Difference between revisions of "Similarities to Turkic"
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* *kene - ''tick, mite'' | * *kene - ''tick, mite'' | ||
** '''Proto-IE''' *''knid, ḱnid'' - louse, nit | ** '''Proto-IE''' *''knid, ḱnid'' - louse, nit | ||
| + | *** '''Greek''' ''konís'' | ||
* *iŋäk (?) - ''cow'' | * *iŋäk (?) - ''cow'' | ||
| Line 714: | Line 715: | ||
** '''Mongolic''' ''id'' | ** '''Mongolic''' ''id'' | ||
** '''Nihali''' ''ṭ/tyeː''- | ** '''Nihali''' ''ṭ/tyeː''- | ||
| + | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵyewh₁-'' - chew | ||
* çab- - ''cut'' | * çab- - ''cut'' | ||
| Line 1,059: | Line 1,061: | ||
* *qıl- - ''do, make'' | * *qıl- - ''do, make'' | ||
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*kelh₂-'' - beat, break | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*kelh₂-'' - beat, break | ||
| + | |||
| + | * *yut- - ''swallow'' | ||
| + | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵyewh₁-'' - chew | ||
| + | *** '''Iranian''' ''*ǰyawH-'' - chew | ||
| + | **** '''Old Persian''' ''jūdan'' - chew | ||
| + | **** '''Northern Kurdish''' ''cûtin'' - chew | ||
| + | *** '''Proto-Slavic''' ''žuti'' - chew | ||
== Body parts == | == Body parts == | ||
| Line 1,631: | Line 1,640: | ||
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷer'' - heavy | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷer'' - heavy | ||
*** '''Sogdian''' ''ɣr’n = ɣərān'' - heavy | *** '''Sogdian''' ''ɣr’n = ɣərān'' - heavy | ||
| + | *** '''Proto-Hellenic''' ''gʷarus'' - heavy | ||
| + | ** '''PIE''' ''*bʰorós'' | ||
| + | *** '''Median''' ''βārə́h'' | ||
* *bayram - ''festival'' (*badram?) (Perso-Arabic borrowing?) | * *bayram - ''festival'' (*badram?) (Perso-Arabic borrowing?) | ||
| Line 1,869: | Line 1,881: | ||
* IE *su̯ei- - to make a noise | * IE *su̯ei- - to make a noise | ||
** Turkic *seb-le - to speak | ** Turkic *seb-le - to speak | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
* IE *pel- - grey | * IE *pel- - grey | ||
** Turkic boz - ~grey | ** Turkic boz - ~grey | ||
Latest revision as of 22:47, 6 November 2024
|
The orthography used to represent Turkic languages on this page is a phonemic system based on Turkish orthography. |
This is a collection of Turkic words which appear at least superficially similar to words in other language groups. No relation between Turkic and any of the other languages is suggested or implied, though I feel that some of the words must at least be borrowings in one direction or another. The list is kept for my own purposes for now: some day I hope to spend time sorting it out and investigating the history of each word more closely. For now it's just a place to keep all the words.
"Whatever we do, we must not allow ourselves to be persuaded that a mere list of arbitrary and unsystematic resemblances, however long, constitutes by itself persuasive evidence for anything.
- Trask's Historical Linguistics / Robert McColl Millar
Contents
Technology
metals, materials, tools
- altın - gold (chv. ıltən)
- Proto-IE *ǵʰelh₃- - to shine
- Germanic *ɣul.θɑ̃ ← *ǵʰĺ̥h₃tom - gold
- Finnish kulta gold
- Germanic *ˈɣul.θiː.nɑz - golden
- Germanic *ɣul.θɑ̃ ← *ǵʰĺ̥h₃tom - gold
- Proto-IE *ǵʰelh₃- - to shine
- bulat - steel, balta - axe
- Tokharian porat, peret axe
- Proto-IE pelk'- chop
- Aramaic bwlʔd/pwld (pūlāð) steel
- balqa - hammer
- Aramaic plq(ˀ) (pleq, pelqā) - axe
- Latin marculus
- Mongolian aluqa
- ara - saw
- Tokharian áre plough (n.)
- *yez - copper
- Proto-IE *ai̯os - metal (copper/iron)
- Tokharian *yäs → yasa/wäsa
- Latin aurum ← *ausum - gold
- Proto-IE *ai̯os - metal (copper/iron)
- *baqır - copper
- Latin (aes) Cyprium - copper ((brass) of Cyprus)
- OE coper
- German Kupfer
- Icelandic kopar
- Latin (aes) Cyprium - copper ((brass) of Cyprus)
- *kömür - coal
- Aramaic gmurtā coal
- Assyrian Neo-Aramaic qomur (<Turkish?)
- Aramaic gmurtā coal
- *ken(?) - mine, ore, resource
- Tokharian B keṃ earth
- *soqa - (wooden) plough (not just Russian borrowing?)
- PIE *ḱokh₂-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic *śokˀāˀ
- Proto-Slavic *soxá - forked stick, plough
- Proto-Balto-Slavic *śokˀāˀ
- PIE *ḱokh₂-
artefacts
- *köp(ü)r(üg)/*köpüre? - bridge (cf. Kyrgyz köpürö)
- Proto-IE *bʰruh- - bridge
- Tokharian pärwāṃ/pärwāne - eyebrow
- Greek γέφυρα (gépʰura)
- Chinese 橋梁
- Old Chinese grew raŋ
- Middle Chinese gjew lɨaŋ
- Cantonese kiu4 loeng4
- Japanese kyōryō
- Mongolic *köxürge/*kögür
- Proto-IE *bʰruh- - bridge
- ?çıraq - lamp (< Persian?)
- Iranian
- Khotanese Saka cärau
- Sogdian črʔɣ (čirāʁ?)
- Iron ciraɣ, Digor cyraɣ
- Persian čirāɣ
- Aramaic šrg- ?
- Iranian
- ?ayna - mirror; ?aynek - glass (< Persian?)
- Iranian *ādaina-/*ādayana → *āidana- → ...
- Iron aidæn, Digor aidænæ - mirror
- Sogdian ʔʔðʔynʔk (āðaynak?) - mirror
- Persian āyīne - mirror
- Balochi ādēnk - mirror
- Khotanese Saka āyäna- - mirror
- Iranian *ādaina-/*ādayana → *āidana- → ...
- *(y)igne - needle
- Proto-Uralic *äjmä - needle
- *tām - hut, walled structure (in opposition to a yurt)
- Proto-IE *dṓm - house / *dema - build
- (Tocharian tsäm - grow in size/number)
- Sanskrit dám
- Proto-IE *dṓm - house / *dema - build
- *şatı - ladder/steps/stairs
- Proto-IE *gʰredʰ- - march, step
- Proto-IE *steigʰ- - march, ascend
- OHG stega - stairs
- ?*tabaq - plate
- Middle Persian tapah - pot
- Mongolic ?*tabaq - plate
- *qazan - cauldron, kettle
- Proto-Germanic *kazã - vessel, vat, tub, barrel
- Proto-Semitic *kaʔs - gobblet, cup
- Aramaic kāsā - cup
- çaŋğır - sled
- Proto-Yeniseian *tsehʷəl - snowsled
- *qaşuq - spoon
- Mongolic qalbuʁa - spoon
- Proto-Nakh wabikʼ - spoon
- Proto Celtic' lēgā - spoon (cf. *yalğa)
- *eb - house (yurt)
- Nihali aːwaːr - house
- ?*tuğ - banner, standard ← Mongolic?
- Hebrew degel - banner, standard
- *sıbızɣu - flute (related to ??*şıbıra - whisper?)
- Proto-Slavic svira-ti - play the flute
- PIE *sweysd- hiss
- Proto-Slavic svis(t)-[nuti/...] - whistle
- *ara - saw
- CHECK: Proto-Iranian *ārā → Proto-Uralic *ora - awl
grains
- (kaz. dän, kir. dan; < Persian)
- Tokharian (B) tāno - grain
- ?*sulu - oats
- Chinese 飼料 - fodder
- Mandarin sìliào
- Cantonese zi6 liu6-2
- Chinese 飼料 - fodder
- tarığ - millet
- Proto-IE *dr̥Hweh₂ - cereal grain (of some sort?)
- Proto-Germanic *tarwō - cereal grain
- English tare - vetch
- Sanskrit दूर्वा (dūrvā) - millet
- Proto-Germanic *tarwō - cereal grain
- Mongolic *tariya - millet, cereal grain
- Proto-IE *dr̥Hweh₂ - cereal grain (of some sort?)
- *boza - fermented drink
- Proto-IE *bʰeusóm - "dross, sediment, brewer's yeast"
- Proto-Germanic *beuzą - beer
- Proto-IE *bʰeusóm - "dross, sediment, brewer's yeast"
- *arpa - barley (/millet)
- Proto-Mongolic *arbai
- Proto-Japonic *àpá
- Japanese awa
- Manchu *arfa
- Proto-Germanic *harwaz/hazwaz - flax
- Ossetian кӕрвӕдз [kərvədz], хъӕбӕрхор [qəbərxor]
- Aramaic ˁbwr(ˀ) [ˁăḇūr(ā)] - grain
- Proto-IE *albʰi - barley
- Proto-Iranian *arba
- Sumerian urta - (ear of barley?)
- *sıra - beer (in some NW languages and Chuvash)
- Sanskrit súrā - alcohol, wine
- ?*araq - alcohol
- Sumerian arzig - boza
- Akkadian arsikku - boza
- Mongolian ariki - alcohol
social
- (? Kyrgyz çordon - city center, center of spring)
- Greek kéntron
- Latin centrum
- Greek kéntron
other
- *yūrt(ă?) - ring left when yurt is moved, place where a yurt is set up, (homeland, "campsite", "yurt")
- PIE gʰerdʰ- enclose, encircle; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
- Germanic *gardaz - enclosure; court, yard; garden
- English yard
- Germanic *gárdō - hedge, fence; enclosure, pen; court, yard; garden; house
- Old Saxon gardo
- Slavic *gordŭ - city, town
- Sanskrit गृह gṛhá - house
- Hittite gurtas - citadel
- Tokharian warto, wärto garden, grove
- Germanic *gardaz - enclosure; court, yard; garden
- PIE er(+t) earth
- Germanic erθō-
- English earth
- German erd
- Tokharian B yare gravel
- Germanic erθō-
- Semitic ˀarḍ earth
- Early Aramaic ˀarð̣ā
- Mongolian ger yurt
- Proto-IE *wer- defend, close
- PIE gʰerdʰ- enclose, encircle; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
- *yük - a load, *yüd- - to load
- Proto-IE *i̯eu̯-g- - tie together, yoke
- Mongolic *joge (?) - to carry
- *mal - livestock
- Tokharian (A) śemäl - cattle, livestock
- Mongolic mal - livestock
- Proto-Semitic ?
- Arabic māl (مال) - wealth/property
- Aramaic ml(ˀ) [māl(ā)] - wealth
- (kir. topu - hat)
- Sanskrit ?ṭopī
- *taqiğu/taqağu - chicken
- Mongolic *takiya(n)
- Proto-Semitic ?
- Arabic dajāja
- *yelim - glue
- Proto-IE gleh₁y- glue (v.) (with lots of derivatives)
- *qalpaq - hat
- Proto-Slavic *klobukŭ
- Middle Persian kwlʾp̄
- *āb hunt
- Mongolic *aba - hunt
- CHECK: Proto-Indo-Iranian *aǵ-a- - hunt → Proto-Uralic *aja-
Nature
flora
- alma - apple
- Proto-IE h₂ebl-o-
- Germanic *æpl
- Russian jablo-
- Latin/Romance pom-
- Greek melo-
- Proto-IE h₂ebl-o-
- ot - grass (*oti?, cf. Chuvash utə)
- Proto-IE ad- grain
- Tokharian A/B āti/atiyo ← *ātiyā grass
- Proto-IE *ḱóyno-
- Old Armenian խոտ (xot) grass
- Caucasian something...
- Archi гьоти (hoti) grass
- Andi кIордо (k’ordo) grass
- Rutul хьытІ (xyt’) barley
- Tsakhur хьытIа (x’yt’a) barley
- Udi ход (xod) tree
- Avar гъветІ (ġvet’) tree
- Georgian ხე (xe) tree
- Proto-IE ad- grain
- *yapurgaq - leaf (*yepirdek, *yapirmaq, etc.)
- Proto-Semitic *waraq green
- Arabic waraq leaf, sheet, paper
- Aramaic yārōq yellow-green, vegetable; yreq vegetation
- Hebrew yaroq green, yereq vegetation, yaraq vegetable
- Persian barg leaf?
- Tokharian pält, pilta
- Proto-IE bʰel
- Proto-Semitic *waraq green
- *tal - willow
- Ket dɯˑl - willow
- Proto-Athabaskan *č’ʷətɬ’ - plant, shrub
- *elme - elm tree
- Proto-IE *h₁élem
- English elm
- Proto-IE *h₁élem
- *sāban (?*-m-) - straw
- Proto-IE *sop-/*sep-? - needle, reed
- ?badam (Iranic borrowing?) - almond
- Tokharian watām - almond
- *qadɯŋ - birch / *qarağay - juniper / *qaraqan - acacia
- Proto-Uralic *koxji - birch
- Baltic
- Old Prussian kaddegs - juniper
- Latvian kadiķis - juniper
- Lithuanian kadagys - juniper
- *balır - algae, muck, swamp; *balqaş - swamp
- Proto-IE *bʰ◌lt-?
- Illyrian balta ‘swamp, marsh, white clay’
- Latin blatea f., ‘excrement lump’, adalm. balta ‘sea swamp´
- Ligurian *bolü - ‘swamp, marsh’
- Slavic *bolto- (*bholǝto-) - ‘swamp, marsh, pond, pool, sea’
- O.C.S. blato - ‘sea’
- Ser.-Cr. blȁto - ‘sea, ordure”,
- Russian boloto - swamp, bog; dial. bil - ‘swamp, marsh’; bala (*bhōlü): balaružina - ‘puddle, slop’
- Polish dial. biel f. - ‘marshy wood, forest;
- Clr. balka “ marsh “;
- Lithuanian balà m. - ‘swamp, marsh, moor, fen, pool’
- Albanian baltë f., balt m. - ‘slime, mud, swamp, marsh, white clay’
- English pool
- Illyrian balta ‘swamp, marsh, white clay’
- Proto-IE *bʰ◌lt-?
- *terek - tree, poplar
- Proto-IE **drw (*derw, *drēw)
- Aramaic drḥt
- *otun - firewood, fuel
- Proto-IE *widʰu wood, firewood, forest (only Germanic and Celtic?)
- tamır/tımar/damar - root, vein
- Tokharian (A) tsmār - root
- Semitic
- Hebrew תמר tāmār - date palm
- Aramaic תמרא tamarā - date palm
- Arabic تمر tamr - date palm
- *erük - apricot
- Byzantine Greek βερικοκκίᾱ - apricot
- Modern Greek βερύκοκο - apricot
- Byzantine Greek βερικοκκίᾱ - apricot
- *iağaç (or similar) - tree, wood
- Proto-Nivkh *dʼiɣar - tree
- PIE ?
- Ancient Greek κάστον - wood
- Ancient Greek ἄκαστος - maple
- Sanskrit काष्ठ (kāṣṭha) - wood
- 'Arabic خ ش ب (x ʃ b) - wood
- PIE *kayt-/ḱayt- - forest, wasteland, pasture
- Proto-Celtic ˈkoɨ̯d - wood(s?), forest
- Albanian kashtë - straw (?)
- *kendir / kenebir - cannabis
- *tıt/tut - mulberry
- Semitic ?
- Hebrew tut - strawberry
- Arabic tūt - strawberry
- Aramaic תותא (tūṯā) - mulberry
- Neo-Babylonian Akkadian tuttu - ?
- Iranian
- Khwarezmian twt - mulberry
- Wakhi tɯt/tɯð - mulberry
- Georgian თუთა (tuta) - mulberry
- Old Armenian թութ (tʰutʰ) - mulberry
- Semitic ?
fauna
- teke - goat
- Proto-IE tek- - to flow, to run
- Proto-IE digʰ- - goat
- ökiz - ox
- Proto-IE *uks-en- - ox
- Germanic *uhsōn - ox
- English ox
- Tokharian B okso - cow
- Germanic *uhsōn - ox
- Mongolic *üker - cow
- Proto-IE *uks-en- - ox
- balɯq - fish
- Proto-IE l—k salmon
- Proto-IE *pesk/*h₂p-isk- fish
- Germanic *bullaka-z a kind of fish - de: Bolch, nl: bolk
- Japanese ɕake salmon
- *qāz - goose
- Proto-IE *ǵʰáns- goose
- Persian ʁāz
- Proto-IE *ǵʰáns- goose
- *qarğa - crow
- Proto-IE *ḱórw-eh₂- - crow
- *qurt - worm
- Proto-IE wr̥-mi- - worm
- *bȫrü - wolf
- Proto-IE ???
- Ossetian бирæгъ
- Mazanderani ورگ (verg)
- Sanskrit वृक (vṛ́ka)
- Hindi bhēṛhiyā
- Caucasian languages
- Lak barc̣ (pl. burc̣i-l)
- Chechen борз
- Uralic languages
- Erzya верьгиз
- Moksha врьгаз
- Eastern Mari пире
- Western Mari пирӹ
- Russian бирюк (a borrowing; native волк)
- Proto-IE ???
