Proto English Vowels: Difference between revisions
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{|width="100%" style="text-align: center"; | {|width="100%" style="text-align: center"; | ||
|+ Vowel correspondence chart | |+ Vowel correspondence chart | ||
! Keyword !! ME !! GAmE !! JNWE !! ABrE !! RP !! AusE !! VAusE !! NZE | ! Keyword !! ME !! GAmE !! JNWE !! ABrE !! RP !! AusE !! VAusE !! NZE !! Fran | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="8" | Short | ! colspan="8" | Short | ||
|- | |- | ||
| KIT || ɪ || ɪ || ɪ || ɪ || ɪ || i || i || ə | | KIT || ɪ || ɪ || ɪ || ɪ || ɪ || i || i || ə || ɪ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| DRESS || ɛ || ɛ || ɛ || ɛ || e̞ || e || e || e̝ | | DRESS || ɛ || ