''tear'' (from eye)
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*dáḱru-'' - tear
*** '''Wakhi''' ''yashk'' - tear [http://www.angelfire.com/sd/tajikistanupdate/engpamirlanguages.html]
** '''Mongolic''' ''nilmus'' - tear
** ('''Mongolic''' ''dusal'' ? - drop < ''dus-'' - drip (v.i.))
 
* *yür-ek - ''heart'' (but Chuvash çəre)
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱḗr'' - heart
 
* *qar-ın - ''belly''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵʰer-'' - bowels
 
* *tīş - ''tooth''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵeus-'' - to taste
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₁dónts'' - tooth
 
* *bʲağır - ''liver''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*yeh₁kwr̥-'' - liver (maybe *by- or *py-?)
 
* *tǖk - hair
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*twék-'' - skin
 
* *bōyn - neck
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*mon-'' - neck
 
* *beŋ - mole
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*meng-'' - pretty, beautiful
 
* *ağıŕ - mouth
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ōus'' - mouth
** '''Persian''' ''āvāz'' - voice
 
* çiray (Mongolic) - ~visage
** '''Mongolic''' ?''*čirai'' - ~visage
** '''Persian''' ''čehra'' - face
 
* qaraq/qarek - pupil of the eye / eyeball
** '''Proto-IE'''
*** Greek κόρη/κούρη/κώρα "the pupil of the eye, eyeball"
 
* ?*saç - hair
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*dēḱwā'' - ?
*** '''Tokharian A''' ''śāku'' - hair
 
* *qıl ~ ?*qılq (chv. χələχ) - hair
** '''Mongolic''' *''kilga-su-n'' - horse's hair
*** '''Classical Mongolian''' ''kilgasu(n)'' - horse's hair
*** '''Khalkha''' ''хялгас'' - horse's hair
** '''Finnish''' ''kalki'' - hair
 
* ~*köks - chest
** '''Celtic''' ''kīkā'' - breast
 
* *omuz - shoulder (and Kazakh ''omırtqa'' ‘spine’)
** distribution in Turkic: Middle Turkic, Chuvash, Oğuz, Uzbek, some Western Qıpçaq (Balkar, Karaim, Kumyk)
** '''Mongolic''' (WM)''omuruɣu(n)''/(MM)''omori'ut'' - collar bone
** '''Mongolic''' (khk) ''mör'' - shoulder
** '''Evenki''' mïre(?)
** '''Proto-IE''' *''H₁ōmso-''
*** '''Old Indian''' ''áṁsa-''
*** '''Old Greek''' ''ō̂m(s)o-s''
*** '''Germanic''' ''áms-a-''
*** '''Latin''' ''umerus''
*** '''Tocharian''' ''es'' (A) (*omso-), ''āntse'' (B) (*omeso-)
 
 
* *qān (but chv jun)
** '''Sogdian''' ''xurn-i'' blood-nom
** '''Germanic''' ''*kunją'' - kin/clan
 
== Numerals ==
 
* bīr - ''one''
** '''English''' ''first'', ''fore''
** '''Romance''' ''prim-''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''prHuo-'', ''pro-wo-'', ''perǝ'', ''pro'' first, fore, ahead
** '''Tokharian''' ''parwe''
 
* ä(k)ki, i(k)ki - ''two''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''sekʷ'' follow
*** '''English''' ''second''
** '''Finnish''' ''kaksi'' (?)
** '''Proto-IE''' ''du̯ō+ko''
*** Old Indic ''dviká-'' twofold
*** Armenian ''erkic̣s'' twice
*** Albanian ''dyshi'' two
*** Old Saxon ''twisk'' twofold
 
* tȫrt - ''four''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''kwetwores''
*** '''Tokharian''' ''çtwar, çtwer''
 
* bēş - ''five''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''penkwe''
*** '''Tokharian''' ''pañä, piç, piś''
 
* jet(t)i - ''seven''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''septom''
*** '''Tokharian''' ''s.pät, sukt''
 
* sek(k)iz - ''eight''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''októ''
*** '''Tokharian''' ''okat, okt''
 
* yigirmä - ''twenty''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''u̯i-ḱmt-ī''
*** '''Tokharian'''  ''wiki, ikäṃ'' (PTn *w'īkän)
 
* tümän - ''ten thousand''
** '''Tokharian''' ''tmām; tumane, tmāne; tumám''
 
* -(i)nçi - ''-th''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''-nte? '' -th
 
== People ==
 
* qağan - ''ruler, khan''
** '''Hebrew''' ''kohen''
 
* qı̄z - ''girl, daughter'' (Chuvash xĕr)
** '''English''' ''kid, kith''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ḱer''- grow
*** Greek κόρη/κούρη/κώρα "girl, virgin"
 
 
* er - ''male, man'' (?*her (Halaj hir-) ← ?*per)
** '''Proto-IE''' *''er'' - bull, male
** '''Germanic''' *''ærgi'' (?) - unmasculine?
** '''Proto-IE''' *''wiro-'' - man; warrior
*** '''Scythian''' ''oior'' - man (Herodotus)
** '''Proto-IE''' *ario-? - master, lord
** '''Burushaski''' ''hir'' - man
 
* ata - ''father/grandfather''; aqa/äke - ''older male relative''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ph₂tḗr''
*** '''Tokharian''' ''pácar, pacer''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*hatta''
 
* ayal - ''woman, wife''
** '''Tokharian''' ''ckácar, tkácer'' daughter
 
* *ēş (*ēlʲ?) - friend
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*bʰili''/''*bʰilo'' - harmonious, friendly
** '''Tungusic''' ''*pali'' - friendship, relationship
 
* *orda - horde
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱerdʰā'' - troop, line
 
* *edi (**hedi?) - master, owner
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*poti-s'' - master, owner, host
*** '''Old Indic''' ''páti''- - master
*** '''Avestan''' ''paiti''- - master
** '''Mongolic''' ''eje-n'' - master, owner
 
* *küni - co-wife
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷ(e)na-'' - wife, woman
 
== Grammatical ==
 
* qāń - (qaysı - ''which'', qayda - ''where'', qana - ''where (to)'', (kim - ''who'',) etc)
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*kʷo''
** '''Proto-Uralic''' ''*ke-'' who
 
* -kan - (deverbal adverbial / adjectival / nominal suffix)
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*kʷo''
*** ''kwand'' / ''when'' / etc.
 
* orta - ''middle, centre''
** '''Tokharian''' ''orto'' - ''up''
 
* oqşa- - ''like, similar''
** '''Tokharian''' ''oki'' - ''like''
 
* oq - emphatic particle
** '''Tokarian''' ''ats'' - ''exactly''
 
* -mA - verbal negative morpheme
** '''Tokharian''' ''má'' - ''not''
** '''Greek''' ''má, mé'' - ''not''
** '''Sanskrit''' ''má'' - ''don't''
** '''Mandarin''' ''mei2'', ''bu1'' - ''NEG''
** '''Cantonese''' ''mo5'', ''ng4'' - ''NEG''
 
* beri - ''before'', ''since''
** '''IE''' *prih₁-mó- / *prō-to- ''foremost''
*** '''Russian''' p(e)red - ''before'', ''in front of''
*** '''English''' fore
*** '''Latin''' pre-
 
== Other ==
 
* yaq-şı - ''good'' ← yaq- ''to be pleasing'' (?)
** '''Proto-IE''' ''meH-, wEsu-'' (?)
 
* *agıl - ''cohabitated place'' (?)  (ağla - ''yard''?)
** '''English''' ''hall''
 
* āq - ''white''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₂erǵ-'' - ''white, shine''
** '''Tokharian''' ''árki , árkwi-'' ''white''
 
* qut - ''fortune''
** '''Germanic''' en: ''good''
 
* ant+ar - ''turn over''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''ant'' front
** '''Tokharian''' ''ánt'' through, across, ''ánt, ánte'' forehead
** '''Germanic''' ''anðar'' other
 
* tın+ıç - ''peace''
** '''Tokharian''' ''tunk'' love
 
* süːt - ''milk''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sweh₂d-u-'' sweet
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ksweid-'' milk
 
* ülkän - ''big''
** '''Tokharian''' ''walke'' long
 
* *bek - ''firm, stable''
* bedük(?) - ''large''
** '''IE''' ''*mag-'' large, many
*** '''Tokharian''' ''makí'',  (A?) ''māk'' much
** '''Mongolian''' ''hike'' - big
 
* *bek - fast (as in solid/stable)
* man - ''great''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*meǵ-'' - great?
*** '''Phrygian''' ''meka'' great
*** '''Greek''' ''megas'' great
*** '''Latin''' ''magna'' ?
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*magʰ-'' - able/power
** '''Korean''' ''manhi'' - a lot
** '''Korean''' ''pʰək'' - very
** '''Korean''' ''pak'' - vigorously
** '''Mongolian''' ''maš'' - very
 
* büt/bük? - all, entire
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''puk'' - all, every, whole
 
* töbe - ''hill, peak, crest''
** '''English''' ''top''
 
* māl - ''time, moment''
** '''Germanic''' ''*mēl'' time of meal
*** '''en''': ''meal''
*** '''yi''': ''mol'' time
*** '''de''': ''Mahl'', ''Mal''
 