- *qar(ı)şqır - wolf
- Proto-IE *h₂ŕ̥tḱos - bear
- *sas-na, *çoç-qa - pig
- Proto-IE *sū◌s - pig
- *buzağu - ~one-year-old bull (in some languages, two-year-old)
- Mongolic *bira-ɣu
- Proto-IE *mozǵʰ-o-s (only Armenian and Greek)
- Armenian mozi - "two-year-old bull"
- Greek móskhos - "young bull, young animal/bird, young shoot/twig"
- Proto-IE *bʰugo- "buck"
- Avestan *buza "buck, goat"
- *kene - tick, mite
- Proto-IE *knid, ḱnid - louse, nit
- Greek konís
- Proto-IE *knid, ḱnid - louse, nit
- *iŋäk (?) - cow
- Tibetan nak - female yak
- Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰa(H)inúš - milk cow ← PIE *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”) (cf. PTk *tāna)
- Sanskrit dʰenuḥ - cow
- Avestan daēnu - cow
- CHECK: → Proto-Uralic täjine - cow
- Mongolic *ünege - cow
- *yün/*yuŋ - wool
- PIE u̯el-n- / *h₂welh₁- + *-néh₂
- O.Ind. ū́rṇü / Sanskrit ūrṇā
- Iranian
- Shughni wôwn
- Sarikoli won
- Khwarazmian w'n
- Greek ληνος
- Germanic *wullō
- PIE u̯el-n- / *h₂welh₁- + *-néh₂
- *qumırsqa - ant
- PIE *moru̯i-/*morwís
- Latin formīca
- Sanskrit vamrah
- Greek myrmex
- Greek βόρμᾱξ - Ameisenhaufen
- Proto-Indo-Iranian *warmī́kas
- Sanskrit valmīka- - anthil
- Proto-Indo-Iranian *marwíš
- PIE *kʷr̩mis "worm"
- Proto-Indo-Iranian *kŕ̥miš "worm"
- Sanskrit कृमि kṛmi "worm"
- Middle Persian kirm "worm"
- Lithuanian kirmis "worm, maggot, snake"
- Proto-Slavic čĭrvĭ "worm"
- Persian کرم kerm "worm"
- Proto-Indo-Iranian *kŕ̥miš "worm"
- PIE *moru̯i-/*morwís
- *baqa - frog
- Iranian
- Middle Persian wk
- Modern Persian bæk
- Kurmancı baq
- Middle Persian wk
- Iranian
- būqa - bull
- PIE *bʰugo- "buck"
- Proto-Germanic *bukkô "male goat"
- PIE *bʰugo- "buck"
- *iyt/yit(ă)? - dog
- Oroch inda'
- *küçik - (small) dog, puppy (probably late borrowing?)
- Proto-Iranian *kútah
- Baluchi kučak
- Zazaki kutik
- Tajik kučak
- Kurmanji kûç(ik), gutî
- Proto-Iranian *kútah
- *quş - bird
- PIE *h₂éwis - bird
- *kirpi/tirpi - hedgehog
- Semitic *qunpuð- - hedgehog
- Hebrew qippod - hedgehog
- Aramaic quppad - hedgehog
- Arabic qunfud - hedgehog
- Chinese 刺蝟
- Mandarin cìwèi
- Cantonese tsi³ wai⁶
- Hokkien tshì-uī
- Georgian zʁarbi
- Semitic *qunpuð- - hedgehog
- *qoy/qoń - sheep
- Proto-IE *h₃ewis~*h₃owis
- *elik - row deer
- PIE *h₁el- - deer
- Armenian ełn-ik - deer/doe
- English elk
- Russian олень, лось, etc.
- PIE *h₁el- - deer
- *eçkü/*keç(k)i - goat
- PIE *h₂éyǵ-/*h₂(e)iǵ-yeh₂-./*h₂eǵos - he-goat
- Armenian ayc/ayci - goat
- Proto-Hellenic *aíks - goat
- Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haȷ́ás - goat
- Middle Persian ʾckʼ (/azag/?) - goat
- Zazaki esk(i)/ask(i) - goat
- PIE *koǵʰeh₂
- Proto-Slavic *kozà - goat
- SE Caucasian ?
- Avar ccʼe - goat
- Lezgi c̣eh - goat
- CHECK: Proto-Iranian *ćāgaḥ → Proto-Uralic *ćaka
- PIE *h₂éyǵ-/*h₂(e)iǵ-yeh₂-./*h₂eǵos - he-goat
- *tabışqan - rabbit
- Arabic ṭabsūn - rock hyrax
- *katır/*kaçır - mule
- Iranian ...
- *bürgä/*bürçä - flea
- PIE *plus-is
- Latin pūlex < *puslek- < *plus-ek
- Vulgar Latin *pūlica
- Iranian *frúšiš
- Pashto wrə́ẓ̌a
- Latin pūlex < *puslek- < *plus-ek
- PIE *plus-is
sky/time/weather
- kün - day, sun
- Proto-IE *sóh₂wl̩ (gen. sh²u̯en-s) sun
- Germanic sun
- Tokharian B kaum̩/kon-/kaun- day
- Avestan xʷan (nom. húu̯arə̄)
- Proto-IE *sóh₂wl̩ (gen. sh²u̯en-s) sun
- yil - year
- ?Proto-IE yōr-
- English year
- Proto-Georgian-Zan *ʦʼel- year
- Georgian ʦʼel- year
- ?Proto-IE yōr-
- yaz (*yaaŕ) - spring
- Proto-IE yōr- year
- ań - moon, month
- (pre-Proto-Turkic *ā́ńu, most Turkic ay)
- Latin annus - year
- Gothic *aþni - year
- *bulut - cloud
- Proto-IE *melōdʰ - elevation, head
- Etruscan falatu - sky
- *taŋri (?) - sky, heaven
- Japanese *tenki - weather
- Chinese 天, Middle Chinese tʰen/tʰien
- Mandarin tiān - sky, day
- Cantonese tin1 - sky, day
- PIE *dAnǵʰ- - sky, heavenly body
- Lithuanian dangùs - sky, heaven
- **qıra~qarı (?) > qār, yur - snow
- Celtic *argyo- - snow
- Iranian *wap-ra - snow
- Gorani vværwæ, værw
- *(h?)ayāŕ < *(p?)ańāŕ - frost
- Proto-IE
- *kȫk (Chuvash kŏwak) - blue; sky/heaven
- Mongolic köke - blue
- Sanskrit गगन gagana - sky, heaven
- Yucatec Maya káʼan - sky, heaven
- Yawa, Ambai keke - blue
- *tuman - fog
- Proto-IE ???*dʰuH₁-mo- - smoke
- Proto-IE *dʰuh₂mós - smoke
- Sanskrit dhūmá - smoke, mist
- Avestan dunman - fog, mist
- Russian дым - smoke
- Proto-IE *témH- - dark
- Sanskrit तमस् támas - darkness, gloom
- Middle Persian tom - darkness
- Persian تم tam - darkness, blackness, cataract
- Proto-Slavic *tьma - darkness
- Russian тьма - darkness
- Russian темень - darkness
- unsorted
- Avestan duuąnman - cloud
- Persian دود dūd
- Persian دودمان dūdmān - smoke, soot
- *yaru-/yarı- shine, *yaruq/yarıq, yarqın - light, bright
- Russian jark-ij - bright
- Proto-Semitic *waraq green
- Aramaic yārōq yellow-green
- Hebrew yaroq green
- Proto-Semitic *warḫ moon, month
- Aramaic yarħ-
- Hebrew yarēaħ
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine (>yellow)
- Iranian ?*zari - golden
- ? Middle Persian zargōn
- Aramaic zrgwn (zargūn?) - golden
- ? Middle Persian zargōn
- Iranian ?*zari - golden
- yel - wind
- Proto-IE *h₂wéh₁n̥ts
- Tokharian *wʲente
- Proto-IE *h₂wéh₁n̥ts
land and water
- yer - earth, land
- PIE ġʰ—r(+dʰ) to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
- Germanic gard
- English yard
- German garten
- Tokharian warto, wärto garden, grove
- Germanic gard
- PIE er(+t) earth
- Germanic erθ
- English earth
- German erd
- Tokharian B yare gravel
- Germanic erθ
- Semitic ˀarḍ earth
- Mongolian ger yurt
- Proto-IE *wer- defend, close
- Proto Slavic *žirŭ pasture?
- PIE ġʰ—r(+dʰ) to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
- sub - water
- Proto-IE seu-, su- rain, flow
- Proto-IE *sūwe- to rain
- Tokharian su- / swāsā-
- Greek hǖei̯
- Albanian ši
- Proto-IE *h₂ep- water
- Mongolian *ʊsʊ-n (?)
- Mandarin shui3
- Cantonese seoi2
- Proto-Kartvelian s₁w- - drink
- bulaq - spring, well
- Latin flus- river
- Proto-IE bhleu-gʷ- overflow
- English flow, float
- *köl - lake
- Proto-Yeniseian kʰul - water
- *yar- - cliff ([early] Iranian borrowing?)
- Proto-IE *ner - to conceal, cover, hiding place, hollow
- Gongduk yər - cliff
- *tāş - stone
- Mongolic *tila-ɣu
- Etruscan *tul
- Korean dol
- Old Indic śilā
- Ket təˀs
- *tāğ - mountain, *toğ - dust
- Mongolian toɣu-sun, toɣu-raɣ
- Khalkha тоос - dust, dirt
- Chinese 土
- Middle Chinese *tʰuoX?
- Mandarin tŭ - soil, earth
- Cantonese tou2 - soil, earth
- Japanese take - mountain
- Mongolian toɣu-sun, toɣu-raɣ
- *tepe/*töpü (?) - top/peak of hill/head
- Sardinian theppa, tzèppara - "stony peak" (thought to be of Illyrian/Thracian origin)
- Albanian thep - top, peak (thought to be of Illyrian/Thracian origin)
- Proto-Germanic tuppaz - braid; projecting end or point; top
- *taluy - sea, ocean
- Mongolic dalai - sea, ocean
- PIE *dʰól(h₂)os ? - valley, cavity
- Germanic *dalą/dalaz - valley, dale
- Slavic *dȍlъ - cavity, ditch, valley, riverbed
- Welsh dol - valley
other
- *bāl - honey
- Proto-IE - *mélh₁
- Proto-IE - *mélit
- Albanian, Anatolian, Armenian, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Italic
- Proto-IE - *médʰu
- Balto-Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Tokharian, Uralic
- Iranian *mádu
- Bactrian molo
- Indic *mádʰu
- Romani mol
- *may(?) - fat
- Finno-Ugrian *vaj/voj - butter
- *ot - fire
- Proto-IE *āt(e)r-
- *ört - fire (destructive)
- Proto-IE *āt(e)r-
- Proto-Iranian *āθr
- Ossetic art
- Proto-Iranian *āθr
- Proto-IE *āt(e)r-
- ımır - ripples, ımırqay - pinkish, ımırt - dawn
- Tokharian (A) wmār - jewel, pearl
- et - meat
- Sogdian yātē
- köt - butt
- Avestan gūθa- - excrement
Verbs
- qal - stay
- Germanic halt, hold
- ber - give
- Proto-IE bʰer - carry, bear
- Russian брать - take
- Proto-IE per - go over, carry over, bring
- Nihali beː- - give
- Proto-IE bʰer - carry, bear
- bış-/piş- - cook (v.i.), -ır (v.t.)
