Tæĺf
From FireSpeakerWiki
Contents
Sound changes from Tēlvo
What changed
- noun & verb pre- and post-bound forms for 2, 3, 4, and 5 phoneme radicals.
- all other non-noun and -verb words
- including declined forms of pronouns
- personal endings as if stressed
The changes
- o → u / __ X[+labial]
- unstressed short vowels reduce
- a → ɐ
- o,e → ə
- i,y,u → ʉ/ɨ
- reduced vowels disappear, diphthongise
- {ə,ʉ,ɐ} → ∅ / __ #
- {ʉ,ə} → {ʉu̯,əu̯} / __ ]σ
- stressed long vowels shifted down; long low vowels diphthongised:
- ī → ē, ē → ǣ, ā → au̯, ō → ā, ū → ō
- Long vowels shorten in a closed syllable
- Vː → [-long] / __ C1]σ
- ī → i, ē → e, ǣ → æ, ā → a, ō → o, ū → u
- ŋg → ŋ
- non-sonorant consonants devoice at the end of a word
- C[-son] → [-voice] / __ #
- except for the personal ending -áð and the corresponding pronoun háð
- consonants devoice before a devoiced consonant (/sound)
- C → [-voice] / __ C[-voice]
- non-coronal (dental/alveolar) fricatives become stops word-finally when after a vowel or voiced sonorant
- C[-coronal] → [+stop] / V __ #
- C[-coronal] → [+stop] / C[+son,+vc] __ #
- voiced non-nasal labials and velars (non-coronals) become approximants
- C[+cons,-cor,-nas,+vc] → [+approx]
- {u̯,v,w} → w
- some things become stops at the beginning of syllables:
- ɣ,ŋ → g / σ[ __
- w → b / σ[ __
- some things become stops at the end of words or syllables:
- w → p / __ #
- big changes in codas:
- l → o̯ / V __ C0 ]σ
- {k,g,z} → {x,ɣ,j} / {V,C[+son]} __ C1 ]σ
- C[+stop,-vc] → [-stop] / __ C1 ]σ
- j → ś / {w,o̯,j} __ ]σ
- w → p / j __ ]σ (e.g., / j __ C )
- ś → j / __ x C ]σ
- continual process of devoicing reapplies to fix recent problems
- {o̯,w} → f / __ C[-vc]
- some vowels don't take nicely to o̯:
- oo̯ → ō
- beginning of words starting with vowels acquire an h, if vowel is long, vowel shortens:
- V → [-long] / # __
- ∅ → h / # __ V
- at the beginning or end of a syllable, coronal palatal simplification:
- {tj,dj,sj,zj,nj} → {ts,dz,ś,j,j} / σ[ __ , __ ]σ
- h → ∅ / C[-stop,-son] __ ]σ
Orthography
- Devoiced sonorants:
- l → ĺ, r → ŕ, n → ń, m → ḿ, ŋ → ŋ´, j → ś
- glide
- o̯ → ɬ
- vowels
- ɨ/ʉ → y, ɐ → a, a → á
- pronunciation of some vowels:
- y [ɜ], ə [ə], u [ʊ], i [ɪ], o [ɔ], e [ɛ], æ [a], a [ɐ], á [ɑ], ū [u], ī [i], ō [o], ē [e], ā [ɒ], ǣ [æ]
Phonology
Morphology
| indicates missing copula (see note 1) | |
| -k | distributiviser/relativiser, for postpositions (see note 5) |
| áwrə + verb.preBF | future gerund or participle |
| áwrə + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun | future gerund |
| beā | locative, at |
| bir | in |
| ble + j + pronoun | [pronoun]'s own (e.g., 'blejás' = 'your own') |
| brer | temporal locative, during, at the time of |
| ðek | like, as (postposition) |
| futGerund + pronoun + [necessary] | [it is necessary that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is necessary], subject [needs to] verb, subject [should] verb |
| futGerund + pronoun + [possible] | [it is possible that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is possible], subject [is able to / can] verb |
| [tense]Gerund + pronoun + tsuj | subject try[tense] to verb |
| futGerund + [come] | verb tense: immediate future |
| futParticiple + [give] | verb tense: future |
| háð | s/he/it (3rd.sg.nom) |
| háfþ | you (2nd.pl.nom) |
| hás | you (2nd.sg.nom) |
| háwŋ | we (1st.pl.nom) |
| háwn | they (3rd.pl.nom) |
| həwyðeā | me (1st.sg.dat) |
| hasyɬjáp | your (2nd.sg.gen) |
| ho | I (1st.sg.nom) |
| hojā | my (1st.sg.gen) |
| kə (/ke) + verb.preBF | passive participle |
| kaj + verb.preBF | causative gerund or participle |
| kaj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun | causative gerund |
| keft | QUOT1 (see note 3) |
| kesm | QUOT2 (see note 3) |
| laj + verb.preBF | past gerund or participle |
| laj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun | past gerund |
| liry + verb.preBF | present gerund or participle |
| liry + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun | present gerund |
