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The orthography used to represent Turkic languages on this page is a phonemic system based on Turkish orthography.
This is done to avoid focusing on the phonetic differences between different languages used.
The IPA is used when describing the phonetics of Turkic languages.
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This is a collection of Turkic words which appear at least superficially similar to words in other language groups. The list is kept for my own purposes: some day I'll spend time sorting it out and investigating each word more closely. For now it's just a place to keep all the words.
Technology
- altın - gold
- Proto-IE ǵʰel- - to shine
- bulat - steel, balta - axe
- Tokharian porat, peret axe
- Proto-IE pelk'- chop
- ara - saw
- Tokharian áre plough (n.)
- *yurt(ă?) - ring left when yurt is moved (homeland, yurt)
- PIE' ǵʰ—r(+dʰ) to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
- Germanic gard
- English yard
- German garten
- Tokharian warto, wärto garden, grove
- PIE er(+t) earth
- Germanic erθ
- Tokharian B yare gravel
- Semitic ˀarḍ earth
- Mongolian ger yurt
- Proto-IE *wer- defend, close
- *yan(+dir) - to burn v.i. (v.t.)
- Proto-Na-Dené *q’aˑn burn, ignite
- Ket -qan cook, burn, boil
- *köpür-üg - bridge
- Proto-IE *bʰruh- - bridge
- Tokharian pärwāṃ/pärwāne - eyebrow
- *yez - copper
- Proto-IE *ai̯os - metal (copper/iron)
- Tokharian *yäs → yasa/wäsa
- Latin aurum ← *ausum - gold
- *(y)igne - needle
- Proto-Uralic *äjmä - needle
- *tām - wall, hut
- Proto-IE *dṓm - house / *dema - build
- *yük - a load, *yüd- - to load
- Proto-IE *i̯eu̯-g- - tie together, yoke
- Mongolic *joge (?) - to carry
- *şatı - ladder/steps/stairs
- Proto-IE *gʰredʰ- - march, step
- Proto-IE *steigʰ- - march, ascend
- ?*tabaq - plate
- Middle Persian tapah - pot
- Mongolic ?*tabaq - plate
Nature
- alma - apple
- Proto-IE h₂ebl-o-
- Germanic *æpl
- Russian jablo-
- Latin/Romance pom-
- Greek melo-
- kün - day, sun
- Proto-IE *sh²u̯en-s sun
- Germanic sun
- Tokharian B kaum̩/kon-/kaun- day
- Avestan *húu̯ar/*huu̯ánh
- ań - moon, month
- (pre-Proto-Turkic *ā́ńu, most Turkic ay)
- Latin annus - year
- Gothic *aþni - year
- yer - earth, land
- PIE ġʰ—r(+dʰ) to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
- Germanic gard
- English yard
- German garten
- Tokharian warto, wärto garden, grove
- PIE er(+t) earth
- Germanic erθ
- Tokharian B yare gravel
- Semitic ˀarḍ earth
- Mongolian ger yurt
- Proto-IE *wer- defend, close
- sub - water
- Proto-IE seu-, su- rain, flow
- Proto-IE *sūwe- to rain
- Tokharian su- / swāsā-
- Greek hǖei̯
- Albanian ši
- Proto-IE *h₂ep- water
- Mongolian us
- Mandarin shui3
- Cantonese seoi2
- *yapurgaq - leaf (*yepirdek, *yapirmaq, etc.)
- Arabic varaq leaf?, page?
- Persian barg leaf?