- Proto-IE pekʷ-
- OCS peš-tь < *pékʷ-tis
- Russian печь
- Tokharian päk-
- O. Indic pacati
- Avestan pačaiti
- OCS peš-tь < *pékʷ-tis
- Proto-IE *bʰeh₃g-
- English bake
- Proto-IE pekʷ-
- tur - stand, stay
- Germanic en: dare, yi: tor
- Proto-IE ter - to cross, transgress, to stay
- Japanese tat - to stand up"
- je - eat
- Proto-IE h₁ed-
- Mongolic id
- Nihali ṭ/tyeː-
- Proto-IE *ǵyewh₁- - chew
- çab- - cut
- English chop
- Spanish zapatas - shoes
- French sabotage
- *iç- - drink
- Proto-IE *h₁egʰʷ (*ekʷ-?) - drink
- Tokharian (B) yok
- Proto-IE *aḱ
- Proto-IE *ēkʷ- - water
- Proto-IE *h₁egʰʷ (*ekʷ-?) - drink
- gäp-ir - something said, speak (later Iranian borrowing)
- English jabber, gab
- Russian говорить - speak
- Proto-IE gebh- - jaw, mouth
- öl- - die
- PIE *welh₃- - to wound; death (in battle); slain (in battle)
- Tokharian wäl - die
- Germanic (OE) wæl / (ON) val - slain person
- PIE *welh₃- - to wound; death (in battle); slain (in battle)
- *teg-/*tek- - touch
- Proto-IE **th₂g-n- - to touch
- Germanic
- Gothic tēkan
- English take
- Tokharian B täk/tak - touch, feel; take
- Latin tang-
- Germanic
- Proto-IE ?
- English touch
- Japanese tuk- - to be attached / turned on
- Proto-IE *deḱ - accept ritually
- Proto-IE **th₂g-n- - to touch
- se(b/p?)- - to plant
- Proto-IE *sē-/*seh₁- - sow
- Proto-IE *seip/seib - pour, rain, sift, sieve, stream, trickle, dribble
- sebele- - to sprinkle
- Proto-IE *seip/seib - pour, rain, sift, sieve, stream, trickle, dribble
- öö(j?)- - to think, understand
- Proto-IE *ous ear
- saqı- - to think
- Proto-IE *sekʷ- - to see
- yaq- - to light, make burn
- Proto-IE *dʰégʷʰ - to burn (v.t.?)
- *qap- - to snatch
- Proto-IE *gʰabʰ- - to take
- Tokharian (A) kälp - acquire, attain
- *ket- - to go away, leave
- Proto-IE *ked- - to go, yield
- Tokharian (A) kätk- - go beyond, exceed, traverse
- *kes- - to cut
- Proto-IE *ḱes-
- Tokharian (A) kärṣt - cut off
- Japanese kir- - cut
- *qarı- - to grow old
- Proto-IE *gerh₂- - to grow old
- *tug-ur - tent covering
- Proto-IE *tog- - to cover
- *yorı-/yür(i)- - walk / *yügür- - run
- Proto-IE *dʰor- - to jump (at)
- Proto-IE *gʷʰðer- - to run, flow
- *siŋ- - sink into (get soaked up?)
- Proto-IE *teng - to soak, wet
- Proto-IE *sengʷ - to fall, to sink
- *yet- - reach
- Proto-IE *yet - to set out for, to strive
- *qud- - pour
- Proto-IE *ǵʰeu - pour
- Gothic giutan - pour
- Tokharian (A?) ku- - pour
- Proto-IE *ǵʰeu - pour
- *tök- - pour out, make flow
- Proto-IE tekʷ/tek- - to run, flow
- *bar- - to go, walk (away)
- Proto-IE per - go over, carry over, bring
- *bat- - to sink; to fit into, get into
- Proto-IE pet - open [arms] wide; to fall, to fly
- *saĺ- - to untie, loosen, solve (seç-..)
- Proto-IE slab- - loose, weak
- *em- - to suck
- Proto-Uralic *imi- - suck
- *tep- - to step on, trample
- Proto-IE *trep- - to trample, tread
- *türt- - to push
- Proto-IE *trewd- - to press, push
- Latin trūd-ō- - push
- English threat
- Russian trud - labour
- Proto-IE *trewd- - to press, push
- *qur- - to build, erect, establish
- Proto-IE *kʷr̥-/*kʷer- - do, make, build
- Proto-Baltic *kur- - erect, build; start a fire
- Indic *karáwti ← *kʷr̥-néw-ti ~ *kʷr̥-nw-énti - do, build(?)
- Sanskrit kṛṇóti/karáwti / Pali karoti
- Assamese kor - do
- Dhivehi kur - do
- Bengali kôr - do
- Sanskrit kṛṇóti/karáwti / Pali karoti
- Etruscan kar/ker - make, build
- Proto-IE *kʷr̥-/*kʷer- - do, make, build
- *ögrän- - to learn
- Proto-IE *gʷʰren- - "phrenic"; soul, mind
- *uq- - understand, hear, (*oqu- - read, study)
- Proto-IE *ok- - understand, see
- (only attested in Greek and Germanic)
- Proto-IE *okʷ- - see, eye
- Mongolic *uka - understand, think
- Proto-IE *ok- - understand, see
- *ös- - grow
- Proto-IE *u̯eis- - sprout, grow
- Proto-IE *u̯og-s- - magnify, increase
- Proto-Germanic *vaks- - grow
- Tokharian A *oks- - grow
- *bil- - know
- Proto-IE *weid- - know
- Germanic *wit
- Mongolic *med- - know
- Proto-IE *men- - mind
- Persian menidan - think, menišn - thought
- Tocharian päl- (A), pal- (B) - to think
- Proto-IE *weid- - know
- *kerek - needed
- Proto-IE *ǵʰer(e)- - desire
- *(b)ol- be
- Proto-IE ?
- Mongolic *bü-
- Proto-Uralic *wole-
- *är - be
- Proto-IE *es- - be
- *tanı- - be acquainted with / know (but Kg. taanı)
- Proto-IE ǵnō-/ǵenə- - know
- Iranian ??
- New Persian dāni-
- New Persian šinā- ???
- Iranian ??
- Proto-IE ǵnō-/ǵenə- - know
- *tut- (?*tukta-) - pull, subdue
- Proto-IE *deuk- - drag
- English tug
- Latin duc- - lead
- Latin "t-stem" ductus - duct
- Mongolic toqta- - stop
- Proto-IE *(s)tewk- - push, press, strike, beat
- Ancient Greek tukízō - clench, work/polish stone
- Proto-Slavic *tъkàti - prick, pierce
- Proto-IE déwkti - pull, draw, lead
- Proto-IE *deuk- - drag
- ?ayda- - drive [animals]
- Proto-IE *aǵ (*heǵ-) - lead, drive cattle
- udı- - sleep (connected with od- - wake??)
- Proto-IE sneud(h)- - drowsy / to drowse
- od- - wake
- Proto-IE bheudh- - be awake / aware
- Mongolic (h)uda- - conceive, design, instigate (Starostin)
- aç- - open
- Japanese *áká- - open
- Modern Tokyo àke- - open
- Japanese *áká- - open
- *ked- wear
- Old Japanese kî- - wear
- Modern Tokyo ki- - wear
- Proto-IE *kadh- - protect, cover
- Old English heden - dress
- Icelandic heðinn - skirt
- Old Japanese kî- - wear
- *ur- / *vur- (cf. Chuvash, Turkish) / *hur- (cf. Halaj) hit
- Modern Tokyo bu(t?)- - hit
- Modern Tokyo fùru- - shake
- *sez- feel
- Proto-IE sent- - take a direction; feel
- Latin sens-us - sense, mind
- OCS sęštь - smart
- Mongolic *sere-/*seri- notice
- Proto-IE sent- - take a direction; feel
- *sıç- defecate
- Proto-IE k̂ekʷ-
- *kel- come
- Tokharian (A) kälk- - walk
- Tokharian (B) kalāk- - follow
- Tokharian (A) käl- - lead, bring
- *yap- close
- PIE *yew-o-?
- Proto-Tokharian *yäpa-
- Tokharian (AB) yām, (A) ya-/ypa- - make
- PIE *yew-o-?
