Difference between revisions of "Proto English Vowels"

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A chart of vowel correspondences in many English dialects. Uses an extended version of Well's lexical sets as necessary to make a keyword for every line. Includes significant allophones, and shows the sounds used in casual connected speech rather than carefully-annunciated speech. The IPA used, tho broad, is not phonemic and is designed to show differences, rather than similarities, between the dialects. Although diacritics are often used, the non-use of diacritics does not imply that a particular vowel is used in its cardinal sense.
 
A chart of vowel correspondences in many English dialects. Uses an extended version of Well's lexical sets as necessary to make a keyword for every line. Includes significant allophones, and shows the sounds used in casual connected speech rather than carefully-annunciated speech. The IPA used, tho broad, is not phonemic and is designed to show differences, rather than similarities, between the dialects. Although diacritics are often used, the non-use of diacritics does not imply that a particular vowel is used in its cardinal sense.
  
 +
== Abbreviations ==
 
{|  
 
{|  
 
|+ Table of abbreviations  
 
|+ Table of abbreviations  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| GAmE  || General American  
+
| GAmE  || General American (pre-WWII TV/radio)
 
|-
 
|-
 
| RP    || Received Pronunciation
 
| RP    || Received Pronunciation
Line 15: Line 16:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| JNWE  || Jonathan North Washington's (American) English
 
| JNWE  || Jonathan North Washington's (American) English
 +
|-
 +
| ABrE || Aaron Braver's (American) English
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
== The Chart ==
  
−
 
+
{|width="100%" style="text-align: center";
−
{|width="100%"
 
 
|+ Vowel correspondence chart
 
|+ Vowel correspondence chart
−
! Keyword !! GAmE !! JNWE !! RP    !! AusE  !! VAusE !! NZE
+
! Keyword !! ME !! GAmE !! JNWE !! ABrE !! RP    !! AusE  !! VAusE !! NZE !! Fran
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="8" | Short
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan="7" | Short
+
| KIT    || ɪ || ɪ      || ɪ      || ɪ      || ɪ    || i    || i      || ə || ɪ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| KIT     || ɪ      || ɪ      || ɪ    || i   || i     || ə
+
| DRESS  || ɛ || ɛ     || ɛ    || ɛ    || e̞  || e   || e     || e̝ || ɛ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| DRESS  || ɛ     || ɛ     || e̞  || e   || e     || e̝
+
| LOT    || ɔ || ɑ     || ɑ     || ɑ    || ɒ   || ɔ    || ɔ     || ɔ || ɔ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| LOT     || ɑ     || ɑ     || ɒ    || ɔ    || ɔ      || ɔ
+
| CLOTH  || ɔ || ɒ     || ɒ     || ɒ     || ɒ    || ɔ    || ɔ      || ɔ || ɔ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| CLOTH   || ɒ     || ɒ     || ɒ   || ɔ   || ɔ     || ɔ
+
| STRUT   || ʊ || ʌ̈     || ʌ̈     || ʌ̈    || ɐ   || ä   || ä     || ä || ʌ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| STRUT  || ʌ̈     || ʌ̈     || ɐ   || ä   || ä     || ä
+
| FOOT    || ʊ || ʊ    || ʊ     || ʊ     || ʊ   || u   || u     || u || ʊ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FOOT    || ʊ    || ʊ    || ʊ    || u    || u      || u
+
! colspan="8" | Short a
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan="7" | Short a
+
| TRAP    || a || æ    || æ    || æ    || a    || æ    || æ      || ɛ || a
 
|-
 
|-
−
| TRAP    || æ    || æ    || a    || æ    || æ     || ɛ
+
| SANG  || a ||         || æɪ̯ || e(ɪ̯/ː)  ||       ||      ||       ||  || a
 
|-
 
|-
−
| BAD    || æ    || æ    || a(ː) || æː  || æː    || ɛ
+
| SAG    || a  ||          || æɪ̯ || æ(ː)   ||       ||      ||      ||   || a
 