- Tokharian pält, pilta
- Proto-IE bʰel
- bulaq - spring, well
- Latin flus- river
- Proto-IE bhleu-gʷ- overflow
- English flow, float
- teke - goat
- Proto-IE tek- - to flow, to run
- Proto-IE digʰ- - goat
- ökiz - bull
- Proto-IE *uks-en- - ox
- Germanic *uhsōn - ox
- Tokharian B okso - cow
- Mongolic *üker - cow
- balɯq - fish
- Proto-IE l—k salmon
- Proto-IE *pesk/*h₂p-isk- fish
- Germanic *bullaka-z a kind of fish - de: Bolch, nl: bolk
- *tal - willow
- Ket dɯˑl - willow
- Proto-Athabaskan *č’ʷətɬ’ - plant, shrub
- *köl - lake
- Proto-Yeniseian kʰul - water
- çaŋğır - sled
- Proto-Yeniseian *tsehʷəl - snowsled
- yıl- - warm
- Proto-IE *ḱel- - warm/cool
- Proto-IE *gel- - cold
- Proto-IE *gʷʰer- - hot, warm
- *qarğa - crow
- Proto-IE *ḱórw-eh₂- - crow
- *qar(ı)şqır - wolf
- Proto-IE *h₂ŕ̥tḱos - bear
- *sāban (?*-m-) - straw
- Proto-IE *sop-/*sep-? - needle, reed
- *(h?)ayāŕ < *(p?)ańāŕ - frost
- *bulut - cloud
- Proto-IE *melōdʰ - elevation, head
- *yibi- - become wet, soak
- Proto-IE *nebʰ - damp, water, clouds
- *yar- - cliff ([early] Iranian borrowing?)
- Proto-IE *ner - to conceal, cover, hiding place, hollow
- ?badam (Iranic borrowing?) - almond
- *may(?) - fat
- Finno-Ugrian *vaj/voj - butter
- *qadɯŋ - birch
- Proto-Uralic *koxji - birch
- *yal- - to burn, *yalın - flame, *yaş- (yalʲ-) - to blaze, *yalqı- - to glitter
- Proto-IE *dʰel- - light
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine
- ?
- Proto-IE *dʰuH₁-mo- - smoke
- *balır - algae, muck, swamp; *balqaş - swamp
- Proto-IE *bʰ◌lt-?
- Illyrian balta ‘swamp, marsh, white clay’
- Latin blatea f., ‘excrement lump’, adalm. balta ‘sea swamp´
- Ligurian *bolü - ‘swamp, marsh’
- Slavic *bolto- (*bholǝto-) - ‘swamp, marsh, pond, pool, sea’
- O.C.S. blato - ‘sea’
- Ser.-Cr. blȁto - ‘sea, ordure”,
- Russian boloto - swamp, bog; dial. bil - ‘swamp, marsh’; bala (*bhōlü): balaružina - ‘puddle, slop’
- Polish dial. biel f. - ‘marshy wood, forest;
- Clr. balka “ marsh “;
- Lithuanian balà m. - ‘swamp, marsh, moor, fen, pool’
- Albanian baltë f., balt m. - ‘slime, mud, swamp, marsh, white clay’
- English pool
- *ört - fire (destructive)
- *buzağu - ~young bull
- Mongolic *bira-ɣu
- Proto-IE *mozǵʰo-s (only Armenian and Greek)
- *kene - tick, mite
- Proto-IE *knid, ḱnid - louse, nit
- *tāş - stone
- Mongolic *tila-ɣu
- Etruscan *tul
- Korean dol
- Old Indic śilā
- *terek - tree, poplar
- Proto-IE **drw (*derw, *drēw)
- *otun - firewood, fuel
- Proto-IE *widhu wood, firewood, forest (only Germanic and Celtic?)
- *taŋri (?) - sky, heaven
- Japanese *tenki - weather
Verbs
- ber - give
- Proto-IE bʰer - carry, bear
- Proto-IE per - go over, carry over, bring
- bış-ur - cook (v.i./v.t.)
- Proto-IE pekʷ-
- OCS peš-tь
- Tokharian päk-
- O. Indic pacati
- English bake
- tur - stand, stay
- Germanic en: dare, yi: tor
- Proto-IE ter - to cross, transgress, to stay
- Japanese tat - to stand up"
- je - eat
- Proto-IE h₁ed-
- Mongolic id
- çab- - cut
- English chop
- Spanish zapatas - shoes
- French sabotage
- *iç- - drink
- Proto-IE *h₁egʰʷ (*ekʷ-?) - drink
- Proto-IE *aḱ
- Proto-IE *ēkʷ- - water
- gäp-ir - something said, speak
- English jabber, gab
- Russian говорить - speak
- Proto-IE gebh- - jaw, mouth
- öl - die
- Tokharian wäl
- Germanic (OE) wæl / (ON) val - slain person
- *teg-/*tek- - touch
- Proto-IE *tag- - to touch
- Gothic tēkan
- English touch
- Tokharian B tek/tak
- Latin tangō ??
- Japanese tuk- - to be attached / turned on
- se(b/p?)- - to plant
- Proto-IE *sē- - sow
- Proto-IE *seip/seib - pour, rain, sift, sieve, stream, trickle, dribble
- sebele- - to sprinkle
- Proto-IE *seip/seib - pour, rain, sift, sieve, stream, trickle, dribble
- öö(j?)- - to think, understand
- yaq- - to light, make burn
- Proto-IE *dʰégʷʰ - to burn (v.t.?)
- *qap- - to snatch
- Proto-IE *gʰabʰ- - to take
- *ket- - to go away, leave
- Proto-IE *ked- - to go, yield
- *qarı- - to grow old
- Proto-IE *gerh₂- - to grow old
- *tug-ur - tent covering
- Proto-IE *tog- - to cover
- *yorı-/yür(i)- - walk / *yügür- - run
- Proto-IE *dʰor- - to jump (at)
- Proto-IE *gʷʰðer- - to run, flow
- *siŋ- - sink into (get soaked up?)
- Proto-IE *teng - to soak, wet
- Proto-IE *sengʷ - to fall, to sink
- *yet- - reach
- Proto-IE *yet - to set out for, to strive
- *tök- - pour out, flow
- Proto-IE tekʷ - to run, flow
- *bar- - to go, walk (away)
- Proto-IE per - go over, carry over, bring
- *bat- - to sink; to fit into, get into
- Proto-IE pet - open [arms] wide; to fall, to fly
- *saĺ- - to untie, loosen, solve
- Proto-IE slab- - loose, weak
- *em- - to suck
- Proto-Uralic *imi- - suck
- *tep- - to step on, trample
- Proto-IE *trep- - to trample, tread
- *türt- - to push
- Proto-IE *tr-eu-d- - to press, push
- *qur- - to build, erect, establish
- Proto-IE *kʷer- - to make (Baltic: erect, build)
- *ögrän- - to learn
- Proto-IE *gʷʰren- - "phrenic"; soul, mind
- *uq- - understand, hear, (*oqu- - read, study)
- Proto-IE *ok- - understand, see
- (only attested in Greek and Germanic)
- Proto-IE *okʷ- - see, eye
- Mongolic *uka - understand, think
- *ös- - grow
- Proto-IE *u̯eis- - sprout, grow
- Proto-IE *u̯og-s- - magnify, increase
- Proto-Germanic *vaks- - grow
- Tokharian A *oks- - grow
- *bil- - know
- Proto-IE *weid- - know
- Mongolic *med- - know
- Proto-IE *men- - mind
- Persian menidan - think, menišn - thought
- *kerek - needed
- Proto-IE *ǵʰer(e)- - desire
- *tanı- - be acquainted with / know (but Kg. taanı)
- Proto-IE ǵnō-/ǵenə- - know
- Iranian ??
- New Persian dāni-
- New Persian šinā- ???
- *tut- (?*tukta-) - pull, subdue
- Proto-IE *deuk- - drag
- English tug
- Latin duc- - lead
- Latin "t-stem" ductus - duct
- ?ayda- - drive [animals]
- Proto-IE *aǵ (*heǵ-) - lead, drive cattle
- udı- - sleep (connected with od- - wake??)
- Proto-IE sneud(h)- - drowsy / to drowse
- od- - wake
- Proto-IE bheudh- - be awake / aware
- Mongolic (h)uda- - conceive, design, instigate (Starostin)
Body parts
- PrTk. *bāş - head
- Ainu pake - head
- Proto-IE *gʰebʰōl - ?
- Tokharian A śpāl - head
- Tokharian B śpālu - head
- OHG gebal - ?
- Greek κɛɸɑlή - ?