- *āş- cross, exceed
- Tokharian (A) āsuk - over
- *yıq- (klj,kjh: yuq) - defeat, overthrow
- Tokharian (A) yuk- - conquer, overcome
- *qarba- - grab
- Proto-IE *gʰrebʰ- - grab, seize, snatch
- Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬡 garəβ - seize
- Proto-IE *gʰrebʰ- - grab, seize, snatch
- *aq- (chv: yux-) - flow, run (liquid)
- Proto-IE (only Germanic, Italic?) *h₂ekʷeh₂ - water (specifically, flowing), river
- *böl- - divide
- Semitic ?*PLG - divide
- *toğ- - give birth
- Proto-IE *teke- - give birth
- *yet- (caus *yetkir-~yetkiz-) - reach
- Mongolic *jidkü - strive
- Proto-Germanic *ɣetanã - attain, acquire
- *kid- - get dressed
- Proto-IE *gleyt- - cloth
- Germanic *klaiþą - cloth
- Proto-IE **h₂ew- dress, get dressed
- Proto-IE *gleyt- - cloth
- *teş- - make holes
- Aramaic, Hebrew דגש (DGŠ) - pierce, stab
- *yan(+dir) - to burn v.i. (v.t.)
- Proto-Na-Dené *q’aˑn burn, ignite
- Ket -qan cook, burn, boil
- yıl- - warm
- Proto-IE *ḱel- - warm/cool
- Proto-IE *gel- - cold
- Proto-IE *gʷʰer- - hot, warm
- *yibi- - become wet, soak
- Proto-IE *nebʰ - damp, water, clouds
- *yal- - to burn, *yalın - flame, *yaş- (yalʲ-) - to blaze, *yalqı- - to glitter
- Proto-IE *dʰel- - light
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine
- *qat-/qatı- - harden (qatığ - hard)
- Mongolic *qata- - harden (qatağu - hard)
- Japanese kata - hard
- *sāç- - scatter, disperse (transitive)
- Tokharian (B) käsk- - scatter
- Tokharian (B) täṃts- scatter, disperse
- *tēr(j?)- - gather, collect
- Proto-IE *dʰer- - support, hold
- Indo-Iranian *dʰárati ← *dʰer-e-ti
- Sogdian dʼr
- Ossetian дарын
- Indo-Iranian *dʰárati ← *dʰer-e-ti
- Proto-IE *dʰer- - support, hold
- *yeŋ- - win
- Proto-IE *weyk- - contain, envelop; yield; overcome → *wi-né-k-ti ~ *wi-n-k-énti
- Latin vinc- - win, conquer
- Proto-IE *wenh₁- - love; strive; wish; desire
- Proto-Germanic *winnaną - labour, toil; to win, gain; to fight, strive
- English win
- Sanskrit vanoti (van-) - win; gain; acquire
- Proto-Germanic *winnaną - labour, toil; to win, gain; to fight, strive
- Proto-IE *weyk- - contain, envelop; yield; overcome → *wi-né-k-ti ~ *wi-n-k-énti
- **kælæ- - speak
- Mongolic *kele-
- Greek καλέω - call, summon
- Proto-Uralic *käle - tongue
- *ket- - leave, go (<ke-t- causative??)
- PIE ǵʰeh - go (derivatives mostly in Germanic, Indic, Greek?)
- *kīr- - enter
- Japanese háir- - enter
- *keç- - cross, pass
- Japanese kos- - cross, pass
- *kemir-(?) - gnaw
- Japanese kám- - bite
- *qaz- - dig
- Japanese hór- - dig
- *yul-/yulı-/yol- - pluck
- PIE *welh₃- - pluck(??)
- *ur- - hit, strike
- PIE *welh₃- - hit, strike
- *boğ- - tie up, strangle
- *bay-la-(?) - tie
- *boğ? - bundle (kir boo, kaz baw, Old Turkish boğ)
- PIE *peh₂ǵ- - attach
- Greek πήγνῡ-μῐ - secure, fasten
- Greek πάγη - snare, noose, anything that attaches
- Proto-Germanic *faką - compartment, divison
- PIE *peh₂ǵ- - attach
- *tōl- - fill
- Proto-Balto-Slavic ?
- Proto-Slavic *tъlstъ - fat, thick
- Latvian tùlzt, Lithuanian tul̃žti - swell
- Proto-Slavic *tъlpa - crowd
- Proto-Balto-Slavic ?
- *de-/te- - say
- Proto-East-Slavic *дѣеть - say
- Latin dīcere/dīc- - say <- PIE *déyḱ - show
- sep- - sprinkle
- PIE *seyb- - pour out, dribble, strain, trickle
- *yalğa- - lick
- PIE *leyǵʰ - lick
- *yaz-/*yar- - write
- Proto-Kartvelian *c̣₁er- ~ *c̣₁r- - scratch, depict → write
- Georgian ʦʼer - write
- Mongolian jiru- - draw, write
- Proto-Kartvelian *c̣₁er- ~ *c̣₁r- - scratch, depict → write
- *çız-/*çır- - draw, scratch
- Proto-Kartvelian *c̣₁er- ~ *c̣₁r- - scratch, depict → write
- Georgian ʦʼer - write
- Mongolian jiru- - draw, write
- Proto-Kartvelian *c̣₁er- ~ *c̣₁r- - scratch, depict → write
- *qıl- - do, make
- Proto-IE *kelh₂- - beat, break
- *yut- - swallow
- Proto-IE *ǵyewh₁- - chew
- Iranian *ǰyawH- - chew
- Old Persian jūdan - chew
- Northern Kurdish cûtin - chew
- Proto-Slavic žuti - chew
- Iranian *ǰyawH- - chew
- Proto-IE *ǵyewh₁- - chew
Body parts
- PrTk. *baş/balç - head
- Ainu pake - head
- Proto-IE *gʰebʰōl - ?
- Tokharian A śpāl - head
- Tokharian B śpālu - head
- OHG gebal - ?
- Greek κɛɸɑlή - ?
- Lak baḳ
- Khotanese Saka māstai - head
- Pre-PrTk. *padaq - foot
- Proto-IE *bʰad (*bʰ—ħd) - boot
- Proto-Uralic *ponče
- Proto-Finnic *potka - hind leg, shank
- PrTk. *būt - foot, thigh
- Proto-IE **pṓds - foot
- Proto-Uralic *ponče
- Proto-Finnic *potka - hind leg, shank
- *el(ig) - hand, (later alaqan - palm of hand ← Mongolic), *hāja - palm, al- - take
- Proto-IE *h₁el- - elbow, forearm
- English ell, elbow
- Mongolic *halaqa(n)/*hali'a(n) ?
- Proto-IE *plh₂m-, - palm
- Old English folm
- Latin palma
- Old Irish lām
- Ancient Greek παλάμη (palámē)
- Proto-IE *h₁el- - elbow, forearm
- qol - hand, arm
- Germanic hand, hold
- Georgian xel - hand
- *jaŋaq/*jıŋaq - jaw
- Proto-IE *ǵebʰ- - jaw, mouth
- English jowl
- English jaw
- Proto-IE *ǵénus - jaw, chin, cheek
- Tokharian A śanwem
- Proto Iranian *ȷ́ʰánuš - jaw
- Avestan zānu - knee
- Manichean Parthian zanax → Persian zanax - chin
- Persian ʧɑːne - chin, jaw
- Proto-IE *ǵebʰ- - jaw, mouth
- *çeŋē - jaw
- Proto-IE *ǵénus - jaw, chin, cheek
- Persian ʧɑːne - chin, jaw
- Proto-IE *ǵénus - jaw, chin, cheek
- qulğaq - ear
- Proto-IE *ḱlew- - to hear
- Tokharian B klautso ?, kl̄aw - to hear
- Celtic *klew-o
- Proto-IE *gʰous- - hear
- Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰauš-
- Sanskrit घोष gʰoṣa
- Old Persian gauša- - ear
- Modern Persian guš - ear
- Proto-IE *ḱlew- - to hear
- meŋä / miy / mee (*bejŋi?) - brain
- Russian мозг brain
- Hebrew MWX brain
- Yiddish moyex brain
- Sogdian m'g
- Proto-IE *men- mind
- Proto-IE *moz-g- brain
- Old Indic majján
- *burut - mustache
- Proto-IE *bʰardʰ- - beard
- bel - waist
- Latin balteus belt (of Etruscan origin?)
- Proto-Iranian *mádʰyas - middle, waist <- PIE *médʰyos "middle"
- Bactrian milano - waist
- Pashto mlā - waist
- *bod - body (Kg boy - height, length)
- OE bodig - trunk, chest (of a man or animal), originally "cask;"
- English - body
- OHG botah
- OE bodig - trunk, chest (of a man or animal), originally "cask;"
- *yāş - tear (from eye)
- Proto-IE *dáḱru- - tear
- Wakhi yashk - tear [1]
- Mongolic nilmus - tear
- (Mongolic dusal ? - drop < dus- - drip (v.i.))