* ters - ''reverse, backwards''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ter-'' - cross over
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ter / *tero'' - over/through
 
* kers - ''reverse, backwards''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵers'' - to turn, to bend
 
* *yal-aŋ/-ŋuz - ''naked/lone''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gal-'' - naked
 
* *yalğan - falsehood
** '''Tokharian''' ''*ywolo'' - bad, ugly
*** '''Khotanese''' ''yola'' - falsehood
 
* *yar-ıq/-qın//-ıl - ''light, bright//explode''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''gʷʰer-'' - warm
 
* Kg. ubada- - ''promise'' (origin?)
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*wadʰ-'' - promise
 
* alıs - ''far, distant''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''h₂el-yó''- - beyond; other
** '''Mongolic''' ''alisun'' - far
 
* äli - ''still'' (Iranian borrowing?)
** '''Proto-IE''' *''h₂el-yó''- - beyond; other
 
* *yeŋgü-l - ''lightweight''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''lengʷʰ''- - lightweight
 
* *ōçuz - ''thin/light/easy/worthless''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ténh₂us'' - thin
 
* *qula - ''light yellow, brown''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ǵʰel-'' - to shine (>yellow)
 
* *boŕ / *bōŕ - ''grey''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''mor(u)'' - to blacken, dark spot
 
* *buŕ / *boŕ - ''to spoil, be damaged, destroyed''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''merk'' - to rot
 
* teŋ - ''equal''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*tengʰ/tenk/tens'' - to extend, stretch, span
** '''Proto-IE''' ''tenk'' - contract
 
* yāĺıl - ''green'' ← yāĺ ''young''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵʰel'' - shine; green
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*dʰāl''- blossom, be green
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*iēlo-'' (only Celtic and Balto-Slavic) unripe, raw
** '''Mongolian''' ''zalʊː'' young
 
* *ağır - ''heavy''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷer'' - heavy
*** '''Sogdian''' ''ɣr’n = ɣərān'' - heavy
 
* *bayram - ''festival'' (*badram?)
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*bʰăd-'' - good
 
* *tȫr - ''seat of honour in home (across from door)''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''dʰwer'' - door
 
* *qır - ''edge''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''gʰer / gʰrØ-'' - stick out
** '''Proto-IE''' ''(s)ker-'' - turn, bend
** '''Proto-IE''' ''(s)ker-'' - cut
 
* *sāɣ - ''thought''; *sāq- - ''think''
** '''Proto-IE'''
*** '''Greek''' ''sopʰo-''
*** '''Latin''' ''sabe-''
*** '''Hittite''' ''sak''/''sek''
 
* *siŋ- - ''soak up''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sengʷ-'' - sink
 
* *bata? - ''blessing''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''bʰād'' - good
 
* *eşik - ''door''
** '''Hittite''' ''aska-'' - door
 
* *burç (??) - ''corner''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''mereǵ''/''mərǵ''- - border
*** '''Latin''' ''margō''
*** '''Persian''' ''marz''
*** '''OIr''' ''mruig''
*** '''Germanic''' ''marka''
** IE
*** '''Germanic''' ''brink''
 
* tığız - ''tight, snug'' (< tıq- ''cram''?)
** IE ?
*** '''Germanic''' ''tight''?, ''taut''?
*** '''Slavic''' ''tug-''?
 
* *sarığ < *sarğa? - ''yellow''
** '''Mongolic''' *''sira''
** '''Japanese''' ''siro'' - white
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ǵʰel-'' - to shine (>yellow)
*** '''Iranian''' ?*''zari'' - golden
**** '''Persian''' ''zard'' - yellow
** '''Mandan''' ''síre'' - yellow
** '''Ossetian''' ''syrx'' - red
 
* qara - ''black''
** '''Mongolic''' *''qara''
** '''Japanese''' ''kuro''
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ker-/ḱer-'' - dark colour
*** '''Slavic''' *čer-
 
* sekin - ''slow, quiet''
** '''PIE''' *''sēk-'' - quiet, lazy
 
* yıraq - ''far''
** '''Iranian''' ?
*** '''Avestan''' ''dûra''
*** '''Shughni''', '''Sarikoli''' ''ðar''
*** '''Wakhi''' ''ðir''
*** '''Persian''' ''dur''
 
* sağ - ''healthy''
** '''Mongolic''' ''sayin'' - healthy
** '''Proto-IE''' ''sāno-s'' - healthy (Italic, maybe Albanian)
 
* iqma - ''method''
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''wkäṃ'' - manner, type
 