- Pre-PrTk. *padaq - foot
- Proto-IE *bʰad (*bʰ—ħd) - boot
- el - hand, alaqan - palm of hand, al- - take
- Proto-IE *h₁el- elbow, forearm
- *jajŋaq (jāq) - jaw
- Proto-IE *ǵebʰ- - jaw, mouth
- English jaw
- qulaq - ear
- 'Proto-IE *ḱlew- - to hear
- Tokharian B klautso ?, kl̄aw - to hear
- Celtic *klew-o
- meŋä / miy (*bejŋi?) - brain
- Russian мозг brain
- Hebrew MWX brain
- Sogdian m'g
- Proto-IE *men- mind
- *burut - mustache
- Proto-IE *bʰardʰ- - beard
- bel - waist
- Latin balteus belt (of Etruscan origin?)
- *bod - body (Kg boy - height, length)
- OE bodig - trunk, chest (of a man or animal), originally "cask;"
- OHG botah
- *yāş - tear (from eye)
- Proto-IE *dáḱru- - tear
- Mongolic nilmus - tear
- (Mongolic dusal ? - drop < dus- - drip (v.i.))
- *yür-ek - heart (but Chuvash çəre)
- *tīş - tooth
- Proto-IE *ǵeus- - to taste
- Proto-IE *h₁dónts - tooth
- *bʲağır - liver
- Proto-IE *yeh₁kwr̥- - liver (maybe *by- or *py-?)
- *beŋ - mole
- Proto-IE *meng- - pretty, beautiful
- *ağıŕ - mouth
- Proto-IE *ōus - mouth
- Persian āvāz - voice
- çiray (Mongolic) - ~visage
- Mongolic ?*čirai - ~visage
- Persian čehra - face
- qaraq/qarek - pupil of the eye / eyeball
- Proto-IE
- Greek κόρη/κούρη/κώρα "the pupil of the eye, eyeball"
- *qıl ~ ?*qılq (chv. χələχ) - hair
- Mongolic *kilga-su-n - horse's hair
- Classical Mongolian kilgasu(n) - horse's hair
- Khalkha хялгас - horse's hair
- Finnish kalki - hair
Numerals
- bīr - one
- English first, fore
- Romance prim-
- Proto-IE prHuo-, pro-wo-, perǝ, pro first, fore, ahead
- Tokharian parwe
- ek(k)i - two
- Proto-IE sekʷ follow
- Finnish kaksi (?)
- yigirmä - twenty
- Proto-IE *u̯i-ḱmt-ī
- Tokharian wiki, ikäṃ (PTn *w'īkän)
- tümän - ten thousand
- Tokharian tmām; tumane, tmāne; tumám
People
- qı̄z - girl, daughter (Chuvash xĕr)
- English kid, kith
- Proto-IE *ḱer- grow
- Greek κόρη/κούρη/κώρα "girl, virgin"
- er - male, man (?*her (Halaj hir-) ← ?*per)
- Proto-IE *er - bull, male
- Germanic *ærgi (?) - unmasculine?
- Proto-IE *wiro- - man; warrior
- Scythian oior - man (Herodotus)
- Proto-IE *ario-? - master, lord
- ata - father/grandfather; aqa/äke - older male relative
- Proto-IE *ph₂tḗr
- Proto-IE *hatta
- ayal - woman, wife
- Tokharian ckácar, tkácer daughter
- *ēş (*ēlʲ?) - friend
- Proto-IE *bʰili/*bʰilo - harmonious, friendly
- Tungusic *pali - friendship, relationship
- *orda - horde
- Proto-IE *ḱerdʰā - troop, line
Grammatical
- qāń - (qaysı - which, qayda - where, qana - where (to), (kim - who,) etc)
- Proto-IE *kʷo
- Proto-Uralic *ke- who
- -kan - (deverbal adverbial / adjectival / nominal suffix)
- -mA - verbal negative morpheme
- Tokharian má - not
- Greek má, mé - not
- Sanskrit má - don't
- Mandarin mei2, bu1 - NEG
- Cantonese mo5, ng4 - NEG
- beri - before, since
- IE *prih₁-mó- / *prō-to- foremost
- Russian p(e)red - before, in front of
- English fore
- Latin pre-
Other
- yaq-şı - good ← yaq- to be pleasing (?)
- *agıl - cohabitated place (?) (ağla - yard?)
