Difference between revisions of "Evolution of German"
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== Evolution == | == Evolution == | ||
| − | [[Image:tree.png]] | + | [[Image:tree.png|thumb|500px|left|Branching Tree of Germanic Languages]] |
== Proto-IE to Proto-Germanic == | == Proto-IE to Proto-Germanic == | ||
| + | * IE ablaut rule: | ||
| + | ** V → V → [e(:), o(:), 0] in a m.c. environment | ||
| + | ** kneigʰ → kniigʰ/knīgʰ | ||
| + | * o → a | ||
| + | * l̥, m̥, n̥, r̥ → ul, um, un, ur | ||
| + | * "First" umlaut: | ||
| + | ** e → i / _ {C<sub>0</sub> i(:), j | [ nasal C]C } | ||
| + | ** i, u → e, o / _ C<sub>0</sub> a(:), o(:), e(:) | (C ≠ [ nasal C] C) | ||
| + | * ē → ā | ||
=== Verner's Law === | === Verner's Law === | ||
| + | Continuant options if after a vowel. | ||
| + | * / V<sub>[-stressed]</sub> C<sub>0[ sonorant]</sub> _ {#,C<sub>[ sonorant]</sub>} | ||
{|border="1" | {|border="1" | ||
| − | | | + | |- |
| p | | p | ||
| t | | t | ||
| Line 26: | Line 37: | ||
* voiceless stops → fricatives | * voiceless stops → fricatives | ||
{|border="1" | {|border="1" | ||
| − | | | + | |- |
| p | | p | ||
| t | | t | ||
| Line 41: | Line 52: | ||
| xʷ/hʷ | | xʷ/hʷ | ||
| s | | s | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * voiced stops → unvoiced stops | ||
| + | {|border="1" | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | b | ||
| + | | d | ||
| + | | ɡ | ||
| + | | ɡʷ | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | colspan="4" align="center"| | ||
| + | → | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | p | ||
| + | | t | ||
| + | | k | ||
| + | | kʷ | ||
|} | |} | ||
* voiced aspirated stops → voiced stops | * voiced aspirated stops → voiced stops | ||
{|border="1" | {|border="1" | ||
| − | |||
|- | |- | ||
| bʰ | | bʰ | ||
| Line 59: | Line 86: | ||
| ɣ/ɡ | | ɣ/ɡ | ||
| ɣʷ/ɡʷ | | ɣʷ/ɡʷ | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
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|} | |} | ||
| Line 88: | Line 97: | ||
=== Gemination === | === Gemination === | ||
| + | * C → CC / _ C<sub>[ son]</sub> | ||
| + | ** (i.e.: n, m, l, (r,) w, j } | ||
| + | ** skalj → shell | ||
| + | ** → latter, ladder | ||
| + | ** → button | ||
| + | ** → happen | ||
| + | ** → bubble | ||
| + | ** → bottle | ||
| + | ** sitj(an) → sit(ting) | ||
== West Germanic to OHG == | == West Germanic to OHG == | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Voiceless Stops Fricativise === | ||
| + | * ship → shif | ||
=== Second Sound Shift === | === Second Sound Shift === | ||
| + | Voiceless Aspirated Stops Fricativise | ||
(a.k.a. Affricatisation) | (a.k.a. Affricatisation) | ||
| − | * d → t | + | {|border="1" |
| + | |- | ||
| + | | pʰ | ||
| + | | tʰ | ||
| + | | kʰ | ||
| + | | → | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | pf | ||
| + | | ts | ||
| + | | kx | ||
| + | | / {#,C} _ | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ff | ||
| + | | ss | ||
| + | | xx | ||
| + | | / {V} _ | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Voiced stops devoice === | ||
| + | * d → t (except after a nasal?) | ||
| + | * g,b → k,p | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Other stuff === | ||
| + | * θ → d | ||
* β → b | * β → b | ||
* ɣ → ɡ | * ɣ → ɡ | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:Linguistics]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Historical Linguistics]] | ||
Latest revision as of 01:58, 12 April 2007
These are just notes to get my thoughts together for a test; no guarantee is given as to the accuracy of this information and the site license stands.
Contents
Evolution
Proto-IE to Proto-Germanic
- IE ablaut rule:
- V → V → [e(:), o(:), 0] in a m.c. environment
- kneigʰ → kniigʰ/knīgʰ
- o → a
- l̥, m̥, n̥, r̥ → ul, um, un, ur
- "First" umlaut:
- e → i / _ {C0 i(:), j | [ nasal C]C }
- i, u → e, o / _ C0 a(:), o(:), e(:) | (C ≠ [ nasal C] C)
- ē → ā
Verner's Law
Continuant options if after a vowel.
- / V[-stressed] C0[ sonorant] _ {#,C[ sonorant]}
| p | t | k | kʷ |
|
→ | |||
| β/b | d/ð | ɣ/ɡ | ɣʷ/ɡʷ |
The first sound shift
Continuant options if after a vowel
- voiceless stops → fricatives
| p | t | k | kʷ | s |
|
→ | ||||
| f | θ | x/h | xʷ/hʷ | s |
- voiced stops → unvoiced stops
| b | d | ɡ | ɡʷ |
|
→ | |||
| p | t | k | kʷ |
- voiced aspirated stops → voiced stops
| bʰ | dʰ | ɡʰ | ɡʷʰ |
|
→ | |||
| β/b | d/ð | ɣ/ɡ | ɣʷ/ɡʷ |
Stress Shift
Germanic to NW Germanic
- z → r
NW Germanic to West Germanic
- ð → d
Gemination
- C → CC / _ C[ son]
- (i.e.: n, m, l, (r,) w, j }
- skalj → shell
- → latter, ladder
- → button
- → happen
- → bubble
- → bottle
- sitj(an) → sit(ting)
West Germanic to OHG
Voiceless Stops Fricativise
- ship → shif
Second Sound Shift
Voiceless Aspirated Stops Fricativise (a.k.a. Affricatisation)
| pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | → |
| pf | ts | kx | / {#,C} _ |
| ff | ss | xx | / {V} _ |
Voiced stops devoice
- d → t (except after a nasal?)
- g,b → k,p
Other stuff
- θ → d
- β → b
- ɣ → ɡ
