Turkic sound correspondences: Difference between revisions

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Line 73: Line 73:
|  || egin || || || || || || || || || || || || ‘grain’
|  || egin || || || || || || || || || || || || ‘grain’
|-
|-
! Correspondence !! chv !! kir !! uzb !! uig !! tur !! gag !! aze !! tuk !! klj !! kjh !! tyv !! sah !! Mongolic !! gloss
! Correspondence !! ЭСТЯ !! chv !! kir !! uzb !! uig !! tur !! gag !! aze !! tuk !! klj !! kjh !! tyv !! sah !! Mongolic !! gloss
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| *y / _ C æ?
!rowspan="2"| *y / _ C æ?
|
|
| kɔʋak || køk || kȯk || køk || gøk || gøk || gøj || gøːk || kiːek || køk || køk || kyøx || køke/kyke || sky; blue
| kɒʋɑk || køk || kȯk || køk || gøk || gøk || gøj || gøːk || kiːek || køk || køk || kyøx || køke/kyke || ‘sky; blue’
|-
|-
|
|
| kylɘ || køl || kȯl || køl || gøl || gøl || køl || køːl ||  || køl || xøl || kyøl ||  || lake
| kylɘ || køl || kȯl || køl || gøl || gøl || køl || køːl ||  || køl || xøl || kyøl ||  || ‘lake’
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| *yː?
!rowspan="1"| *i / _ C u?
|
|
| ɕɔʋaɾ || ʤyz || || jyz || jyz || (j)yz || yz || jyz || jiːz || ʧys || || syːs || niɣur || face
| ɕɘʷɾ || ʤyz || jʉz ||  || jyz || yz || jyz || jyːz || jyːz || ʧys || ʧys || syːs ||  || ‘hundred’
|-
!rowspan="1"| *i / _ G o?
|
| ɕɒʋɑɾ ‘mouth’ || ʤyz || jʉz || jyz || jyz || (j)yz || yz || jyz || jiːz || ʧys || || syːs ‘forehead’ || niɣur || ‘face’
|}
|}


