Difference between revisions of "Kyrgyz phrasal verbs"
Firespeaker (talk | contribs) (→N with possessive morphology) |
Firespeaker (talk | contribs) (→"N" is limited in use to compound) |
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==== "N" is limited in use to compound ==== | ==== "N" is limited in use to compound ==== | ||
+ | UD: annotate these as <tt>compound</tt> (or <tt>fixed</tt>?) | ||
* кабыл ал- < кабыл {{eng|???}} + ал- {{eng|take}} = "accept" (+ACC) | * кабыл ал- < кабыл {{eng|???}} + ал- {{eng|take}} = "accept" (+ACC) | ||
* жөнгө сал- < жөн {{eng|~straight?}} + сал- {{eng|set / put in}} = "repair" (+ACC) | * жөнгө сал- < жөн {{eng|~straight?}} + сал- {{eng|set / put in}} = "repair" (+ACC) | ||
+ | * звант эт- < звант {{eng|—}} + эт- {{eng|do}} = "call" (+DAT) | ||
+ | * жек көр- < жек {{eng|—}} + көр- {{eng|see}} = "hate" (+ACC) | ||
+ | * таң кал- < таң {{eng|—}} + кал- {{eng|stay}} = "be/get surprised" | ||
+ | * таң калтыр- < таң {{eng|—}} + калтыр- {{eng|leave / make stay}} = "surprise" | ||
==== "N" is ideophone ==== | ==== "N" is ideophone ==== | ||
+ | UD: annotate these as compound:lvc | ||
* тарс эт- < тарс {{eng|bang}} + эт- {{eng|do}} = "go bang" | * тарс эт- < тарс {{eng|bang}} + эт- {{eng|do}} = "go bang" | ||
* чалп эт- < чалп {{eng|splash}} + эт- {{eng|do}} = "go splash" | * чалп эт- < чалп {{eng|splash}} + эт- {{eng|do}} = "go splash" | ||
* ''etc.'' | * ''etc.'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== "N" isn't a noun ==== | ||
+ | UD: annotate these advcl dependent on verb root | ||
+ | * жакшы көр- < жакшы {{eng|good/well}} + көр- {{eng|see}} = "like" (+ACC) | ||
==== N is indefinite object ==== | ==== N is indefinite object ==== | ||
+ | UD: annotate these as compound, unless noun can take morphology or noun and verb can be separated by adverb | ||
* кол кой- < кол {{eng|hand}} + кой- {{eng|put}} = "sign" (+DAT) | * кол кой- < кол {{eng|hand}} + кой- {{eng|put}} = "sign" (+DAT) | ||
* кол сал- < кол {{eng|hand}} + сал- {{eng|set / put in}} = "attack" (+DAT) | * кол сал- < кол {{eng|hand}} + сал- {{eng|set / put in}} = "attack" (+DAT) | ||
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* буюртма бер- < буюртма {{eng|order}} + бер- {{eng|give}} = "place an order" | * буюртма бер- < буюртма {{eng|order}} + бер- {{eng|give}} = "place an order" | ||
* уруксат бер- < уруксат {{eng|permission}} + бер- {{eng|give}} = "give permission" (see also уруксат+[pos]+[acc] бер-) | * уруксат бер- < уруксат {{eng|permission}} + бер- {{eng|give}} = "give permission" (see also уруксат+[pos]+[acc] бер-) | ||
− | * сөз кыл- < сөз {{eng|word}} + кыл- {{eng|do/make}} = " | + | * сөз кыл- < сөз {{eng|word}} + кыл- {{eng|do/make}} = "mention" (+жөнүндө) |
* сөз эт- < сөз {{eng|word}} + эт- {{eng|do}} = "talk (?)" | * сөз эт- < сөз {{eng|word}} + эт- {{eng|do}} = "talk (?)" | ||
+ | * пайда бол- < пайда {{eng|use}} + бол- {{eng|be}} = "appear" | ||
+ | * аракет кыл- < аракет {{eng|effort}} + кыл- {{eng|do, make}} = "try to" (+DAT) | ||
==== N is in other cases ==== | ==== N is in other cases ==== |
Latest revision as of 09:14, 16 August 2024
V + V
There are many cases in Kyrgyz where two (or more) verbs occur in a sequence. Usually this is in combinations where there's a sequence of events (each one represented by a verb) or additional aspectual or mood information being added to an event (where a second verb is an auxiliary conveying that aspectual/mood information).