- āq - white
- Proto-IE *h₂erǵ- - white, shine
- Tokharian árki , árkwi- white
- ant+ar - turn over
- Proto-IE ant front
- Tokharian ánt through, across, ánt, ánte forehead
- Germanic anðar other
- süːt - milk
- Proto-IE *sweh₂d-u- sweet
- Proto-IE *ksweid- milk
- *bek - fast (as in solid/stable)
- man - great
- Proto-IE *meǵ- - great?
- Phrygian meka great
- Greek megas great
- Latin magna ?
- Proto-IE *magʰ- - able/power
- Korean manhi - a lot
- Mongolian maš - very
- māl - time, moment
- Germanic *mēl time of meal
- en: meal
- yi: mol time
- de: Mahl, Mal
- ters - reverse, backwards
- Proto-IE *ter- - cross over
- Proto-IE *ter / *tero - over/through
- kers - reverse, backwards
- Proto-IE *ǵers - to turn, to bend
- *yal-aŋ/-ŋuz - naked/lone
- *yar-ıq/-qın//-ıl - light, bright//explode
- Kg. ubada- - promise (origin?)
- Proto-IE *wadʰ- - promise
- alıs - far, distant
- Proto-IE *h₂el-yó- - beyond; other
- äli - still (Iranian borrowing?)
- Proto-IE *h₂el-yó- - beyond; other
- *yeŋgü-l - lightweight
- Proto-IE *lengʷʰ- - lightweight
- *ōçuz - thin/light/easy/worthless
- *qula - light yellow, brown
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine (>yellow)
- *boŕ / *bōŕ - grey
- Proto-IE *mor(u) - to blacken, dark spot
- *buŕ / *boŕ - to spoil, be damaged, destroyed
- teŋ - equal
- Proto-IE *tengʰ/tenk/tens - to extend, stretch, span
- Proto-IE tenk - contract
- yāĺıl - green ← yāĺ young
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel - shine; green
- Proto-IE *dʰāl- blossom, be green
- Proto-IE *iēlo- (only Celtic and Balto-Slavic) unripe, raw
- Mongolian zalʊː young
- *ağır - heavy
- Proto-IE *gʷer - heavy
- Sogdian ɣr’n = ɣərān - heavy
- *bayram - festival (*badram?)
- *tȫr - seat of honour in home (across from door)
- *qır - edge
- Proto-IE gʰer / gʰrØ- - stick out
- Proto-IE (s)ker- - turn, bend
- Proto-IE (s)ker- - cut
- *sāɣ - thought; *sāq- - think
- Proto-IE
- Greek sopʰo-
- Latin sabe-
- Hittite sak/sek
- *burç (??) - corner
- Proto-IE mereǵ/mərǵ- - border
- Latin margō
- Persian marz
- OIr mruig
- Germanic marka
- IE
- tığız - tight, snug (< tıq- cram?)
- IE ?
- Germanic tight?, taut?
- Slavic tug-?
- *sarığ < *sarğa? - yellow
- Mongolic *sira
- Japanese siro - white
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine (>yellow)
- Mandan síre - yellow
- Ossetian syrx - red
- qara - black
- Mongolic *qara
- Japanese kuro
- Proto-IE *ker-/ḱer- - dark colour
- yıraq - far
- Iranian dûra
- Shughni, Sarikoli ðar
Incorporate or not?
