Turkic phonemic transcription
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I use a version of the Turkish alphabet (more similar to the Latin alphabet used for Tatar) to represent Turkic languages phonemically. This tries to summarise the system (but is not complete yet).
| orthography | Kazakh | Kyrgyz | Tatar | Turkish | Uzbek |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | а /a/ | а /ɑ/ | а /ɒ/ | а /ɑ/ | a /a/ |
| ä | ә /æ/ | — /a~æ/ | ә /æ/ | (e /æ/) | a /æ/ |
| aa, ā | — | аа /ɑː/ | — | ağ(a) /ɑː/ | — |
| â, å | — | — /ɔ/ | а /ɒ/ | — | o /ɒ~ɔ/ |
| b | б /b/ | б /b~w/ | б /b/ | b /b/ | b /b/ |
| c | (ц /ts/) | җ /ʤ/ʓ/ | c /ʤ/ | ц /ts/ | |
| ç | — | ч /ʧ/ | ч /ʧ~ʃ/ | ç /ʧ/ | ch /ʧ/ |
| e | е /i̯ɘ/ | e, э /e/ | e /ɘ/ | e /ɛ/ | e /e/ |
| ee, ē | — | ээ /eː/ | — | — | — |
| g | г /g/ | г /g/ | г /g/ | g /g/ | g /g/ |
| ğ | ғ /ʀ/ | г /ʀ/ | г /ʀ/ | ğ /y/ː/(ʀ/) | g' /ʀ/ |
| h | һ /h/ | — | һ /h/ | h /h/ | h /h/ |
| i | і /ɘ/ | и /i/ | и /i/ | i /ɪ/ | i /ɨ/ |
| ı | ы /ə/ | ы /ɯ/ | ы /ə/ | ı /ɯ/ | — |
| j | ж /ʒ/ | ж /ʤ/ | ж /ʐ/ | j /ʒ/ | j /ʤ/ |
| k | к /k/ | к /k/ | к /k/ | k /k/ | k /k/ |
| ŋ | ң /ŋ/ | ң /ŋ/ | ң /ŋ/ | — /ŋ/ | (ng /ŋ(g)/) |
| ń/ñ | — | — | — | — | — |
| o | о /u̯ʊ/ | о /o/ | о /o/(?) | o /o/ | o' /o/ |
| ö | ө /y̯ʉ/ | ө /œ/ | ө /œ/(?) | ö /œ/ | (o' /œ/) |
| q | қ /q/ | к /q/ | к /q/ | (k /q/) | q /q/ |
| u | ұ /ʊ/ | у /u/ | у /ʊ/ | u /u/ | u /u/ |
| ü | ү /ʉ/ | ү /y/ | ү /ʉ/ | ü /y/ | (u /ʉ/) |
| v | (в /v/) | в (/v/) | v /v/ | v /v/ | ||
| w | у /w/ | (уб /w/) | в /w/ | — | (v /v/) |
| x | х /χ/ | х /χ/ | х /χ/ | (h /x/) | x /χ/ |
| y | й /j/ | й /j/ | й /j/ | y /j/ | y /j/ |
Notes
- There are digraphs which aren't in the table:
- Kazakh ‹у› represents w, ıw, iw, uw, and üw.
- Various languages have ‹я›, ‹е›, ‹ё›, and ‹ю› which have y onglide and then a vowel. E.g. Tatar ‹я› represents ya and yä.
- various languages' dialectal forms have been included (in parentheses), though orthography usually assumed based on standard dialect.
- Turkish is transcribed as-is usually, which is problematic, because spelling isn't always in-line with this system, at least not in terms of correspondence to other languages (e.g. ‹c›).
- Parentheses can mean a non-native phoneme, like with "(в /v/)", or a non-native phoneme represented by a grapheme used also for a native phoneme, like with "в (/v/)". The can also mean a phoneme not normally recognised as being represented by a single orthographic convention, like "(уб /w/)".
