Non-productive morphemes in Turkic

Verbalisers

-A (N→V)

• boş - empty, free (space, time); boşo- - to empty, become free (v.i.)
• at - name; ata- - to call/name (v.t.)
• san - number; sana- - to count/enumerate (v.t.)
• jaş - age (n.) / young; jaşa- - to live (v.i.)
• aş - food; aşa- - to eat by stuffing food into mouth from hands (one's own or other's)
• sın - criticism; sına- - to criticise, evaluate (v.t.)
• qıŋğır - jingling, ringing; qıŋğıra- - to jingle, ring (v.i.)
• qıyın - difficult; qıyna- - to be difficult (v.i.) ~ to torment? (v.t.)
• til - tongue; tile- - to wish
• orın - place/location; orna- - to be located
• qan - blood; qana- - to bleed? (v.t.)
• tüş - dream; tülö- - to have a dream
• uçur - time, instance; uçra- - to meet / to greet

-sIz → -sIrA

• alsız - weak; alsıra- - to weaken (v.i.)
• Uzbek yog‘ - oil; yog‘sira- - to unoil(?)

-Ay (N→V)

• az - little (in quantity); azay- - to lessen (v.i.)
• çoŋ - big; çoŋoy- - to grow (v.i.)
• köp - a lot; köböy- - to increase in quantity (v.i.)
• keŋ - wide; keŋey- - to get wide (v.i.)
• qıyşıq - crooked; qıyşay- - to get crooked (v.i.)
• joon - thick (of cylindrical things); joonoy- - to thicken (??)
• muŋ - grief; muŋay- - to be sad
• qart - old (person); qartay- - to get old (v.i.)
• sarı - yellow; sarğay- - whither (v.i.)

-sI (Adj→V)

• sür - jerked (meat); sürsü- - be jerked (meat)

∅ (X↔V?)

• köp - a lot; köp- - to swell, get big (in volume, not mass), rise (of dough)
• toŋ - frozen ground(?); toŋ- - to freeze (v.i.)
• qızıq - interesting (adj.); qızıq- - to be interested by (v.i.?)
• kör
• qır
• köç
• sağ - intellect (n.); saq- - think, consider

-(A)r (Adj→V)

• suu - water / wet; suğar- - to water (v.t.)
• jaş - age (n.) / young; jaşar- - to get/look younger
• qısqa - short; qısqar- - to shorten / get short (v.i.)
• kök - green~blue; kögör- - to turn green (v.i.)
• aq - white; ağar- - to turn white (v.i.)
• jaŋı - new; jaŋır- - to be restored/revitalised/renewed (v.i.)
• eski - old; eskir- - to wear out (v.i.)
• içke - thin (of long things); içker- - to get thin (v.i.)
• juqa - thin (of flat things); juqar- - to get thin (v.i.)
• özgö - different/foreign; özgör- - to change (v.i.)

-(I)r, -(I)rA, etc.

• jarıq - bright; jarqır- - flash (v.i.) ?
• jelbire-; jel

r/z and l/ş alternations

• köz - eye; kör- - see
  • Sakha/Dolgan kör- - see, köhün- - to be seen
  • Tuvan kör- see, köskü - visible
  • Khakas kör- see, kösküt- - show
• semiz - fat (adj.); semir- - to get fat
• jetkiz-/jetkir- - to ~lead somewhere / help reach
• jatqız-/jatqır- - to make lie down
• ötköz-/ötkör- - to carry out / execute
• otqor-/otqoz - to graze (v.t.)
• tüş/tülö- - dream (n/v.?.)
• az - little (in quantity), araŋ - barely (Mo. arai)
• uzaq - long; (y)ıraq - far
• ağuz - mouth; ağurt - corner of mouth (?*ağz/*ağurt)
• jultuz - star; jultura- - sparkle
• -siz - -less; -sira- - lose
• -Ar / -mAz
• jalbız ; jalbıraq ?

Causatives

The normal causative formation in Kyrgyz employes -t (after 2+-syllable vowel stems) / and -DIr (after consonant and 1-syllable stems). However, there are a bunch more causative morphemes.