|-
 
|-
−
| DANCE  || æ    || Æ     || ɑː  || æː  || æː    || äː
+
| BAD    || a || æ    || æ    || æ     || a(ː) || æː  || æː    || ɛ  || a
 
|-
 
|-
−
| CAN'T  || æ    || Æ    || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː  
+
| TAN/PAM    || a ||          || Æ || Æ  ||      ||      ||      ||  || a
 +
|-
 +
| DANCE  || a || æ    || Æ      || Æ      || ɑː  || æː  || æː    || äː || a
 +
|-
 +
| CAN'T  || a || æ     || Æ     || Æ    || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː || ɑ
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| BATH    || æ    || æ    || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː
+
| BATH    || a || æ    || æ    || æ    || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː || a
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| PALM    || ɑ    || ɑ    || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː
+
| PALM    || al || ɑ    || ɑ     || ɒ     || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː || ɑ
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan="7" | Short a pre-n/m/ŋ/ɡ (nasals, voiced velars)
+
! colspan="8" | Short pre-r
 
|-
 
|-
−
| TAN     ||         || Æ
+
| START  || ar || ɑɹ    || ɒɹ̯    || ɑɹ̯     || ɑː  || äː    || äː    || äː || ɑː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| PAM     ||         || Æ
+
| NORTH  || ɔr || ɔɹ    || ɔɹ̯    || ɔɹ̯     || ɔː    || oː    || oː    || oː || ɔː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| SANG   ||         || æj
+
| NURSE   || ʊr || ɝ    || ɹ̩    || ɹ̩    || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː    || ɜː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| SAG     ||         || æj
+
| FIR  || ɪr || ɝ    || ɹ̩    || ɹ̩    || ɜː  || øː  || øː     || øː      || ɜː
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan="7" | Short pre-r
+
| HER  || ɛr || ɝ    || ɹ̩    || ɹ̩    || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː      || ɜː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| START   || ɑɹ     || ɒɻ     || ɑː  || äː   || äː   || äː
+
| HURRY   || ʊ || ɝ     || ɹ̩     || ɹ̩    || ɐ   || ä   || ä      || ä    || ɝ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| NORTH   || ɔɹ     || ɔɻ     || ɔː   || oː    || oː    || oː
+
| MERRY   || ɛ || ɛ    || Æɹ̯     || Æɹ̯     || e̞  || e   || e      || e̝    || ɛ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| NURSE   || ɝ     || ɻ̩     || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː
+
| MARRY   || a  || æ    || Æɹ̯     || Æɹ̯     || a    || æ    || æ      || ɛ  || a
 