- Proto-IE *dáḱru- - tear
- *yürek - heart (but Chuvash çəre)
- Proto-IE *ḱḗr - heart
- Proto-Tocharian *käryā- - heart
- Proto-IE *ḱḗr - heart
- *qar-ın - belly
- Proto-IE *ǵʰer- - bowels
- Nihali gadri - liver
- *tīş - tooth
- Proto-IE *ǵeus- - to taste
- Proto-IE *h₁dónts - tooth
- *bʲağır - liver
- Proto-IE *yeh₁kwr̥-/Hyékʷr̥/*yókʷr̥ - liver
- Latin iecur
- Indic/Iranian *Hyákṙ
- Old Indic/Sanskrit yakŕ̩t
- Avestan yākar(ə)
- Khotanese Saka gyagarrä
- Ossetian igər
- Non-IE Northern European *mok-on- - stomach, bag (see entry here)
- Nihali bhaːwri- belly
- Proto-IE *yeh₁kwr̥-/Hyékʷr̥/*yókʷr̥ - liver
- *tǖk - hair
- Proto-IE *twék- - skin
- *bōyn - neck
- Proto-IE *mon- - neck
- *beŋ - mole
- Proto-IE *meng- - pretty, beautiful
- *ağız/ağz- (←**ağs?) - mouth
- Proto-IE *h₁óh₃s/h₁h₃sés (*ōus) - mouth
- Persian āvāz - voice
- çiray (Mongolic) - ~visage
- Mongolic ?*čirai - ~visage
- Persian čehra - face
- qaraq/qarek - pupil of the eye / eyeball
- Proto-IE
- Greek κόρη/κούρη/κώρα "the pupil of the eye, eyeball"
- Proto-IE
- ?*saç - hair
- Proto-IE *dēḱwā - ?
- Tokharian A śāku - hair
- Proto-IE *dēḱwā - ?
- *qıl ~ ?*qılq (chv. χələχ) - hair
- Mongolic *kilga-su-n - horse's hair
- Classical Mongolian kilgasu(n) - horse's hair
- Khalkha хялгас - horse's hair
- Finnish kalki - hair
- Mongolic *kilga-su-n - horse's hair
- ~**köks (→köküräk~köküz) - chest
- Celtic kīkā - breast
- Japanese kokóɾo - heart
- Armenian kurckʰ - breast, chest
- Armenian cic - breast
- Agulis Armenian gʲygʲ - bosom (Vaux 1998)
- *omuz - shoulder (and Kazakh omırtqa ‘spine’)
- distribution in Turkic: Middle Turkic, Chuvash, Oğuz, Uzbek, some Western Qıpçaq (Balkar, Karaim, Kumyk)
- Mongolic (WM)omuruɣu(n)/(MM)omori'ut - collar bone
- Mongolic (khk) mör - shoulder
- Evenki mïre(?)
- Proto-IE *H₁ōmso-
- Old Indian áṁsa-
- Old Greek ō̂m(s)o-s
- Germanic áms-a-
- Latin umerus
- Tocharian es (A) (*omso-), āntse (B) (*omeso-)
- *qān (but chv jun)
- Proto-Iranian *wahuni
- Sogdian xurn, wuxrn/uxarn blood
- Middle Persian xōn
- 'Proto-IE *ǵenh₁- to produce, to beget, to give birth
- Germanic *kunją - kin/clan
- Proto-Iranian *wahuni
- *köz - eye
- Proto-IE *h₃ókʷs
- Lithuanian akìs
- Sanskrit ákṣi
- Proto-IE *h₃ókʷs
- *ald- - front
- PIE *h₂ént-o- "in front"
- *arqa - back
- PIE *pṛh₂wo- "anterior"
- Tocharian pärwa-t (A), parwe (B) ← *pä́rwë
- Proto-Nakh *ʔaq̇Vr- "on one's back"
- PIE *pṛh₂wo- "anterior"
- *moyn~boyun - neck
- Proto-IE *mony-, *mon "neck"
- *azıɣ - fang
- Mongolic *araɣa "fang"
- Iranian ?
- Khotanese haskä "elephant tusk"
- Persian yašk "tusk"
- Hungarian agyar "tusk"
- Georgian ešvi "fang"
- *sögil/*sigöl ← ?**siglö/**süklä → segül/sigil/sügel - wart
- Mongolic sögel - wart
- Korean hok - wart
- Manchu soğa - wart
- Proto-Uralic *śüklä
- Chinese 贅瘤 (zhuìliú) - wart
Numerals
- bīr - one
- English first, fore
- Romance prim-
- Proto-IE prHuo-, pro-wo-, perǝ, pro first, fore, ahead
- Tokharian parwe
- ä(k)ki, i(k)ki - two
- Proto-IE sekʷ follow
- English second
- Finnish kaksi (?)
- Proto-IE du̯ō+ko
- Old Indic dviká- twofold
- Armenian erkic̣s twice
- Albanian dyshi two
- Old Saxon twisk twofold
- Proto-IE *h₂énteros second / other
- Germanic *anþeraz second / other (of two)
- Proto-IE sekʷ follow
- tȫrt - four
- Proto-IE kwetwores
- Tokharian çtwar, çtwer
- Greek *τετϝρα → τετρα-
- Proto-IE kwetwores
- bēş - five
- Proto-IE penkwe
- Tokharian pañä, piç, piś
- Proto-IE penkwe
- jet(t)i - seven
- Proto-IE septom
- Tokharian s.pät, sukt
- Proto-IE septom
- sek(k)iz - eight
- Proto-IE *h₁oḱtṓw
- Tokharian okät, okt
- Proto-IE *h₁oḱtṓw
- yigirmä/ɟigirma - twenty
- Proto-IE **dwi(h₁)dḱm̥ti / **dwi-dḱmt-ih₁ → *u̯i-ḱmt-ī / *wī́ḱm̥tih₁
- Proto-Tokharian *w'īkän (→ wiki, ikäṃ)
- Proto-Celtic *wikantī
- Latin vīgintī
- Aromanian yinghits
- Proto-IE *deḱ- ten
- Proto-Germanic *teguz group of ten
- Old Norse tigr group of ten
- Proto-Germanic *teguz group of ten
- Proto-IE **dwi(h₁)dḱm̥ti / **dwi-dḱmt-ih₁ → *u̯i-ḱmt-ī / *wī́ḱm̥tih₁
- otuz - thirty
- Prakrit tīsa < Sanskrit triṃśat
- Hindi/Urdu/Nepali tīs
- Prakrit tīsa < Sanskrit triṃśat
- qır(ı)q - forty
- Old East Slavic sorokŭ
- PIE *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt
- Byzantine Greek σαράκοντα
- Old Armenian kʿaṙasun
- Iranian *čatwārHcát
- Persian čehel
- Indic *catvāriṃśát
- Hindi/Urdu cālīs
- miŋ/mıŋ - thousand
- Chinese 萬 ten thousand
- Middle Chinese *mʉɐnH - ten thousand
- Mandarin wàn - ten thousand
- Cantonese man5, maan6
- Middle Chinese *mʉɐnH - ten thousand
- Tungusic
- Manchu miŋgan - thousand
- Mongolic *miŋgan - thousand
- Chinese 萬 ten thousand
- tümän - ten thousand
- Tokharian A tmāṃ /tmaːn/ (A), t(u)māne (B), tmāne; tumám - ten thousand
- Old Church Slavonic тьма - ten thousand
- Chinese 萬 ten thousand
- Middle Chinese *mʉɐnH
- Mandarin wàn
- Middle Chinese *mʉɐnH
- -(i)nçi - -th
- Proto-IE -nte? -th
- *san - number, *som; sōm(?) - number; whole, piece (?)
- Tokharian B ṣaṃṣäl - number < ṣäṃṣ- - to count
- *tēk - lone, only
- Old Chinese *tek - single
- Khalkha teg - zero
People
- qağan - ruler, khan
- Hebrew kohen
- qı̄z - girl, daughter (Chuvash xĕr)
- English kid, kith
- Proto-IE *ḱer- grow
- Greek κόρη/κούρη/κώρα "girl, virgin"
- PIE *swésōr "siter"
- Khotanese hvar
- Sogdian xwār
- Pashto xor
- er - male, man (?*her (Halaj hir-) ← ?*per)
- Proto-IE *er - bull, male
- Germanic *ærgi (?) - unmasculine?
- Proto-IE *wiro- - man; warrior
- Scythian oior - man (Herodotus)
- Proto-IE *ario-? - master, lord
- Burushaski hir - man
- ata - father/grandfather; aqa/äke - older male relative
- Proto-IE *ph₂tḗr
- Tokharian pácar, pacer
- Proto-IE *hatta/*átta
- Lydian ata
- Proto-Slavic *otə
- Ancient Greek ἄττα
- Ossetian əda - grandfather
- Latin atta
- Gothic atta
- Etruscan ati- - mother
- Proto-IE *ph₂tḗr
- ayal - woman, wife
- Tokharian ckácar, tkácer daughter
- Arabic ʾahl wife (probably just a loan in some Turkic languages from this)
- *ēş (*ēlʲ?) - friend
- Proto-IE *bʰili/*bʰilo - harmonious, friendly
- Tungusic *pali - friendship, relationship
- *orda - horde
- Proto-IE *ḱerdʰā - troop, line
- *edi (**hedi?) - master, owner
- Proto-IE *poti-s - master, owner, host
- Old Indic páti- - master
- Avestan paiti- - master
- Mongolic eje-n - master, owner
- Proto-IE *poti-s - master, owner, host
- *küni - co-wife
- Proto-IE *gʷ(e)na- - wife, woman
- *yigit(?) - young, young man
- Proto-IE *h₂yuh₁n̥ḱós/*h₂yowh₁en-/h₂yuh₁en- - young
- Germanic *jungaz < **juwung-+az - young
- West Germanic *juwunþ- < *juwung-+θ - youth
- Old English 'ˈjeoɣʊθ - youth / young person
- Old Saxon juguth
- West Germanic *juwunþ- < *juwung-+θ - youth
- Germanic *jungaz < **juwung-+az - young
- Proto-IE *h₂yuh₁n̥ḱós/*h₂yowh₁en-/h₂yuh₁en- - young
- *tegin(?) - tegin
- Germranic *þegnaz - man, warrior
- Old English þæġn, þeġen, þegn - servant/retainer, "one in service to the king or other superior"
- Dutch degen - hero, warrior, soldier
- Germranic *þegnaz - man, warrior
- *āğıl - village/settlement (~community of families)
- Semitic ʔHL - ?