-KAr and -KIz causatives

-KAr/-KAz

• ötkör-/ötköz- - to carry out / execute (v.t.)
• bütkör- - to finish (v.t.)
• körgöz- - to show (v.t.)
• unutqar- - forget
• Maybe a different -KAr/-KAz ?
  • atqar- - to carry out / execute (v.t.)
  • başqar- - to direct (v.t.)
  • qutqar- - to save (v.t.)
  • ayıpqar- -
  • uyatqar- - to shame (v.t.)
  • kömkör- - to lay on front side (v.t.)
  • tütkör- - to make be enough (v.t.)
  • otqor-/otqoz- - to graze (v.t.)
  • (t)omqor / tomur- - to upturn something heavy

-KIr/-KIz

• jetkir-/jetkiz- - to see/walk someone somewhere / help them get there (v.dt.)
• jatqır-/jatqız- - to make lie down (v.t.)
• batqız-/batqır-(?) - to make something fit [somewhere] (v.[d]t.)
• mingiz- - to make someone mount/ride
• tiygiz- - to make touch
• turğuz- - to stand up (v.t.)
• o(l)turğuz- - to make sit (v.t.)
• kiygiz- - to dress (v.t.)
• kirgiz- - to put in / enter (e.g., data) (v.t.)
• jegiz-/jedir- - make eat (v.t.)
• emgiz- - nurse (v.t.)

-(I)r/-(I)z causative

• siŋ- - to get absorbed; siŋir- - to absorb
• büt- - finish/end (v.i.); bütür- - finish (v.t.)
• bış- - cook (v.i.); bışır- - cook (v.t.)
• tüs- - fall (v.i.); tüşür- - make fall (v.t.)
• ket- - leave (v.i.); ketir- - make leave (v.t.)
• aş- - pass/exceed (+abl); aşır - make exceed (v.t.)
• aq- - flow (v.i.); ağız- - make flow (v.t.)
• köç- - move (v.i.); köçür- - move (v.t.)
• öç- - turn off/go out/be extinguished (v.i.); öçür- turn off/put out/extinguish (v.t.)
• qat- - get hard (v.i.); qatır- make hard (v.t.)
• uq- - listen, hear (v.i./v.t.); uğuz- make hear (v.t.)
• iç- - drink (v.t.); içir- make drink (v.t.)
• tam- - drip (v.i.); tamız- make drip (v.t.)
• ös- - grow (v.i.); ösür- make grow, raise (v.t.)

-Ar

• çıq- - take/move out (v.i.); çığar- take/put/move out (v.t.)

-tIr causatives

These causatives don't have voicing assimilation for some reason

• kel- - to come (v.i.); keltir- - to make come (v.t.)
• qal- - to stay (v.i.); qaltır- - to leave (behind) (v.t.)
• öl- - to die (v.i.); öltür- - to kill (v.t.)
• tol- - to fill (v.i.); toltur- - to fill (v.t.)

Other Derivational Alternations

• ??? qız - girl / qızıl - red / qızı- - to blush / qızar- - to blush
• jarıq - bright, jar- - explode
• jalaŋ - naked, jalğız - lone, alone
• balqaş - swamp, balır - swamp

Irregular inflectional forms

• Kyrgz/Kazakh bala → baldar
• Sakha kııs → kıırkıttar

Complex Codas

• Kyrgyz qarın ‘stomach’ → qard- (poss. root)
• Kyrgyz murun ‘nose’ → murd- (poss. root)
• Kyrgyz orun ‘place’ → ord- (poss. root)
• Kyrgyz dial. moyun ‘neck’ → moyd- (poss. root)
• OT oğıl → oğl-
• Tatar siŋil → siŋl-

Complex Codas 2

• Tatar dus → dust-

-KArI

keri means something like "backside side" or "reverse" or something, though this seems to be from the directive case -GArU

• teskeri - backwards ← ters - opposite
• tışqarı - aside from, outside of ← tış - outside
• ilgeri
• sırtqarı

-GU (N→N?)