|-
 
|-
−
| HURRY  || ɝ    || ɻ̩    || ɐ    || ä    || ä      || ä
+
! colspan="8" | Short pre-l
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan="7" | Short pre-l
+
| BELL    || ɛ || ɛ    || ɛ    || ɛ    || e̞  || e    || æ      || ɛ      || ɛ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| BELL   || ɛ     || ɛ     || e̞   || e    || æ     || ɛ
+
| DOLL   || ɔ || ɑ     || ɑ     || ɒ    || ɒ    || ɔu   || ɔu    || ?     || ɔ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| DOLL   || ɑ     || ɑ     || ɒ   || ɔu  || ɔu     || ?
+
| CULT   || ʊ || ʌ̈    || ʌ̈     || ʌ̈     || ɐ   || ɔ    || ɔ      || ?     || ʌʊ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| CULT   || ʌ̈    || ʌ̈    || ɐ    || ɔ   || ɔ      || ?
+
| BALD   || a || ɒ      || ɒ      || ɒ      || ɔː  || ɔʊ  || ɔʊ   || ?    || ɔʊ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| BALD    || ɒ      || ɒ      || ɔː  || ɔʊ  || ɔʊ    || ?
+
! colspan="8" | Long
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan="7" | Long
+
| FLEECE  || eː, ɛː || i    || i    || i    || iː  || ɪi  || ɪi    || ɪi  || i
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FLEECE  || i     || i     || iː || ɪi  || ɪi     || ɪi
+
| FACE    || aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai || eɪ    || eɪ̯     || eɪ̯     || eɪ || æi  || æi     || æɪ  || eɪ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FACE    || eɪ    || ej    || eɪ || æi  || æi     || æɪ
+
| THOUGHT || ɔu || ɒ      || ɒ      || ɒ(?)      || ɔː || oː  || oː     || oː  || ɔː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| THOUGHT || ɒ     || ɒ      || ɔː || oː   || oː    || oː
+
| GOAT    || ɔː || o     || ɤʊ̯    || ɤ̟ʊ̯    || əʊ || ɐʉ  || ɐʉ   || ɐʉ    || ʌʊ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| GOAT    || o     || ɤw   || əʊ || ɐʉ   || ɐʉ   || ɐʉ
+
| GOOSE  || oː || u̟      || u̟      || ʉ̟     || uː  || ʉ̟ː  || ʉ̟ː   || ʉ̟ː || u
 +
|-
 +
| PRIDE  || iː || aɪ    || ɑɪ̯    || ɑɪ̯    || aɪ  || ɑe  || ɑe   || ɑe   || ɑɪ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| GOOSE  || u̟      || u̟      || uː   || ʉ̟ː   || ʉ̟ː    || ʉ̟ː
+
| CHOICE  || ɔi || ɒɪ    || ɔɪ̯    || ɔɪ̯    || ɔɪ  || oi   || oi   || oɪ  || ɔɪ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| PRIDE   ||     || ɑj     ||   ||   ||   ||  
+
| MOUTH   || uː || aʊ     || aʊ̯    || aʉ̯    || aʊ  || æə  || æə  || æə  || aʊ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| CHOICE  || ɒɪ    || ɔj    || ɔɪ  || oi  || oi  || oɪ
+
! colspan="8" | Long pre-unvoiced
 
|-
 
|-
−
| MOUTH   || aʊ     || aw     || aʊ  || æə   || æə   || æə
+
| PRICE   || iː || aɪ    || ʌɪ̯     || ʌɪ̯     || aɪ  || ɑe   || ɑe   || ɑe  || ʌɪ
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="8" | Long pre-r
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan="7" | Long pre-unvoiced
+
| NEAR    || eːr, ɛːr || ɪɹ    || iɹ̯    || iɹ̯    || ɪə  || iː ~ iə  || iː ~ iə || iə || ɪː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| PRICE  || aɪ     || ʌj     || aɪ   || ɑe   || ɑe   || ɑe
+
| SQUARE  || aːr, ɛːr, ɛir, air || æɹ    || Æɹ̯     || Æɹ̯     || ɛə   || eː    || eː    || iə ~ ɪə || ɛː
−
|-  
+
|-
−
! colspan="7" | Long pre-r
+
| FORCE   || ɔːr || oɹ    || ɔɹ̯    || ɔɹ̯    || ɔː    || oː    || oː    || oː || ɔː
 +
|-
 +
| CURE    || iur, oːr || uɹ    || ʲɹ̩/ʲɨɹ̯    || ʲɹ̩    || ʊə    || ʉ̟ːə  || ʉ̟ːə   || ? || jʊə
 +
|-
 +
| POOR    || oːr, iur || uɹ    || ɔɹ̯    || u(ə)ɹ̯    || ʊə    || oː    || oː    || oː || ɔː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| NEAR    || ɪɹ    || iɻ    || ɪə  || iː ~ iə  || iː ~ iə || iə
+
! colspan="8" | Long pre-l
 
|-
 
|-
−
| SQUARE  || æɹ    || Æɻ    || ɛə   || eː   || eː    || iə ~ ɪə
+
| GOAL    || ɔː || o      || ɤ̹ː      || ɤ̹ʊ̯      || əʊ  || ɔʊ   || ɔʊ   || ɔʊ  || əʊ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FORCE  || oɹ    || ɔɻ    || ɔː    || oː    || oː    || oː
+
| FOOL    || oː || u      || u(ə)      || u(ə)      || uː  || ʉ̟ː ~ uː || uː  || uː || uʊ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| CURE   || ʊɹ     || ʲɻ̩/ʲɨɻ     || ʊə    || ʉ̟ːə || ʉ̟ːə  || ?
+
| FUEL   || iuə || uə     || ʲu(ə)    || ʲu(ə)     || ʊə    || ʉ̟ː ~ uː || uː || ? || juə
 
