Tæĺf
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Revision as of 22:49, 31 January 2006 by Firespeaker (talk | contribs) (→Some Vocab: added lots of vocab; formatting still needed)
Contents
Sound changes from Tēlvo
What changed
- noun & verb pre- and post-bound forms for 2, 3, 4, and 5 phoneme radicals.
- all other non-noun and -verb words
- including declined forms of pronouns
- personal endings as if stressed
The changes
- o → u / __ X[+labial]
- unstressed short vowels reduce
- a → ɐ
- o,e → ə
- i,y,u → ʉ/ɨ
- reduced vowels disappear, diphthongise
- {ə,ʉ,ɐ} → ∅ / __ #
- {ʉ,ə} → {ʉu̯,əu̯} / __ ]σ
- stressed long vowels shifted down; long low vowels diphthongised:
- ī → ē, ē → ǣ, ā → au̯, ō → ā, ū → ō
- Long vowels shorten in a closed syllable
- Vː → [-long] / __ C1]σ
- ī → i, ē → e, ǣ → æ, ā → a, ō → o, ū → u
- ŋg → ŋ
- non-sonorant consonants devoice at the end of a word
- C[-son] → [-voice] / __ #
- except for the personal ending -áð and the corresponding pronoun háð
- consonants devoice before a devoiced consonant (/sound)
- C → [-voice] / __ C[-voice]
- non-coronal (dental/alveolar) fricatives become stops word-finally when after a vowel or voiced sonorant
- C[-coronal] → [+stop] / V __ #
- C[-coronal] → [+stop] / C[+son,+vc] __ #
- voiced non-nasal labials and velars (non-coronals) become approximants
- C[+cons,-cor,-nas,+vc] → [+approx]
- {u̯,v,w} → w
- some things become stops at the beginning of syllables:
- ɣ,ŋ → g / σ[ __
- w → b / σ[ __
- some things become stops at the end of words or syllables:
- w → p / __ #
- big changes in codas:
- l → o̯ / V __ C0 ]σ
- {k,g,z} → {x,ɣ,j} / {V,C[+son]} __ C1 ]σ
- C[+stop,-vc] → [-stop] / __ C1 ]σ
- j → ś / {w,o̯,j} __ ]σ
- w → p / j __ ]σ (e.g., / j __ C )
- continual process of devoicing reapplies to fix recent problems
- {o̯,w} → f / __ C[-vc]
- some vowels don't take nicely to o̯:
- oo̯ → ō
- beginning of words starting with vowels acquire an h, if vowel is long, vowel shortens:
- V → [-long] / # __
- ∅ → h / # __ V
- at the beginning or end of a syllable, coronal palatal simplification:
- {tj,dj,sj,zj,nj} → {ts,dz,ś,j,j} / σ[ __ , __ ]σ
- h → ∅ / C[-stop,-son] __ ]σ
Orthography
- Devoiced sonorants:
- l → ĺ, r → ŕ, n → ń, m → ḿ, ŋ → ŋ´, j → ś
- glide
- o̯ → ɬ
- vowels
- ɨ/ʉ → y, ɐ → a, a → á
- pronunciation of some vowels:
- y [ɜ], ə [ə], u [ʊ], i [ɪ], o [ɔ], e [ɛ], æ [a], a [ɐ], á [ɑ], ū [u], ī [i], ō [o], ē [e], ā [ɒ], ǣ [æ]
Phonology
Morphology
Lexicon
Some Vocab
BJÐS (bæjðəs) | world |
bleŋk | again |
DGGW (dæɣgəp) | milk |
DNT (dæńt) | gift |
DNT (dānatá) | give |
DRK (dāraká) | become |
ÐÞRK (ðæþrək) | amazing thing, marvel |
ÐKL (ðākalá) | keep |
FÐR (fæðr) | writing implement (pen, pencil, quill) |
FÐR (fāðará) | write |
FJT (fājatá) | drink (verb) |
FRL (færl) | story |
FRL (fāralá) | say (archaic: recount) |
FSH (fāsahá) | push |
FSH (fāsahá) | push (see note 2a) |
GŊF (gæŋ́f) | command (noun) |
GŊF (gāgafá) | command (verb) |
ŊJ (gawś) | scream, cry out, shriek |
her | very |
het | this |
HLÐ (hæĺþ) | cougar |
HMJK (hæmjək) | hamster; any small rodent (e.g., mouse, gerbil; most squirrels and rats would be considered large rodents) |
hojś! | exclamation of surprise: "oy!", "ay!", "omg!" |
jelyj | but |
JH (jáf) | go (see note 2a) |
JL (jæɬ) | year |
kəlamzyjānā | unnecessary |
kəmzyjáwnō | necessary |
KJ (káfś) | put |
KL (kawl) | stay |
KLK (kæĺk) | wolf; scary or dangerous animal, monster |
KLV (kālabá) | come |
KMV (kæḿp) | rope, string |
KN (kæn) | sun; day |
KRŊ (kāragá) | address, hail |
kuhkaɬ | much |
LVS (læfs) | blanket, cover, covering (sometimes: rug, carpet) |
LVS (lābasá) | cover (verb) |
MJS (mæśs) | life |
MJSH (mæśsəh) | baby (see note 2a) |
MKK (mæxk) | any sort of armed force: army, military, police, etc |
MLN (mæln) | belief, faith, religion |
MM (mæm) | mother |
momgyn | possible |
MTN (mætn) | declaration |
MTN (mātaná) | declare |
nō | what, which |
NKL (naxl) | ordinary, plain, normal |
rep | one |
RG (ráfk) | lead (verb) |
RJ (ráfś) | see |
RNL (rānalá) | die |
RZDT (ræzdət) | birth (noun) |
RZDT (rāzadátī) | give birth (verb) |
SFRNZ (sāfaránis) | hope; pray non-secularly |
SLM (sæɬm) | eye |
SM (sæm) | name (noun) |
soɣr | soon |
SSLS (sæsləs) | honour (noun) |
SSLS (sāsalásī) | honour (verb) |
STKN (sætkən) | mug, cup, glass, goblet; any container with a wide, open top which liquid is poured into and drunk from (e.g., not a flask) |
tefr | too |
TJD (tæśt) | age, oldness (noun) |
TJD (tājadá) | age (verb) |
TJD (teśt,tejde) | aged, old (adj) |
TLL (tæĺĺ) | thickness |
TLL (tālalá) | to be thick |
TLL (teɬle) | thick |
TRV (tæŕf) | fear (noun) |
TRV (tārabá) | fear (verb) |
ÞNDT (þændət) | woman, any female creature |
ÞRFN (þæŕfən) | priest, any religious leader |
ÞRRS (þærrəs) | alcoholic beverage, spirits: usually cider, but also applies to wine, beer, ale, vodka, etc. (of these, only cider and various wines are native to Tæĺf speakers) |
VNTJ (bānatájī) | exclaim, sound/peal (of a horn/bell) |
VRK (bāraká) | bless, make holy/divine; make non-secularly divine/special |
VRTZ (bāratázī) | help, assist |
VTN (bātaná) | speak, talk |
ZSD (zāsadá) | cut, slice; split, divide |
ZVR (zæwr) | gate, opening |