V + V as a single verb
There are, however, a few V + V combinations which can be interpreted (and certainly translated) as if they are behaving as a single verb.
- алып кел- < ал- ‘take’ + кел- ‘come’ = "bring"
- алып бар- < ал- ‘take’ + бар- ‘go (+dest)’ = "take / bring (over)"
- алып кет- < ал- ‘take’ + кет- ‘leave’ = "take away"
- алып жүр- < ал- ‘take’ + жүр- ‘go’ = "carry (in some contexts)"
Some of these have abbreviated forms in speech:¹
- апкел- = алып кел-
- апар- = алып бар-
¹ In Kazakh, the forms әкел-, апар-, and әкет- are the standard written forms of these words, and only in very high registers are they written as two separate verbs.
There are some other verbs
- басып чыгар- < бас- ‘press’ + чыгар- ‘make come out’ = "print (out)"
V1 + V2 with V2's valency
In most instances of V1 + V2 (+ V3, etc.), the main verb is V1 and the valency of the compound verb is that of V1. However, in some [rather rare] scenarios, V2 is treated as the main verb and the valency of the compound verb is that of V2.
- Сени барып алып келем
- Тамакты жыргап жеп жатат
FIXME: example
N + V
N with possessive morphology
N is 3rd person subject
Most of these are conjugated in 3rd person; English subject often corresponds to possessor of noun, overt with genitive case.
- ич+[pos] айлан- < ич ‘inside’ + айлан- ‘spin (v.i.)’ = "have an upset stomach"
- баш+[pos] айлан- < баш ‘head’ + айлан- ‘spin (v.i.)’ = "be/get dizzy / confused"
- жүрөк+[pos] айлан- < жүрөк ‘heart’ + айлан- ‘spin (v.i.)’ = "be/get nauseous / grossed out"
- көңүл+[pos] түш- < көңүл ‘feelings’ + түш- ‘fall’ = "be/get down"
- көңүл+[pos] көтөрүл- < көңүл ‘feelings’ + көтөрүл- ‘be lifted’ = "cheer up"
- көңүл+[pos] сууп кал- < көңүл ‘feelings’ + суу- ‘get cold’ + кал- ‘[perfect aspect]’ = "stop liking [a person]" (+ABL)
- кол+[pos] тий- < кол ‘hand’ + тий- ‘touch’ = "have free time"
- пайда+[pos] тий- < пайда ‘use’ + тий- ‘touch’ = "be useful" (+GEN - for the thing that is useful; verb is always 3rd person)
- суук тий- < суук ‘cold’ + тий- ‘touch’ = "catch a cold" (+DAT - for the one who got the cold; verb is always 3rd person)
N is definite object
seem to be either causatives of above or just compositional?
- баш+[pos]+[acc] айлант- < баш ‘head’ + айлант- ‘spin (v.t.)’ = "make dizzy / confuse"
- жүрөк+[pos]+[acc] айлант- < жүрөк ‘heart’ + айлант- ‘spin (v.t.)’ = "make nauseous / gross out"
- көңүл+[pos]+[acc] түшүр- < көңүл ‘feelings’ + түшүр- ‘make fall’ = "get [someone] down"
- көңүл+[pos]+[acc] көтөр- < көңүл ‘feelings’ + көтөр- ‘lift’ = "cheer [someone] up"
- сакал+[pos]+[acc] ал- < сакал ‘beard’ + ал- ‘take’ = "shave [one's] beard" (see also сакал ал-)
- уруксат+[pos]+[acc] бер- < уруксат ‘permission’ + бер- ‘give’ = "give [one's] permission" (see also уруксат бер-)
- боор+[pos]+[acc] эз- < боор ‘liver’ + эз- ‘mash’ = "crack [someone] up"
N is in other cases
- моюн+[pos]+[dat] ал- < моюн ‘neck’ + ал- ‘take’ = "accept/recognise/admit" (+ACC)
N without possessive morphology
"N" is limited in use to compound
UD: annotate these as compound (or fixed?)