|-
 
|-
−
| POOR    || ʊɹ     || ɔɻ     || ʊə   || oː    || oː   || oː
+
| PALE/PAIL || aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai  || e(?)    || Æ     || Æ     ||    ||   ||    || eə
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FARE/FAIR  || e(?)  || Æ    ||    ||  ||    ||
+
! colspan="8" | Unstressed
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan="7" | Long pre-l
+
| HAPPY ||  || i || i || i || ɪ || i || i || i || i
 
|-
 
|-
−
| GOAL    || o      || ɤ̹      || əʊ || ɔʊ  || ɔʊ    || ɔʊ
+
| ABBOT || || ə || ɨ ||  || ə || ə || ə || ə || ʌ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FOOL    || u      || u      || uː   || ʉ̟ː ~ uː || uː  || uː
+
| RABBIT || || ɪ || ɨ ||  || ɪ || ə || ə || ə || ɪ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FUEL    || uə    || ʲu(ə)    || ʊə    || ʉ̟ː ~ uː || uː || ?
+
| BOTTOM/SYSTEM || || ə || ə || ə ||  || ||  || ə/ə
 
|-
 
|-
−
| PALE/PAIL  || e(?)    || Æ    ||   ||   ||   ||
+
| TURNIP/VICTIM || || ɪ || ə || ɪ(?)/ə || || || ɪ/ɪ
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
== Disclaimer ==
 
(Disclaimer: This should be read as showing how diversity in pronunciation is not always an obstacle in comprehension. Not to be used as a source for anything. Some transcriptions based on the authors' own observations.)
 
(Disclaimer: This should be read as showing how diversity in pronunciation is not always an obstacle in comprehension. Not to be used as a source for anything. Some transcriptions based on the authors' own observations.)
 +
 +
[[Category:Linguistics]]
 +
[[Category:Historical Linguistics]]
 +
[[Category:Phonetics]]
 +
[[Category:English]]

Latest revision as of 11:51, 20 October 2013

A chart of vowel correspondences in many English dialects. Uses an extended version of Well's lexical sets as necessary to make a keyword for every line. Includes significant allophones, and shows the sounds used in casual connected speech rather than carefully-annunciated speech. The IPA used, tho broad, is not phonemic and is designed to show differences, rather than similarities, between the dialects. Although diacritics are often used, the non-use of diacritics does not imply that a particular vowel is used in its cardinal sense.

Abbreviations

Table of abbreviations
GAmE General American (pre-WWII TV/radio)
RP Received Pronunciation
AusE (General) Australian English
VAusE (General) Victorian Australian English
NZE (General) General New Zealand English
JNWE Jonathan North Washington's (American) English
ABrE Aaron Braver's (American) English