- Arabic ʾahl - kin (~community around a family)
- Hebrew ʾāhál - pitch a tent
- Hebrew ʾóhel - tent
- Akkadian âlu - settlement
- Mongolic *ayil - village/settlement (~community of families)
- (aylan- - spin i.v.)
- English hall?
- Proto-Nakh *ʔablV - root (→ kin →) village
- Semitic ʔHL - ?
- *bāla - child
- Sanskrit bāla - boy, child
- *küni - cowife
- PIE *gʷen, *gʷenh₂ - woman, wife
- Ancient Greek gunḗ - woman, wife
- Proto W Germanic *kwāni - woman
- Older Avestan gənā - woman, wife
- PIE *gʷen, *gʷenh₂ - woman, wife
- *qarı, *qarı- - old, get old
- PIE *ǵerh₂- - grow old
Grammatical
- *qāń - (qaysı - which, qayda - where, qana - where (to), (kim - who,) etc)
- Proto-IE *kʷo
- Proto-Uralic *ke- who
- qaçan - when
- Proto-IE
- Panjabi kad, kadoñ
- Sindhi kaɖahn
- Proto-IE
- *kim - who
- Proto-IE *kʷim - who (acc)
- Phrygian kin - who
- Indo-Iranian *kim~čim
- Sanskrit kim - what, who
- Younger Avestan cim~kəm
- Kurdish kî - who
- Middle Persian kē - who
- Mongolic *ken - who
- Proto-Uralic *ke- - who
- Proto-IE *kʷim - who (acc)
- -kan - (deverbal adverbial / adjectival / nominal suffix)
- Proto-IE *kʷo
- kwand / when / etc.
- Proto-IE *kʷo
- orta - middle, centre
- Tokharian orto - up
- oqşa- - be like, be similar
- Tokharian oki - like
- oq - emphatic particle
- Tokarian ats - exactly
- -mA - verbal negation morpheme
- Tokharian má - not
- Greek má, mé - not
- Sanskrit má - don't
- Mandarin mei2, bu1 - NEG
- Cantonese mo5, ng4 - NEG
- beri - before, since
- IE *prih₁-mó- / *prō-to- foremost
- Russian p(e)red - before, in front of
- English fore
- Latin pre-
- IE *prih₁-mó- / *prō-to- foremost
- mI - yes/no question particle
- Sanskrit vā - yes/no question particle
- ȫz - self, own reflexive pronoun
- Ancient Greek heós < PIE swa-
- -dA - Locative
- Mongolic *-dUr - Locative, Dative
- PIE *de/*do, *-de/*-do - Allative
- Mycenaean & Ancient Greek -dé - Allative
- English to - Dative
- Slavic do - Terminative
- Old Irish do - Dative
- Japanese de Instrumental
- -kA Dative
- Japanese e Lative
- Japanese ga nom.subj
- Japanese wa nom.top
- dA - also
- PIE *de/*do, *-de/*-do - also
- English too
- PIE *de/*do, *-de/*-do - also
- *-Uğ/-AğU (?) (→ Uw, etc.) vn and V→N derivation
- Proto-Finnic *-u V→N derivation
Other
- yaq-şı - good ← yaq- to be pleasing (?)
- Proto-IE meH-, wEsu- (?)
- Proto-IE *ǵews- - taste, try
- Proto Indic *ȷ́áwšati ← *ǵéws-e-ti - like, enjoy, be pleased
- Proto Indic *ȷ́áwšas ← *ǵéws-o-s
- Sanskrit jóṣa - happiness, satisfaction
- āq - white
- Proto-IE *h₂erǵ- - white, shine
- Tokharian árki , árkwi- white
- qut - fortune
- Germanic en: good
- ant+ar - turn over
- Proto-IE ant front
- Tokharian ánt through, across, ánt, ánte forehead
- Germanic anðar other
- tın+ıç - peace
- Tokharian tunk love
- süːt - milk
- Proto-IE *sweh₂d-u- sweet
- Proto-IE or BMAC *kswēyd- milk
- Avestan xšuuid-
- Sanskrit kṣīrá
- ülkän - big
- Tokharian walke long
- *bek - firm, stable
- bedük(?) - high
- IE *mag- large, many
- Tokharian makí, (A?) māk much
- Mongolian hike - big
- IE *mag- large, many
- *bek - fast (as in solid/stable)
- man - great
- Proto-IE *meǵ- - great?
- Phrygian meka great
- Greek megas great
- Latin magna ?
- Proto-IE *magʰ- - able/power
- Korean manhi - a lot
- Korean pʰək - very
- Korean pak - vigorously
- Mongolian maš - very
- Proto-IE *meǵ- - great?
- büt/bük? - all, entire
- Tokharian (A) puk - all, every, whole
- töbe - hill, peak, crest
- English top
- māl - time, moment (Perso-Arabic borrowing?)
- Germanic *mēl time of meal
- en: meal
- yi: mol time
- de: Mahl, Mal
- Germanic *mēl time of meal
- ters - reverse, backwards
- Proto-IE *ter- - cross over
- Proto-IE *ter / *tero - over/through
- kers - reverse, backwards
- Proto-IE *ǵers - to turn, to bend
- *yal-aŋ/-ŋuz - naked/lone
- Proto-IE *gal- - naked
- *yalğan - falsehood
- Tokharian *ywolo - bad, ugly
- Khotanese yola - falsehood
- Tokharian *ywolo - bad, ugly
- *yar-ıq/-qın//-ıl - light, bright//explode
- Proto-IE gʷʰer- - warm
- Kg. ubada- - promise (Perso-Arabic borrowing?)
- Proto-IE *wadʰ- - promise
- alıs - far, distant (Mongolic borrowing)
- Proto-IE *h₂el-yó- - beyond; other
- Mongolic alisun - far
- äli - still (Iranian borrowing?)
- Proto-IE *h₂el-yó- - beyond; other
- *yeŋgü-l - lightweight
- Proto-IE *lengʷʰ- - lightweight
- *ōçuz - thin/light/easy/worthless
- Proto-IE *ténh₂us - thin
- *qula - light yellow, brown
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine (>yellow)
- *boŕ / *bōŕ - grey
- Proto-IE *mor(u) - to blacken, dark spot
- *buŕ / *boŕ - to spoil, be damaged, destroyed
- Proto-IE *merk - to rot
- teŋ - equal
- Proto-IE *tengʰ/tenk/tens - to extend, stretch, span
- Proto-IE tenk - contract
- Middle Chinese 等 tʌi/təŋ - equate, be equal; and similar; sort, kind
- yāĺıl - green ← yāĺ young
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel - shine; green
- Proto-IE *dʰāl- blossom, be green
- Proto-IE *iēlo- (only Celtic and Balto-Slavic) unripe, raw
- Mongolian zalʊː ← yala'u young
- *ağır - heavy
- Proto-IE *gʷer - heavy
- Sogdian ɣr’n = ɣərān - heavy
- Proto-Hellenic gʷarus - heavy
- PIE *bʰorós
- Median βārə́h
- Proto-IE *gʷer - heavy
- *bayram - festival (*badram?) (Perso-Arabic borrowing?)
- Proto-IE *bʰăd- - good
- *tȫr - seat of honour in home (across from door)
- Proto-IE dʰwer - door
- Japanese to (<two?) - door
- *qır - edge
- Proto-IE gʰer / gʰrØ- - stick out
- Proto-IE (s)ker- - turn, bend
- Proto-IE (s)ker- - cut
- *sāɣ - thought; *sāq- - think
- Proto-IE
- Greek sopʰo-
- Latin sabe-
- Hittite sak/sek
- Proto-IE
- *siŋ- - soak up
- Proto-IE *sengʷ- - sink
- *bata? - blessing
- Proto-IE bʰād - good
- *eşik - door
- Hittite aska- - door
- *burç (??) - corner
- Proto-IE mereǵ/mərǵ- - border
- Latin margō
- Persian marz
- OIr mruig
- Germanic marka
- IE
- Germanic brink
- Proto-IE mereǵ/mərǵ- - border
- tığız - tight, snug (< tıq- cram?)
- IE ?
- Germanic tight?, taut?
- Slavic tug-?
- IE ?
- *sarığ < *śarğa/sirga? - yellow
- Mongolic *sira
- Japanese siro - white
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine (>yellow)
- *ǵʰólh₃-i-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-éy-s
- Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰárHiš
- Sanskrit hari - yellow
- Avestan ""zairi - yellow?
- Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰárHiš
- Iranian ?*zari - golden
- Persian zard - yellow
- ? Middle Persian zargōn
- Aramaic zrgwn (zargūn?) - golden
- Indo-Iranian **źʰr̥Hanyam
- Old Persian daraniya - gold
- Avestan zarańiia - gold
- Sanskrit híraṇya - gold
- *ǵʰólh₃-i-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-éy-s
- Mandan síre - yellow
- Ossetian syrx - red
- Proto-Slavic śěrŭ - grey ← *xoiro ← PIE *ḱHoy-ro
- qara - black
- Mongolic *qara
- Japanese kuro
- Proto-IE *ker-/ḱer-/**kr̥snós - black / dark colour
- Balto-Slavic *kiršnas
- Slavic *čer- / *čĭrnŭ
- Indic *kr̥ṣnás
- Sanskrit kṛṣṇá
- Balto-Slavic *kiršnas
- Sanskrit kāla
- sekin - slow, quiet (← Arabic?)