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{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Correspondence !! chv !! kir !! uzb !! uig !! tur !! gag !! aze !! tuk !! klj !! kjh !! tyv !! sah !! Mongolic !! gloss
! Correspondence !! chv !! kir !! uzb !! uig !! tur !! gag !! aze !! tuk !! klj !! kjh !! tyv !! sah !! Mongolic !! gloss !! proposed proto-Turkic
|-
|-
!rowspan="1"| ō?
!rowspan="1"| ō?
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|  || surɑ- || sȯra- ||  || sor- ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || ‘ask’
|  || surɑ- || sȯra- ||  || sor- ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || ‘ask’
|-
|-
!rowspan="1"| ö/ü
!rowspan="3"| ö/ü (*ȫ?)
|  || ön- || ʉn- ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || ‘grow/rise’
|  || ön- || ʉn- ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || ‘grow/rise’
|-
|-
!rowspan="11"| ɑ/ɯ
|  || børyk || bȯrk || børk || børk ||  ||  || bøːrik || bö̂k || pørɘk || børt || bergehe || bürkü || ‘hat’
|-
|  ||  || ||  || døz- ||  || døz- || døz- ||  ||  ||  ||  || türe- || ‘suffer’
|-
!rowspan="12"| ɑ/ɯ
|  || ʤɑrɯq/ʤɑrqɯn || jɒrqɨn ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || ʧɯrɯq ||  ||  || ‘bright’
|  || ʤɑrɯq/ʤɑrqɯn || jɒrqɨn ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || ʧɯrɯq ||  ||  || ‘bright’
|-
|-
Line 124: Line 132:
|-
|-
| ɯʋət- || ɑt- || ɒt- ||  || ɑt- ||  ||  ||  || hɑt- ||  || ɑt- || ɯt- ||  || ‘shoot’
| ɯʋət- || ɑt- || ɒt- ||  || ɑt- ||  ||  ||  || hɑt- ||  || ɑt- || ɯt- ||  || ‘shoot’
|-
| ɕəʋɫa-/ɕuɫa- || ʤɑɫɑ- || jala- || jɑlɑ- || jɑɫɑ- || || jɑɫɑ- || jɑːɫɑ- || jɑlʁɑ- || ʧɑlʁɑ- || ʧɯlʁɑ- || sɑlɑː- || (ʤalgi- ‘swallow’?) || ‘lick’
|-
|-
|  || ʤɑːq || jaʁ || jɑɴɑq || jɑnɑk || jɑnɑq || jɑnɑɢ || jɑɴɑq ||  || nɑːx || ʧɑːq || sɯɴɑːχ ||  || ‘cheek, jaw’
|  || ʤɑːq || jaʁ || jɑɴɑq || jɑnɑk || jɑnɑq || jɑnɑɢ || jɑɴɑq ||  || nɑːx || ʧɑːq || sɯɴɑːχ ||  || ‘cheek, jaw’
Line 131: Line 141:
|  || ʤɑt- || jɒt- || jɑt- || jɑt- || jɑt- || jɑt- || jɑt- || jɑt- || ʧɑt- || ʧɯt-(ɑr) || sɯt- ||  || ‘lie’
|  || ʤɑt- || jɒt- || jɑt- || jɑt- || jɑt- || jɑt- || jɑt- || jɑt- || ʧɑt- || ʧɯt-(ɑr) || sɯt- ||  || ‘lie’
|-
|-
|  || tɑp- || tɒp- ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || tɯʋ-(ɑr) || || ‘find’
|  || tɑp- || tɒp- ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || tɯʋ-(ɑr) || || || ‘find’
|-
|-
! ɑ
! ɑ
| pɯɫ || bɑɫ || bɒl ||  || bɑɫ ||  ||  || bɑl ||  || pɑl ||  ||  ||  || 'honey'
| pɯɫ || bɑɫ || bɒl ||  || bɑɫ ||  ||  || bɑl ||  || pɑl ||  ||  ||  || 'honey'
|-
|-
! ш/ɑ (*ɑ_i?)
|-
!rowspan="2"| ш/ɑ (*ɑ_i?)
| tuɫ || tɯʃ || tɒʃ || tɑʃ || dɯʃ || ||  || dɑʃ || tɑʃ || tɑs || tɯʃ || tɑs || || ‘outer part’
| tuɫ || tɯʃ || tɒʃ || tɑʃ || dɯʃ || ||  || dɑʃ || tɑʃ || tɑs || tɯʃ || tɑs || || ‘outer part’
|-
|-
! i / _ C ɑ
| puɕ || bɑʃ || bɒʃ || bɑʃ || bɑʃ || bɑʃ || bɑʃ || bɑʃ || bɑʃ || pɑs || bɑʼʃ || bɑs || *balji || ‘head’ || **balʧi???
| juɾ || qɑɾ || qɒɾ || qɑɾ || kɑɾ || qɑːɾ || ɢɑɾ || ɢɑːɾ ||  || xɑɾ || xɑɾ || xɑːɾ || kira-ɣu || ‘snow’
|-
!rowspan="4"| i / _ C ɑ #
| juɾ || qɑɾ || qɒɾ || qɑɾ || kɑɾ || qɑːɾ || ɢɑɾ || ɢɑːɾ ||  || xɑɾ || xɑɾ || xɑːɾ || kira-ɣu || ‘snow’ || **kira/***kiro?
|-
| jun || qɑn || qɒn || qɑn || kɑn || qɑn || ɢɑn || ɢɑːn || qɑːn || xɑn || xɑn || xɑːn ||  || ‘blood’ || **kina/***kino?
|-
| ʧuɫ || tɑʃ || tɒʃ || tɑʃ || tɑʃ || tɑʃ || dɑʃ || dɑːʃ || tɒːʃ || tɑs || dɑʃ || tɑːs || čila-ɣu || ‘stone’ || **tila/***tilo?
|-
| ʃur/ʃurə || sɑz || sɒz || sɑz ||  || || || || || sɑs ||  || || siraɣu/siruɣa ‘dirt’ || ‘marsh’ (Hungarian ʃaːr ‘mud’) || **sira/***siro?
|-
|-
! i/e
! i/e
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| pirɘ || bœry || bȯrɨ || børæ || børy ||  || || bøːry || biːeri || pyːr || børy || bœrœ || || ‘wolf’
| pirɘ || bœry || bȯrɨ || børæ || børy ||  || || bøːry || biːeri || pyːr || børy || bœrœ || || ‘wolf’
|}
|}
== Consonants ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Correspondence !! chv !! kir !! uzb !! uig !! tur !! gag !! aze !! tuk !! klj !! kjh !! tyv !! sah !! Mongolic !! gloss
|-
! lʧ
| puɕ || bɑʃ || bɒʃ || bɑʃ || bɑʃ || bɑʃ || bɑʃ || bɑʃ || bɑʃ || pɑs || bɑʼʃ || bɑs || *balji || ‘head’
|}