The Chart

Vowel correspondence chart
Keyword ME GAmE JNWE ABrE RP AusE VAusE NZE Fran
Short
KIT ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ i i ə ɪ
DRESS ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ e̞ e e e̝ ɛ
LOT ɔ ɑ ɑ ɑ ɒ ɔ ɔ ɔ ɔ
CLOTH ɔ ɒ ɒ ɒ ɒ ɔ ɔ ɔ ɔ
STRUT ʊ ʌ̈ ʌ̈ ʌ̈ ɐ ä ä ä ʌ
FOOT ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ u u u ʊ
Short a
TRAP a æ æ æ a æ æ ɛ a
SANG a æɪ̯ e(ɪ̯/ː) a
SAG a æɪ̯ æ(ː) a
BAD a æ æ æ a(ː) æː æː ɛ a
TAN/PAM a Æ Æ a
DANCE a æ Æ Æ ɑː æː æː äː a
CAN'T a æ Æ Æ ɑː äː äː äː ɑ
BATH a æ æ æ ɑː äː äː äː a
PALM al ɑ ɑ ɒ ɑː äː äː äː ɑ
Short pre-r
START ar ɑɹ ɒɹ̯ ɑɹ̯ ɑː äː äː äː ɑː
NORTH ɔr ɔɹ ɔɹ̯ ɔɹ̯ ɔː oː oː oː ɔː
NURSE ʊr ɝ ɹ̩ ɹ̩ ɜː øː øː øː ɜː
FIR ɪr ɝ ɹ̩ ɹ̩ ɜː øː øː øː ɜː
HER ɛr ɝ ɹ̩ ɹ̩ ɜː øː øː øː ɜː
HURRY ʊ ɝ ɹ̩ ɹ̩ ɐ ä ä ä ɝ
MERRY ɛ ɛ Æɹ̯ Æɹ̯ e̞ e e e̝ ɛ
MARRY a æ Æɹ̯ Æɹ̯ a æ æ ɛ a
Short pre-l
BELL ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ e̞ e æ ɛ ɛ
DOLL ɔ ɑ ɑ ɒ ɒ ɔu ɔu ? ɔ
CULT ʊ ʌ̈ ʌ̈ ʌ̈ ɐ ɔ ɔ ? ʌʊ
BALD a ɒ ɒ ɒ ɔː ɔʊ ɔʊ ? ɔʊ
Long
FLEECE eː, ɛː i i i iː ɪi ɪi ɪi i
FACE aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai eɪ eɪ̯ eɪ̯ eɪ æi æi æɪ eɪ
THOUGHT ɔu ɒ ɒ ɒ(?) ɔː oː oː oː ɔː
GOAT ɔː o ɤʊ̯ ɤ̟ʊ̯ əʊ ɐʉ ɐʉ ɐʉ ʌʊ
GOOSE oː u̟ u̟ ʉ̟ uː ʉ̟ː ʉ̟ː ʉ̟ː u
PRIDE iː aɪ ɑɪ̯ ɑɪ̯ aɪ ɑe ɑe ɑe ɑɪ
CHOICE ɔi ɒɪ ɔɪ̯ ɔɪ̯ ɔɪ oi oi oɪ ɔɪ
MOUTH uː aʊ aʊ̯ aʉ̯ aʊ æə æə æə aʊ
Long pre-unvoiced
PRICE iː aɪ ʌɪ̯ ʌɪ̯ aɪ ɑe ɑe ɑe ʌɪ
Long pre-r
NEAR eːr, ɛːr ɪɹ iɹ̯ iɹ̯ ɪə iː ~ iə iː ~ iə iə ɪː
SQUARE aːr, ɛːr, ɛir, air æɹ Æɹ̯ Æɹ̯ ɛə eː eː iə ~ ɪə ɛː
FORCE ɔːr oɹ ɔɹ̯ ɔɹ̯ ɔː oː oː oː ɔː
CURE iur, oːr uɹ ʲɹ̩/ʲɨɹ̯ ʲɹ̩ ʊə ʉ̟ːə ʉ̟ːə ? jʊə
POOR oːr, iur uɹ ɔɹ̯ u(ə)ɹ̯ ʊə oː oː oː ɔː
Long pre-l
GOAL ɔː o ɤ̹ː ɤ̹ʊ̯ əʊ ɔʊ ɔʊ ɔʊ əʊ
FOOL oː u u(ə) u(ə) uː ʉ̟ː ~ uː uː uː uʊ
FUEL iuə uə ʲu(ə) ʲu(ə) ʊə ʉ̟ː ~ uː uː ? juə
PALE/PAIL aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai e(?) Æ Æ eə
Unstressed
HAPPY i i i ɪ i i i i
ABBOT ə ɨ ə ə ə ə ʌ
RABBIT ɪ ɨ ɪ ə ə ə ɪ
BOTTOM/SYSTEM ə ə ə ə/ə
TURNIP/VICTIM ɪ ə ɪ(?)/ə ɪ/ɪ

Disclaimer

(Disclaimer: This should be read as showing how diversity in pronunciation is not always an obstacle in comprehension. Not to be used as a source for anything. Some transcriptions based on the authors' own observations.)

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