- Tokharian sále, sályi - salt (IE *sal- - grey, dirty; salt)
- Tokharian salu, sol - whole (IE *salw- - whole, healthy)
- Tokharian särk, sark - an illness
- IE *sú- - to be born
- Tokharian káryap - harm
- IE weid- - to know
- Turkic bil- (possible, due to sonority stuff)
- IE (En will, Lt vol-, etc)
- Germanic *sūmian- - to miss
- IE *su̯ei- - to make a noise
- Turkic *seb-le - to speak
- IE *h₂eiǵ- - goat
- IE *pel- - grey
- IE *ḱas- - grey
- IE *tark- - to twist
- IE *ǵʰés-ro- - hand
- IE *kaput- - head
- IE *knid- - louse
- IE *plōu- - flea (Pashto vrāž.a)
- Turkic *bürče / *bürge - flea
Cognates with Russian
- murç / burç - pepper
- muz / buz - ice
- moróz - frost (Slavic ?*morz-)
- yarıq, yaruğ, yarqın - light, bright
- qara
- beri - before, since
- pered - before, in front of
- boran - storm
- burʲa - storm
- purga, buran
- seb+kil (?) - freckle(s)
- sep- - scatter/sow
- sıdır- - to peel, strip, tear off
- taşı- - to overflow
Not to incorporate
- ?lağ - meadow
- Balto-Slavic *plãka (?) pl:łąka, ru:lug
Notes
- Tokharian (B?) /ä/ was probably [ɨ]
- When two Tokharian words given, first is Tokharian A, second is Tokharian B
- Tokharian /ç/ is probably [ɕ]
- Tokharian /ts/ and /c/ are different?
PIE-to-Turkic correspondences
This is just for the sake of organising stuff, so I can see better what might be going on, if anything even is..
Labial stops
*p
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
ph₂tḗr → ∅ata |
|
|
| front vowel
|
prih₁- → beri
prih₁- → bir
pénkʷe → bēş
pekʷ → biş-
pel → boz
pṓds → but
|
|
|
|
*b
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
|
|
|
| front vowel
|
|
|
|
|
*bʰ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
bʰer- → ber |
gʰabʰ- → qap- |
|
| front vowel
|
bʰardʰ → burut
bʰ◌ħd → ∅ad-aq
bʰili → ∅ēlʲ |
|
|
|
Coronal stops
*t
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
|
|
|
| front vowel
|
twék- → tǖk
tag- → teg-
tekʷ → tök |
|
|
|
*d
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
dáḱru- → yāş
dṓm → tām |
pṓds → but |
bʰ◌ħd → pad-aq
|
| front vowel
|
digʰo → teke |
|
|
|
*dʰ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
dʰégʷʰ- → yaq-
dʰwer → tȫr |
ǵʰer-dʰ → yurt
bʰardʰ → burut |
|
| front vowel
|
|
|
|
|
Palatal stops
*ḱ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
ḱórw-eh₂ → qarğa
ḱlew- → qul-aq
|
dáḱru- → yaş
|
|
| front vowel
|
ḱel- → yıl
ḱḗr → yür-äk
ḱes- → kes-
|
|
|
|
*ǵ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
|
h₂erǵ- → āq |
|
| front vowel
|
ǵers → kers |
|
|
|
*ǵʰ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
ǵʰáns- → qāz
ǵʰer- → qar-ın
ǵʰel- → qula
|
|
|
| front vowel
|
ǵʰel- → ∅altın
ǵʰer-dʰ → yur-t
|
|
|
|
Velar stops
*k
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
ker- → qara |
|
|
| front vowel
|
ked- → ket- |
twék- → tǖk |
uks → ökiz
|
|
*g
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
gerh₂- → qarı- |
|
|
| front vowel
|
gal- → yal- |
tag- → teg- |
|
|
*gʰ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
gʰabʰ- → qap- |
|
|
| front vowel
|
|
|
digʰo → teke
|
|
Labialised stops
*kʷ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
kʷo → qāń
kʷer- → qur- |
sekʷ- → saqı |
|
| front vowel
|
|
pekʷ → biş-
pénkʷe → bēş
tekʷ → tök- |
|
|
*gʷ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
gʷer → ağır |
|
|
| front vowel
|
|
|
|
|
*gʷʰ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
|
dʰégʷʰ → yaq |
|
| front vowel
|
gʷʰer- → yar- |
h₁egʷʰ → iç- |
lengʷʰ-◌ → yengü-l
|
|
Other
*n
|
_C]σ
|
| back vowel
|
|
ǵʰáns- → qā∅s → qā∅z
|
| front vowel
|
|
pénkʷe → bē∅ş
|
| front vowel
|
|
h₁dónts → tī∅ş
|
*w
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
|
ḱórw-eh₂ → qarğa |
ḱlew- → qulaq
|
| front vowel
|
|
|
*m
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
| back vowel
|
|
|
|
| front vowel
|
|
|
Sources