* qıl- - ''do, make''
** '''Tokharian''' (B) ''käl'' - endure
 
* sekin - ''quiet, without force''
** '''Proto-IE''' ''sēk'' - quiet, lazy
 
== Incorporate or not? ==
* Tokharian sále, sályi - salt (IE *sal- - grey, dirty; salt)
** Turkic tuz - salt
* Tokharian salu, sol - whole (IE *salw- - whole, healthy)
** Turkic tol- - full/fill
* Tokharian särk, sark - an illness
** Turkic ogr- - to hurt
* IE *sú- - to be born
** Turkic tuğ- - to be born
* Tokharian káryap - harm
** Turkic qab(a)- - to harm
* IE weid- - to know
** Turkic bil- (possible, due to sonority stuff)
* IE (En will, Lt vol-, etc)
** Turkic bil-
* Germanic *sūmian- - to miss
** Turkic *seb- - to love
* IE *su̯ei- - to make a noise
** Turkic *seb-le - to speak
* IE *h₂eiǵ- - goat
** Turkic eçki - ''goat''
* IE *pel- - grey
** Turkic boz - ~grey
* IE *ḱas- - grey
** Turkic çal- grey-haired
* IE *tark- - to twist
** Turkic tart- - to pull
* IE *ǵʰés-ro- - hand
** Turkic qol - hand
* IE *kaput- - head
** Turkic baş - head
* IE *knid- - louse
** Turkic kene - flea?
* IE *plōu- - flea (Pashto vrāž.a)
** Turkic *bürče / *bürge - flea
 
=== Cognates with Russian ===
* murç / burç - pepper
** pérec - pepper
* muz / buz - ice
** moróz - frost (Slavic ?*morz-)
* yarıq, yaruğ, yarqın - light, bright
** jark-ij - bright
* qara
** čer- (Slavic ?*kr̩-)
* beri - before, since
** pered - before, in front of
* boran - storm
** burʲa - storm
** purga, buran
* seb+kil (?) - freckle(s)
** sypʲ - rash
* sep- - scatter/sow
** ras-syp- scatter
* sıdır- - to peel, strip, tear off
** sdir-atʲ - "
* taşı- - to overflow
** taši-tʲ - to overflow
* taşı- - to haul
** toska-tʲ - to haul
 
* Lak stuff
** barzu - eagle (bürküt)
** čul - field, steppe (Mg. tala)
** barc̣ (pl. burc̣i-l) - wolf (börü)
** barḫ - back (arqa)
 
=== Not to incorporate ===
* ?lağ - ''meadow''
** '''Balto-Slavic''' ''*plãka'' (?) pl:''łąka'', ru:''lug''
 
== Notes ==
* Tokharian (B?) /ä/ was probably [ɨ]
* When two Tokharian words given, first is Tokharian A, second is Tokharian B
* Tokharian /ç/ is probably [ɕ]
* Tokharian /ts/ and /c/ are different?
 
 
== PIE-to-Turkic correspondences ==
This is just for the sake of organising stuff, so I can see better what might be going on, if anything even is..
 
=== Labial stops ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+*p
|-
! !! beginning !! end !! other
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| '''p'''h₂tḗr → '''∅'''ata ||  ||
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| '''p'''rih₁- → '''b'''eri<br /> '''p'''rih₁- → '''b'''ir<br /> '''p'''énkʷe → '''b'''ēş<br />'''p'''ekʷ → '''b'''iş-<br />'''p'''el → '''b'''oz<br />'''p'''ṓds → '''b'''ut
|  ||
|}
 
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+*b
|-
! !! beginning !! end !! other
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
|  ||  ||
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
|  ||  ||
|}
 
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+*bʰ
|-
! !! beginning !! end !! other
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| '''bʰ'''er- → '''b'''er || gʰa'''bʰ'''- → qa'''p'''- ||
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| '''bʰ'''ardʰ → '''b'''urut<br />'''bʰ'''◌ħd → '''∅'''ad-aq<br />'''bʰ'''ili → '''∅'''ēlʲ ||  ||
|}
 
{{col-end}}
 
=== Coronal stops ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+*t
|-
! !! beginning !! end !! other
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
|  ||  ||
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| '''t'''wék- → '''t'''ǖk<br />'''t'''ag- → '''t'''eg-<br />'''t'''ekʷ → '''t'''ök ||  ||
|}
 
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+*d
|-
! !! beginning !! end !! other
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| '''d'''áḱru- → '''y'''āş<br />'''d'''ṓm → '''t'''ām || pṓ'''d'''s → bu'''t''' || bʰ◌ħ'''d''' → pa'''d'''-aq
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
|  '''d'''igʰo → '''t'''eke ||  ||
|}
 