[[Category:Historical Linguistics]]
[[Category:Historical Linguistics]]
[[Category:Turkic Languages]]
[[Category:Turkic Languages]]

Latest revision as of 02:24, 18 November 2025

mid vowels

Correspondence ЭСТЯ chv kir uzb uig tur gag aze tuk klj kjh tyv sah Mongolic gloss
*i / _ C æ? *bæːʃ pil(l)ɛk beʃ beʃ bæʃ bɛʃ beʃ bæːʃ bieʃ pis beʃ bies ‘five’
ɕilxɛ jɛlɛ jelæ lælæk jelek jælæːk ʧilen ʧel siel del ‘mane, feather’
*æ / _ C i? kaɕ keʧ gɛʧ giːç ‘late’
jaɫ el el il/æl il/ɛl iel el iːl il il ‘nation’
? *el, *elik aɫə — (ilik) (ilik) ɛl jel æl el æl iliː/eliː ‘hand’
pil(ɘk) bel bel bæl bɛl bel bel biːl biːel pil bel biːl belkeɣy ‘waist; pass’
par- ber- ber- bær- vɛr- ver- ver- ber- (ver-) pir- ber- bier- ‘give’
keʧeː keʧæ kæʧæ geʤe geʤæ geʤæ giːʤe kiːeʧæ kiʒeː keʒeː kiehe ‘evening/yesterday’
*æ / _ C æ? *æːr ar er er ær ɛr ær æːr hær ir er er ere ‘man’
*e? ɕil ʤel jel jæl jɛl jel jel jæːl ʧil (sillie) ‘wind’
kil- kel- kel- kæl-/kil- gʲɛl- gel- gæl- gel kæl- kil- kel- kel- ‘come’
kir(lɘ) kerek keræk keræk gɛrɛk gæræk gerek kerek kirek xerek kerex ‘necessary/necessity’
kas- kes- kes- kes- kɛs- kæs- kes- kæs- kis- keъs- keheː- ‘cut’
kaɕ- keʧ- keʧ- kæʧ-  gɛʧ- geʧ- keʧ- geʧ- kæʧ- kis- keъʃ- kes- ‘pass over’
tarən tereŋ teræn derin derin dærin deriːŋ tireŋ tereŋ tereŋ ‘deep’
ɕɘr ʤer jer jær jɛr jer jer jer jer ʧir ʧer sir ‘land’
*iː? (ɘɕ) iʃ ɨʃ ɨʃ iʃ iʃ iʃ iːʃ iːʃ iʃ iːs yle ‘work’
*ji? jɘr iz ɨz ɨz iz jiz iz ɯːz ɘs is ‘trace’
(other?) ek- ‘sow’
egin ‘grain’
Correspondence ЭСТЯ chv kir uzb uig tur gag aze tuk klj kjh tyv sah Mongolic gloss
*y / _ C æ? kɒʋɑk køk kȯk køk gøk gøk gøj gøːk kiːek køk køk kyøx køke/kyke ‘sky; blue’
kylɘ køl kȯl køl gøl gøl køl køːl køl xøl kyøl ‘lake’
*i / _ C u? ɕɘʷɾ ʤyz jʉz jyz yz jyz jyːz jyːz ʧys ʧys syːs ‘hundred’
*i / _ G o? ɕɒʋɑɾ ‘mouth’ ʤyz jʉz jyz jyz (j)yz yz jyz jiːz ʧys syːs ‘forehead’ niɣur ‘face’