• qār (**qıra?) snow ~ qırağu (hoar)frost

Adjective derivation

-(K)AK

V→A

• jabışqaq - ‘sticky’
• batqaq - ‘mud’?
• çıçqaq - ‘shitter’
• osurak - ‘farter’
• siygek - ‘pisser’

-sAK

• supsaq cf. suu
• boorsoq cf. boor

-(I)K

This -(I)K is V→A

• açıq ‘open’
• ısıq ‘hot’
• sınıq ‘broken’
• ?qızıq ‘interesting’

Some potential ones:

• arıq (cf. az)
• anıq (cf. ay)

Nominalisers

These are mostly all V→N morphemes

-(I)N

• kelin - ‘bride / daughter in law’
• ?aqırın - slowly, carefully
• ?salqın
• ?jaqın (vs. yağuq)
• ?ışqın
• ?qıyın
• ?dayın (vs. dayar)
• iyin - ‘shoulder’
• tüyün - ‘knot’
• ?tütün - ‘smoke’
• uzun (vs. uzaq)
• ?ustun - ‘(tree )trunk’
• jarqın (vs. jarıq) - ‘bright’
• jaan (cf. jaa-) - ‘rain’
• muun (cf. *boğ-) - ‘joint’

-(I)K

• jırtıq - ‘tear (rip)’
• teşik - ‘hole’
• ayrıq - ‘scrap, shred’
• ışqırıq - ‘whistle’
• qaqırıq - ‘loogie’
• sızıq - ‘line, dash’
• sınıq - ‘broken piece’
• qıyqırıq - ‘yelp’
• kekirik - ‘burp’
• ketik - ‘chip(ped part)’
• ?tütük - ‘pipe’
• kürök - ‘shovel’
• tayaq - ‘stick/cane/prop/support’
• jölök - ‘prop/support’
• tilek - ‘wish’
• buyruq - ‘command’

-(I)m

• ağım - ‘flow’
• kesim - ‘slice’
• çeçim - ‘decision’
• kiyim - ‘clothes/clothing’

-AK

• jataq - ‘standing [e.g., question]’
• uzaq (vs. uzun)

-MA

... No, this is too productive

-MAl

These might just be Mongolian words in Kyrgyz?

• saamal - horse milk (< saa- - to milk (could be Turkic or Mongolic))
• açımal - fermeneted w:jarma (< açı- - to ferment (v.i.))
• tarmal - curly (of hair)
• tuqtamal - suddenly
• tejemel - child being artificially fed??
• şişimel - puffed up (< şişi- - to swell/puff up)
• taanımal - familiar

-KA

V??→N ??

• jumurtqa - ‘egg’
• çegirtke - ‘grasshopper’
• qabırğa - ‘rib, wall’
• köleŋke/kölökö - ‘shade/shadow’
• qumursqa - ‘ant’
• kesirtke (Kazakh) - ‘lizard’

-KI (V→N)

• açıtqı - yeast
• şıpırğı - broom
• uyutqu - coagulator (i.e., for yoghurt)
• ?çalğı - scythe
• sınalğı - TV
• ünalğı - radio
• ?ülgü - pattern
• OTk. içkü - a drink

-dAK

V>N, N>A?

• şırı- - "quilt"; şırdaq - felt rug
• quuru- - "be fried"; quurdaq - fried meat (& potatoes)
• шырдак
• куурдак
• ардак(?)
• балдак(?)
• ажылдак
• буудак
• жайдак "bareback"
• кумдак
• кызгалдак
• муздак
• саадак
• саздак
• тоңкулдак woodpecker
• чаңдак
• чардак gull

-AçAK

• keleçek - "future"
• Kazakh bolaşaq - "future"

-KIn

• qaçqın - ‘runaway, fugitive’
• taşqın - ‘flood’
• turğun - ‘resident’
• jutqınçaq - ‘adam's apple’

-nAKAy

Adj → Adj

• jaqşınaqay - ~nice (< jaqşı - good)
• jönököy - simple (< jön - simple?)
• tatınaqay - ~cute (< tatuu - sweet)
• kiçinekey - little (< kiçüü - ~small)

-(A)LA

V → V; adds iterativity to meaning

• tebele- ← tep-
• qubala- ← quu-
• jörgölö- ← *jörgö-

-KILA

• tepkile- ← tep-
• çapqıla- ← çap-

-ç

• тынч ← тын-
• бурч ← бур-
• курч ← кур- ?

Misc

• кап- capture, grab
  • капкан trap
  • капкак lid
  • каптал side