- кабыл ал- < кабыл ‘???’ + ал- ‘take’ = "accept" (+ACC)
- жөнгө сал- < жөн ‘~straight?’ + сал- ‘set / put in’ = "repair" (+ACC)
- звант эт- < звант ‘—’ + эт- ‘do’ = "call" (+DAT)
- жек көр- < жек ‘—’ + көр- ‘see’ = "hate" (+ACC)
- таң кал- < таң ‘—’ + кал- ‘stay’ = "be/get surprised"
- таң калтыр- < таң ‘—’ + калтыр- ‘leave / make stay’ = "surprise"
"N" is ideophone
UD: annotate these as compound:lvc
- тарс эт- < тарс ‘bang’ + эт- ‘do’ = "go bang"
- чалп эт- < чалп ‘splash’ + эт- ‘do’ = "go splash"
- etc.
"N" isn't a noun
UD: annotate these advcl dependent on verb root
- жакшы көр- < жакшы ‘good/well’ + көр- ‘see’ = "like" (+ACC)
N is indefinite object
UD: annotate these as compound, unless noun can take morphology or noun and verb can be separated by adverb
- кол кой- < кол ‘hand’ + кой- ‘put’ = "sign" (+DAT)
- кол сал- < кол ‘hand’ + сал- ‘set / put in’ = "attack" (+DAT)
- сакал ал- < сакал ‘beard’ + ал- ‘take’ = "shave" (see also сакал+[pos]+[acc] ал-)
- баш тарт- < баш ‘head’ + тарт- ‘pull’ = "withdraw (from)" (+ABL)
- тамак ич- < тамак ‘food’ + ич- ‘drink’ = "eat / dine"
- баш ий- < баш ‘head’ + ий- ‘bend’ = "comply with / obey" (+DAT)
- баш кош- < баш ‘head’ + кош- ‘add’ = "become spouses"
- баш кой- < баш ‘head’ + кой- ‘put’ = "commit oneself (to something)" (+DAT)
- таасир эт- < таасир ‘influence’ + эт- ‘do’ = "affect" (+DAT)
- телефон чал- < телефон ‘telephone’ + чал- ‘~strike against’ = "call" (+DAT)
- буюртма бер- < буюртма ‘order’ + бер- ‘give’ = "place an order"
- уруксат бер- < уруксат ‘permission’ + бер- ‘give’ = "give permission" (see also уруксат+[pos]+[acc] бер-)
- сөз кыл- < сөз ‘word’ + кыл- ‘do/make’ = "mention" (+жөнүндө)
- сөз эт- < сөз ‘word’ + эт- ‘do’ = "talk (?)"
- пайда бол- < пайда ‘use’ + бол- ‘be’ = "appear"
- аракет кыл- < аракет ‘effort’ + кыл- ‘do, make’ = "try to" (+DAT)
N is in other cases
- турмушка чык- < турмуш ‘lifestyle’ + dative + чык- ‘leave’ = "get married (for women)" (+DAT)
- камакка ал- < камак ‘captivity’ + dative + ал- ‘take’ = "arrest" (+ACC)
- жумушка ал- < жумуш ‘work’ + dative + ал- ‘take’ = "hire" (+ACC)
- башка кел- < баш ‘head’ + dative + кел- ‘come’ = "come up unexpectedly"
- жолго чык- < жол ‘way’ + dative + чык- ‘depart’ = "set off"
- жолго сал- < жол ‘way’ + dative + сал- ‘put in’ = "send off" (+ACC)
- жумушка сал- < жумуш ‘work’ + dative + сал- ‘put in’ = "set to work" (+ACC)
- сөзгө кел- < сөз ‘something said’ + dative + кел- ‘come’ = "come to an agreement"
- колдон кел- < кол ‘hand’ + possessive (person for whom its doable) + ablative + кел- ‘come’ = "be doable for someone" (+GEN & POSS)
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