Vowel-height stuff

Correspondence chv kir uzb uig tur gag aze tuk klj kjh tyv sah Mongolic gloss proposed proto-Turkic
ō? ɕuɫ ʤoɫ jȯl joɫ joɫ joɫ joːɫ juoːɫ ʧoɫ ʧoɫ  suoɫ ‘road’
u/o/ɑ suːq sɒʁɨq soːuk ‘cold’
monʧoq mʉnʧɒq bonʤuk moːnʤuq ‘bead/necklace’
topurɑq tʉprɒq toprɑk ‘dirt’
ojʁo-t- ʉjʁɒ-t- ujɑ-n- ‘wake’
surɑ- sȯra- sor- ‘ask’
ö/ü (*ȫ?) ön- ʉn- ‘grow/rise’
børyk bȯrk børk børk bøːrik bö̂k pørɘk børt bergehe bürkü ‘hat’
døz- døz- døz- türe- ‘suffer’
ɑ/ɯ ʤɑrɯq/ʤɑrqɯn jɒrqɨn ʧɯrɯq ‘bright’
xɯrəm qɑrɯn/qɑrn- qɒrɨn/qɒrn- kɑrɯn/kɑrn- χɯrɯn/χɯrn- ‘stomach’
tɯmɑr tɑmɯr dɑmɑr dɑmɑr dɑmɑr dɑmɑr dɑmɯr tɯmɯr ‘vein, root’
ɕunɑt qɑnɑt kɑnɑt ɢɑːnɑt qɑnɑt kɯnɑt, kɯj̃ɯɑt ‘wing’
il- ɑɫ- ɒl- ɑɫ- ɯɫ- ‘take’
ujəx ɑj ɒj ɑj ɯj ‘moon’
ɯʋət- ɑt- ɒt- ɑt- hɑt- ɑt- ɯt- ‘shoot’
ɕəʋɫa-/ɕuɫa- ʤɑɫɑ- jala- jɑlɑ- jɑɫɑ- jɑɫɑ- jɑːɫɑ- jɑlʁɑ- ʧɑlʁɑ- ʧɯlʁɑ- sɑlɑː- (ʤalgi- ‘swallow’?) ‘lick’
ʤɑːq jaʁ jɑɴɑq jɑnɑk jɑnɑq jɑnɑɢ jɑɴɑq nɑːx ʧɑːq sɯɴɑːχ ‘cheek, jaw’
ʧɑʧ- sɒʧ- ʧɑʧ- sɑʧ- sɑʧ- sɑʧ- sɑʧ- sɑʧ- sɑs- ʧɑъʃ- ɯs- ‘scatter’
ʤɑt- jɒt- jɑt- jɑt- jɑt- jɑt- jɑt- jɑt- ʧɑt- ʧɯt-(ɑr) sɯt- ‘lie’
tɑp- tɒp- tɯʋ-(ɑr) ‘find’
ɑ pɯɫ bɑɫ bɒl bɑɫ bɑl pɑl 'honey'
ш/ɑ (*ɑ_i?) tuɫ tɯʃ tɒʃ tɑʃ dɯʃ dɑʃ tɑʃ tɑs tɯʃ tɑs ‘outer part’
puɕ bɑʃ bɒʃ bɑʃ bɑʃ bɑʃ bɑʃ bɑʃ bɑʃ pɑs bɑʼʃ bɑs *balji ‘head’ **balʧi???
i / _ C ɑ # juɾ qɑɾ qɒɾ qɑɾ kɑɾ qɑːɾ ɢɑɾ ɢɑːɾ xɑɾ xɑɾ xɑːɾ kira-ɣu ‘snow’ **kira/***kiro?
jun qɑn qɒn qɑn kɑn qɑn ɢɑn ɢɑːn qɑːn xɑn xɑn xɑːn ‘blood’ **kina/***kino?
ʧuɫ tɑʃ tɒʃ tɑʃ tɑʃ tɑʃ dɑʃ dɑːʃ tɒːʃ tɑs dɑʃ tɑːs čila-ɣu ‘stone’ **tila/***tilo?
ʃur/ʃurə sɑz sɒz sɑz sɑs siraɣu/siruɣa ‘dirt’ ‘marsh’ (Hungarian ʃaːr ‘mud’) **sira/***siro?
i/e timɘr temir temir demir demir demir timir temür ‘iron, steel’
i~y/æ~œ pirɘ bœry bȯrɨ børæ børy bøːry biːeri pyːr børy bœrœ ‘wolf’

Consonants

Correspondence chv kir uzb uig tur gag aze tuk klj kjh tyv sah Mongolic gloss
lʧ puɕ bɑʃ bɒʃ bɑʃ bɑʃ bɑʃ bɑʃ bɑʃ bɑʃ pɑs bɑʼʃ bɑs *balji ‘head’
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