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+*dʰ
|-
! !! beginning !! end !! other
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| '''dʰ'''égʷʰ- → '''y'''aq-<br />'''dʰ'''wer → '''t'''ȫr || ǵʰer-'''dʰ''' → yur'''t'''<br />bʰar'''dʰ''' → buru'''t''' ||
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
|  ||  ||
|}
 
{{col-end}}
 
=== Palatal stops ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+*ḱ
|-
! !! beginning !! end !! other
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| '''ḱ'''órw-eh₂ → '''q'''arğa<br />'''ḱ'''lew- → '''q'''ul-aq
| dá'''ḱ'''ru- → ya'''ş'''
|
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| '''ḱ'''el- → '''y'''ıl<br />'''ḱ'''ḗr → '''y'''ür-äk<br />'''ḱ'''es- → '''k'''es-
|  ||
|}
 
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+*ǵ
|-
! !! beginning !! end !! other
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
|  || h₂er'''ǵ'''- → ā'''q''' ||
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| '''ǵ'''ers → '''k'''ers ||  ||
|}
 
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+*ǵʰ
|-
! !! beginning !! end !! other
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| '''ǵʰ'''áns- → '''q'''āz<br />'''ǵʰ'''er- → '''q'''ar-ın<br />'''ǵʰ'''el- → '''q'''ula
|
|
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| '''ǵʰ'''el- → '''∅'''altın<br />'''ǵʰ'''er-dʰ → '''y'''ur-t
|
|
|}
 
{{col-end}}
 
=== Velar stops ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+*k
|-
! !! beginning !! end !! other
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| '''k'''er- → '''q'''ara ||  ||
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| '''k'''ed- → '''k'''et- || twé'''k'''- → tǖ'''k'''  || u'''k'''s → ö'''k'''iz
|}
 
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+*g
|-
! !! beginning !! end !! other
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| '''g'''erh₂- → '''q'''arı- ||  ||
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| '''g'''al- → '''y'''al- || ta'''g'''- → te'''g'''- ||
|}
 
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+*gʰ
|-
! !! beginning !! end !! other
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| '''gʰ'''abʰ- → '''q'''ap- || ||
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
|  ||  ||  di'''gʰ'''o → te'''k'''e
|}
 
{{col-end}}
 
=== Labialised stops ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+*kʷ
|-
! !! beginning !! end !! other
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| '''kʷ'''o → '''q'''āń<br />'''kʷ'''er- → '''q'''ur- || se'''kʷ'''- → sa'''q'''ı ||
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
|  || pe'''kʷ''' → bi'''ş'''-<br /> pén'''kʷ'''e → bē'''ş'''<br />te'''kʷ''' → tö'''k'''- ||
|}
 
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+*gʷ
|-
! !! beginning !! end !! other
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| '''gʷ'''er → a'''ğ'''ır ||  ||
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
|  ||  ||
|}
 
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+*gʷʰ
|-
! !! beginning !! end !! other
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
|  || dʰé'''gʷʰ''' → ya'''q'''  ||
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| '''gʷʰ'''er- → '''y'''ar- || h₁e'''gʷʰ''' → i'''ç'''- || len'''gʷʰ'''-◌ → yen'''g'''ü-l
|}
 
{{col-end}}
 
=== Other  ===
 
<div style="width: 100%; clear: left;">
{| class="wikitable"
|+*n
|-
! !! _C]<sub>σ</sub>
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| || ǵʰá'''n'''s- → qa'''̄∅'''s → qa'''̄∅'''z
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| || pé'''n'''kʷe → be'''̄∅'''ş
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| || h₁dó'''n'''ts → ti'''̄∅'''ş
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+*w
|-
! !! beginning || end || other
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| || ḱór'''w'''-eh₂ → qar'''ğ'''a || ḱle'''w'''- → qula'''q'''
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| ||
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+*m
|-
! !! beginning || end || other
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
| || ||
|-
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
| ||
|}
 
</div>
 
== Sources ==
* IE: [http://www.bartleby.com/61/ http://www.bartleby.com/61/], [[w:Appendix:List of Proto-Indo-European roots]]
* Tokharian: [http://www.wordgumbo.com/ie/cmp/toch.htm http://www.wordgumbo.com/ie/cmp/toch.htm]
* Altaic: [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\alt\altet http://starling.rinet.ru/]
 
[[Category:Turkic Languages]]
[[Category:Historical Linguistics]]

Revision as of 03:35, 14 January 2005

Turkic words which are similar to words in other language groups

  • altın - gold
  • Finnish kulta - gold
  • Germanic gold
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