PIE Obstruents
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| Group A | Group B | Group C | ? | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tokharian | Hittite | Germanic | Italic | Greek | Indic | Armenian | Celtic | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Albanian | Turkic | ||||
| p | OE fæder | Lat. pater | Gk. patēr | Skt. pitṛ | Arm. hayr | Taj. padar | Tk. *ata | |||||||||
| b | TB māla | Luv. šamlu- | Gmc. *apla- | Lat. malum | OIr. ubull | *ablu | *āblu-, *jemel- | *ābōl | Alb mollë | Tk. *alma | ||||||
| bʰ | Gth. bɛr- | Lat. fer- | Gk. pʰer- | OInd. bʰár- | Arm. ber- | OIr. bir- | Taj. bar- | OCS ber- | Alb bie | Tk. ber- | ||||||
| t | ||||||||||||||||
| d | OE timber | Lat. domus | Gk. domos | Skt. dama | Arm. town | Rus. dom | Tk. tam | |||||||||
| dʰ | OE dor | Lat. fores | Gk. tʰura | Skt. dvār | Arm. dowṙ | Taj. dar | Rus. dvʲerʲ | Tk. tȫr | ||||||||
| ḱ | TA śäk, TB śak | Gth. tɛhun | Lat. decem | Gk. déka | OInd. dáśa | Arm. tasn | OIr. deich | Taj. dah | OCS desętı̆ | OPr des-? | Alb djëte | |||||
| ǵ | ||||||||||||||||
| ǵʰ | ||||||||||||||||
| k | ||||||||||||||||
| g | ||||||||||||||||
| gʰ | ||||||||||||||||
| kʷ | TB okso | Gth. ɔχsus | OInd. ukşā́ | MIr. oss | *uxen | Alb ka | Tk. *ögüz | |||||||||
| gʷ | TA śäm, TB śana | Gth. kʷino | Gk. gyné | OInd. gnā | Arm. kin | OIr. ben | Taj. zan | OCS ʒená- | Alb zonjë | |||||||
| TA ko, TB kau | O.S. kō | Lat. bō-, bov- | Gk. bous | OInd. gáuh. | Arm. kov | OIr. bó | OWlsh buch | *govędo | Ltv. gùovs | *kʷo Alb. kau | ||||||
| gʷʰ | ||||||||||||||||
