Evolution of German: Difference between revisions
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== Evolution == | == Evolution == | ||
[[Image:tree.png]] | [[Image:tree.png|thumb|500px|left|Branching Tree of Germanic Languages]] | ||
== Proto-IE to Proto-Germanic == | == Proto-IE to Proto-Germanic == | ||
* IE ablaut rule: | |||
** V → V → [e(:), o(:), 0] in a m.c. environment | |||
** kneigʰ → kniigʰ/knīgʰ | |||
* o → a | |||
* l̥, m̥, n̥, r̥ → ul, um, un, ur | |||
* "First" umlaut: | |||
** e → i / _ {C<sub>0</sub> i(:), j | [ nasal C]C } | |||
** i, u → e, o / _ C<sub>0</sub> a(:), o(:), e(:) | (C ≠ [ nasal C] C) | |||
* ē → ā | |||
=== Verner's Law === | === Verner's Law === | ||
Continuant options if after a vowel. | Continuant options if after a vowel. | ||
* / V<sub>[-stressed]</sub> C<sub>0[ | * / V<sub>[-stressed]</sub> C<sub>0[ sonorant]</sub> _ {#,C<sub>[ sonorant]</sub>} | ||
{|border="1" | {|border="1" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 88: | Line 97: | ||
=== Gemination === | === Gemination === | ||
* C → CC / _ C<sub>[ | * C → CC / _ C<sub>[ son]</sub> | ||
** (i.e.: n, m, l, (r,) w, j } | ** (i.e.: n, m, l, (r,) w, j } | ||
** skalj → shell | ** skalj → shell | ||
| Line 99: | Line 108: | ||
== West Germanic to OHG == | == West Germanic to OHG == | ||
=== Voiceless Stops Fricativise === | |||
* ship → shif | |||
=== Second Sound Shift === | === Second Sound Shift === | ||
Voiceless Aspirated Stops Fricativise | |||
(a.k.a. Affricatisation) | (a.k.a. Affricatisation) | ||
{|border="1" | {|border="1" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=== | === Voiced stops devoice === | ||
* d → t (except after a nasal) | * d → t (except after a nasal?) | ||
* g,b → k,p | |||
=== Other stuff === | |||
* θ → d | |||
* β → b | * β → b | ||
* ɣ → ɡ | * ɣ → ɡ | ||
[[Category:Linguistics]] | |||
[[Category:Historical Linguistics]] | |||
Latest revision as of 05:58, 12 April 2007
These are just notes to get my thoughts together for a test; no guarantee is given as to the accuracy of this information and the site license stands.
Evolution
Proto-IE to Proto-Germanic
- IE ablaut rule:
- V → V → [e(:), o(:), 0] in a m.c. environment
- kneigʰ → kniigʰ/knīgʰ
- o → a
- l̥, m̥, n̥, r̥ → ul, um, un, ur
- "First" umlaut:
- e → i / _ {C0 i(:), j | [ nasal C]C }
- i, u → e, o / _ C0 a(:), o(:), e(:) | (C ≠ [ nasal C] C)
- ē → ā
Verner's Law
Continuant options if after a vowel.
- / V[-stressed] C0[ sonorant] _ {#,C[ sonorant]}
| p | t | k | kʷ |
|
→ | |||
| β/b | d/ð | ɣ/ɡ | ɣʷ/ɡʷ |
The first sound shift
Continuant options if after a vowel
- voiceless stops → fricatives
| p | t | k | kʷ | s |
|
→ | ||||
| f | θ | x/h | xʷ/hʷ | s |
- voiced stops → unvoiced stops
| b | d | ɡ | ɡʷ |
|
→ | |||
| p | t | k | kʷ |
- voiced aspirated stops → voiced stops
| bʰ | dʰ | ɡʰ | ɡʷʰ |
|
→ | |||
| β/b | d/ð | ɣ/ɡ | ɣʷ/ɡʷ |
Stress Shift
Germanic to NW Germanic
- z → r
NW Germanic to West Germanic
- ð → d
Gemination
- C → CC / _ C[ son]
- (i.e.: n, m, l, (r,) w, j }
- skalj → shell
- → latter, ladder
- → button
- → happen
- → bubble
- → bottle
- sitj(an) → sit(ting)
West Germanic to OHG
Voiceless Stops Fricativise
- ship → shif
Second Sound Shift
Voiceless Aspirated Stops Fricativise (a.k.a. Affricatisation)
| pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | → |
| pf | ts | kx | / {#,C} _ |
| ff | ss | xx | / {V} _ |
Voiced stops devoice
- d → t (except after a nasal?)
- g,b → k,p
Other stuff
- θ → d
- β → b
- ɣ → ɡ