- PIE *sēk- - quiet, lazy
- yıraq - far
- Iranian ?
- Avestan dûra
- Shughni, Sarikoli ðar
- Wakhi ðir
- Persian dur
- Iranian ?
- sağ - healthy
- Mongolic sayin - healthy
- Proto-IE sāno-s - healthy (Italic, maybe Albanian)
- Proto Tokharian śāw- - live (←PIE *gwyeh3-w-e/o-)
- Tocharian (A) śo-, (B) śāw- ~ śāy-
- iqma - method
- Tokharian (A) wkäṃ - manner, type
- qıl- - do, make
- Tokharian (B) käl - endure
- sekin - quiet, without force
- Proto-IE sēk - quiet, lazy
- kǖç - strength, power
- Mongolic küči(n) - strength, power
- Proto-IE *ǵheus- - spray, gush
- Tokharian B kus - gush
- Proto-IE *ǵéwstus - taste, vigour (←*ǵustéw-)
- Finnish kyetä - be able to
- Hebrew koaħ - strength
- tār - narrow
- Proto-IE *ten- - stretch, draw, *tenw- - pull
- Latin tendere/tendō/tensus
- English tense
- Ancient Greek τείνω (teínō)
- Sanskrit तनोति (tanóti) - stretch, spread
- Germanic *þanjaną
- Old English þennan - stretch, spread
- Latin tendere/tendō/tensus
- Proto-IE *ten- - stretch, draw, *tenw- - pull
- ērte - early, morning, next day
- Japanese asita - tomorrow
- Ura Amami assja - tomorrow
- Hateruma Yaeyama acca - tomorrow
- Japanese asita - tomorrow
- *bi/bän- - I/me
- Ura Amami wan
- Hateruma Yaeyama ba
- *uzun, *uzaq (Mongolic *urta) - long
- IE (the following words may or may not be related to one another)
- Tokharian A aryu - long(-lasting)
- Tokharian B orotstse/wrotstse - great, big, large
- Luvian ura- - great
- IE (the following words may or may not be related to one another)
- qoyı- - be viscous/thick, qoyığ - viscous/thick
- Japanese ko-i - viscous/thick
- semiz, semir- - fat, be/get fat
- Proto-IE *smer- - anoint
- Proto-IE *smérus - grease
- Tokharian B ṣmare - oil, grease
- Proto-Germanic *smerwą - grease; (animal) fat
- Proto-IE *smérus - grease
- Proto-IE *smer- - anoint
- orun - place (sometimes connected to orta/ortu middle and ordu/orda ~palace)
- Proto-Germanic *uzdaz - point, place
- misc. older Germanic *ord
- Proto-Germanic *uzdaz - point, place
- qurı- - dry up
- Japanese hós- - dry, air out
- Japanese kawák- - dry up
- *teŋri (/*teŋir?) - God, sky, heaven
- Sumerian diŋir - god
- Mongolian teŋger
- Middle Chinese *tʰen - sky, heavens, Heaven
- Mandarin tiān
- *qut - fortune
- Proto-IE ǵʰutós - invoked; libated
- Proto-Germanic *gudą - God, deity
- Etruscan cath/catha - sun, sun God
- Proto-IE ǵʰutós - invoked; libated
- Mongolic *qabirʁa - ribs
- PMP *qabaRa - shoulder; carry on shoulder
- *kir - dirt/dirty
- Proto-IE *ker-/ḱer-/**kr̥snós - black / dark colour
- Persian kersne - dirty
- Proto-IE *ker-/ḱer-/**kr̥snós - black / dark colour
- *yaŋı/yeŋi - new
- see Turkic words for new and again
- Proto-IE *h₂yéwHō - young
- Balto-Slavic *jauˀnás ← *h₂yéw-Hn-o-s
- Slavic *jȗnъ
- Russian юн-ый
- Germanic *jugunþiz ← *juwundiz ← *h₂yú-Hn̥-ti-s
- English youth
- Germanic *jungaz ← *h₂yuHn̥ḱós
- Engish young
- Proto Indo-Iranian *HyúHā ← *h₂yúh₁ō
- Classical Persian ǰawān
- Slavic *jȗnъ
- Balto-Slavic *jauˀnás ← *h₂yéw-Hn-o-s
- *boz - grey
- Proto-IE *bʰerH- - brown
- Mongolic *boro - grey
- *bultır/bıltur - last year (*bir yıl tur?)
- Proto-IE *péruti - last year
- *ır/yır - song
- Proto-IE *h₁erkʷ - shine, praise (v.)
- Classical Armenian երգ (erg) - song
- Tokharian yärk/yarke - worship, veneration
- Sanskrit अर्क (arká) - praise, hymn, song (among other definitions)
- Proto-IE *h₁erkʷ - shine, praise (v.)
- *küz - autumn
- Proto-IE *(s)h₁es- - harvest/crop, fall (← *seh₁ - sow)
- Proto-Finno-Ugric *kesä - summer
- Proto-IE *(s)h₁es- - harvest/crop, fall (← *seh₁ - sow)
- sız-ıq - line
- Greek συζυγία - union, yoke (used to refer to alignment of celestial bodies)
- açığ hot, sour, bitter, unpleasant tasting ← açı- hurt, be unpleasant
- Abkhaz аџьыка ajika (supposedly from Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza *dž́ə́ 'salt')
- Georgian აჯიკა ajika
- *yış - dense (?)
- Proto-Slavic *gǫstъ - dense (← PIE gem-)
- *boş - empty, free
- Proto-Balto-Slavic *paustas
- Proto Slavic *pustъ - empty, desolate, void
- Old Prussian pausto - wild
- Ancient Greek παῦσις - pause
- Proto-Balto-Slavic *paustas
- (Kazakh) lıpıl-da- palpatate (heart)"
- Armenian ləpʰləpʰ- - palpatate (heart)
- (Kyrgyz) tıp-tıp pitter-patter (rain)
- Armenian tʰpʰ-tʰpʰ - pitter-patter (rain?)
- *yıraq - far
- Sanskrit dīrghá - long
Incorporate or not?
- Tokharian sále, sályi - salt (IE *sal- - grey, dirty; salt)
- Turkic tuz - salt
- Tokharian salu, sol - whole (IE *salw- - whole, healthy)
- Turkic tol- - full/fill
- Tokharian särk, sark - an illness
- Turkic ogr- - to hurt
- IE *sú- - to be born
- Turkic tuğ- - to be born
- Tokharian káryap - harm
- Turkic qab(a)- - to harm
- IE weid- - to know
- Turkic bil- (possible, due to sonority stuff)
- IE (En will, Lt vol-, etc)
- Turkic bil-
- Germanic *sūmian- - to miss
- Turkic *seb- - to love
- IE *su̯ei- - to make a noise
- Turkic *seb-le - to speak
- IE *pel- - grey
- Turkic boz - ~grey
- IE *ḱas- - grey
- Turkic çal- grey-haired
- IE *tark- - to twist
- Turkic tart- - to pull
- IE *ǵʰés-ro- - hand
- Turkic qol - hand
- IE *kaput- - head
- Turkic baş - head
Similarities to Russian
- murç / burç - pepper
- pérec - pepper
- muz / buz - ice
- moróz - frost (Slavic ?*morz-)
- yarıq, yaruğ, yarqın - light, bright
- jark-ij - bright
- qara
- čer- (Slavic ?*kr̩-)
- beri - before, since
- pered - before, in front of
- boran - storm
- burʲa - storm
- purga, buran
- seb+kil (?) - freckle(s)
- sypʲ - rash
- sep- - scatter/sow
- ras-syp- scatter
- sıdır- - to peel, strip, tear off
- sdir-atʲ - "
- taşı- - to overflow
- taši-tʲ - to overflow
- taşı- - to haul
- toska-tʲ - to haul
- bosoğo (Mongolic) - doorframe
- porog
- Lak stuff
- barzu - eagle (bürküt)
- čul - field, steppe (Mg. tala)
- barc̣ (pl. burc̣i-l) - wolf (börü)
- barḫ - back (arqa)
Not to incorporate
- ?lağ - meadow
- Balto-Slavic *plãka (?) pl:łąka, ru:lug
Notes
- Tokharian (B?) /ä/ was probably [ɨ]
- When two Tokharian words given, first is Tokharian A, second is Tokharian B
- Tokharian /ç/ is probably [ɕ]
- Tokharian /ts/ and /c/ are different?
PIE-to-Turkic correspondences
This is just for the sake of organising stuff, so I can see better what might be going on, if anything even is..
Labial stops
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Coronal stops
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Palatal stops
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Velar stops
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Labialised stops
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Other
| _C]σ | ||
|---|---|---|
| back vowel | ǵʰáns- → qā∅s → qā∅z | |
| front vowel | pénkʷe → bē∅ş | |
| front vowel | h₁dónts → tī∅ş |
| beginning | end | other | |
|---|---|---|---|
| back vowel | ḱórw-eh₂ → qarğa | ḱlew- → qulaq | |
| front vowel |
| beginning | end | other | |
|---|---|---|---|
| back vowel | |||
| front vowel |