| mij | instrumental |
| noun.citeF-[y-]noun.citeF | compound noun phrase (see note 4a) |
| noun.citeF-[y-]noun.preBF | compound noun phrase (see note 4a) |
| noun.postBF | oblique (followed by cases/postpositions) |
| noun.postBF + (j +) pronoun | possessed/ive form |
| noun.postBF + (j +) əla (+ j + pronoun) | plural |
| noun.postBF noun | distributive (see note 4) |
| noun.postBF-[y-]noun.citeF | compound noun phrase (see note 4a) |
| passParticiple + [put] | finite form of passive voice |
| passParticiple + [stay] | verb tense: [such a situation definitely exists] |
| presParticiple + [stay] | verb tense: [such a situation exists] |
| tēmə + noun.preBF | doer, agent; more generally, person whose job deals with noun |
| tsáŋ | because of, since, for |
| þá | accusative |
| verb.citeF | infinitival form |
| verb.postBF (+ j) + pronoun | finite form, usually present tense |
| verb.postBF + (y + ) lā(/laj) | negative |
| verb.postBF + (y +) tsā + j + pronoun | past tense |
| verb.postBF + saŋa + j + pronoun | imperative |
| yðeā | dative, to, towards |
Lexicon
Some Vocab
| BJÐS (bæjðəs) | world |
| bleŋk | again |
| DGGW (dæɣgəp) | milk |
| DNT (dæńt) | gift |
| DNT (dānatá) | give |
| DRK (dāraká) | become |
| ÐÞRK (ðæþrək) | amazing thing, marvel |
| ÐKL (ðākalá) | keep |
| FÐR (fæðr) | writing implement (pen, pencil, quill) |
| FÐR (fāðará) | write |
| FJT (fājatá) | drink (verb) |
| FRL (færl) | story |
| FRL (fāralá) | say (archaic: recount) |
| FSH (fāsahá) | push |
| FSH (fāsahá) | push (see note 2a) |
| GŊF (gæŋ́f) | command (noun) |
| GŊF (gāgafá) | command (verb) |
| ŊJ (gawś) | scream, cry out, shriek |
| her | very |
| het | this |
| HLÐ (hæĺþ) | cougar |
| HMJK (hæmjək) | hamster; any small rodent (e.g., mouse, gerbil; most squirrels and rats would be considered large rodents) |
| hojś! | exclamation of surprise: "oy!", "ay!", "omg!" |
| jelyj | but |
| JH (jáf) | go (see note 2a) |
| JL (jæɬ) | year |
| kəlamzyjānā | unnecessary |
| kəmzyjáwnō | necessary |
| KJ (káfś) | put |
| KL (kawl) | stay |
| KLK (kæĺk) | wolf; scary or dangerous animal, monster |
| KLV (kālabá) | come |
| KMV (kæḿp) | rope, string |
| KN (kæn) | sun; day |
| KRŊ (kāragá) | address, hail |
| kuhkaɬ | much |
| LVS (læfs) | blanket, cover, covering (sometimes: rug, carpet) |
| LVS (lābasá) | cover (verb) |
| MJS (mæśs) | life |
| MJSH (mæśsəh) | baby (see note 2a) |
| MKK (mæxk) | any sort of armed force: army, military, police, etc |
| MLN (mæln) | belief, faith, religion |
| MM (mæm) | mother |
| momgyn | possible |
| MTN (mætn) | declaration |
| MTN (mātaná) | declare |
| nō | what, which |
| NKL (naxl) | ordinary, plain, normal |
| rep | one |
| RG (ráfk) | lead (verb) |
| RJ (ráfś) | see |
| RNL (rānalá) | die |
| RZDT (ræzdət) | birth (noun) |
| RZDT (rāzadátī) | give birth (verb) |
| SFRNZ (sāfaránis) | hope; pray non-secularly |
| SLM (sæɬm) | eye |
| SM (sæm) | name (noun) |
| soɣr | soon |
| SSLS (sæsləs) | honour (noun) |
| SSLS (sāsalásī) | honour (verb) |
| STKN (sætkən) | mug, cup, glass, goblet; any container with a wide, open top which liquid is poured into and drunk from (e.g., not a flask) |
| tefr | too |
| TJD (tæśt) | age, oldness (noun) |
| TJD (tājadá) | age (verb) |
| TJD (teśt,tejde) | aged, old (adj) |
| TLL (tæĺĺ) | thickness |
| TLL (tālalá) | to be thick |
| TLL (teɬle) | thick |
| TRV (tæŕf) | fear (noun) |
| TRV (tārabá) | fear (verb) |
| ÞNDT (þændət) | woman, any female creature |
| ÞRFN (þæŕfən) | priest, any religious leader |
| ÞRRS (þærrəs) | alcoholic beverage, spirits: usually cider, but also applies to wine, beer, ale, vodka, etc. (of these, only cider and various wines are native to Tæĺf speakers) |
| VNTJ (bānatájī) | exclaim, sound/peal (of a horn/bell) |
| VRK (bāraká) | bless, make holy/divine; make non-secularly divine/special |
| VRTZ (bāratázī) | help, assist |
| VTN (bātaná) | speak, talk |
| ZSD (zāsadá) | cut, slice; split, divide |
| ZVR (zæwr) | gate, opening |
