Evolution of German: Difference between revisions

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== Evolution ==
== Evolution ==
[[Image:tree.png]]
[[Image:tree.png|thumb|500px|left|Branching Tree of Germanic Languages]]


== Proto-IE to Proto-Germanic ==
== Proto-IE to Proto-Germanic ==
* IE ablaut rule:
** V → V → [e(:), o(:), 0] in a m.c. environment
** kneigʰ → kniigʰ­­/knīgʰ­­
* o → a
* l̥, m̥, n̥, r̥ → ul, um, un, ur
* "First" umlaut:
** e → i / _ {C<sub>0</sub> i(:), j | [ nasal C]C }
** i, u → e, o / _ C<sub>0</sub> a(:), o(:), e(:) | (C ≠ [ nasal C] C)
* ē → ā
=== Verner's Law ===
=== Verner's Law ===
Continuant options if after a vowel.
* / V<sub>[-stressed]</sub> C<sub>0[ sonorant]</sub> _ {#,C<sub>[ sonorant]</sub>}
{|border="1"
{|border="1"
|+voiceless
|-
| p
| p
| t
| t
Line 24: Line 35:
=== The first sound shift ===
=== The first sound shift ===
Continuant options if after a vowel
Continuant options if after a vowel
* {|border="1"
* voiceless stops → fricatives
|+voiceless
{|border="1"
|-
| p
| p
| t
| t
Line 42: Line 54:
|}
|}


* {|border="1"
* voiced stops → unvoiced stops
|+aspirated
{|border="1"
|-
| b
| d
| ɡ
| ɡʷ
|-
| colspan="4" align="center"|
→
|-
| p
| t
| k
| kʷ
|}
 
* voiced aspirated stops → voiced stops
{|border="1"
|-
|-
| bʰ
| bʰ
Line 57: Line 86:
| ɣ/ɡ
| ɣ/ɡ
| ɣʷ/ɡʷ
| ɣʷ/ɡʷ
|}
* {|border="1"
|+voiced
|-
| b
| d
| ɡ
| ɡʷ
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" |
→
|-
| p
| t
| k
| kʷ
|}
|}


Line 85: Line 97:


=== Gemination ===
=== Gemination ===
* C → CC / _ C<sub>[ son]</sub>
** (i.e.: n, m, l, (r,) w, j }
** skalj → shell
** → latter, ladder
** → button
** → happen
** → bubble
** → bottle
** sitj(an) → sit(ting)


== West Germanic to OHG ==
== West Germanic to OHG ==
=== Voiceless Stops Fricativise ===
* ship → shif


=== Second Sound Shift ===
=== Second Sound Shift ===
Voiceless Aspirated Stops Fricativise
(a.k.a. Affricatisation)
(a.k.a. Affricatisation)


* d → t
{|border="1"
|-
| pʰ
| tʰ
| kʰ
| →
|-
| pf
| ts
| kx
| / {#,C} _
|-
| ff
| ss
| xx
| / {V} _
|}
 
=== Voiced stops devoice ===
* d → t (except after a nasal?)
* g,b → k,p
 
=== Other stuff ===
* θ → d
* β → b
* β → b
* ɣ → ɡ
* ɣ → ɡ
[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Historical Linguistics]]

Latest revision as of 05:58, 12 April 2007

These are just notes to get my thoughts together for a test; no guarantee is given as to the accuracy of this information and the site license stands.

Evolution

Branching Tree of Germanic Languages

Proto-IE to Proto-Germanic

  • IE ablaut rule:
    • V → V → [e(:), o(:), 0] in a m.c. environment
    • kneigʰ → kniigʰ­­/knīgʰ­­
  • o → a
  • l̥, m̥, n̥, r̥ → ul, um, un, ur
  • "First" umlaut:
    • e → i / _ {C0 i(:), j | [ nasal C]C }
    • i, u → e, o / _ C0 a(:), o(:), e(:) | (C ≠ [ nasal C] C)
  • ē → ā

Verner's Law

Continuant options if after a vowel.

  • / V[-stressed] C0[ sonorant] _ {#,C[ sonorant]}
p t k kʷ

→

β/b d/ð ɣ/ɡ ɣʷ/ɡʷ

The first sound shift

Continuant options if after a vowel

  • voiceless stops → fricatives
p t k kʷ s

→

f θ x/h xʷ/hʷ s
  • voiced stops → unvoiced stops
b d ɡ ɡʷ

→

p t k kʷ
  • voiced aspirated stops → voiced stops
bʰ dʰ ɡʰ ɡʷʰ

→

β/b d/ð ɣ/ɡ ɣʷ/ɡʷ

Stress Shift

Germanic to NW Germanic

  • z → r

NW Germanic to West Germanic

  • ð → d

Gemination

  • C → CC / _ C[ son]
    • (i.e.: n, m, l, (r,) w, j }
    • skalj → shell
    • → latter, ladder
    • → button
    • → happen
    • → bubble
    • → bottle
    • sitj(an) → sit(ting)

West Germanic to OHG

Voiceless Stops Fricativise

  • ship → shif

Second Sound Shift

Voiceless Aspirated Stops Fricativise (a.k.a. Affricatisation)

pʰ tʰ kʰ →
pf ts kx / {#,C} _
ff ss xx / {V} _

Voiced stops devoice

  • d → t (except after a nasal?)
  • g,b → k,p

Other stuff

  • θ → d
  • β → b
  • ɣ → ɡ
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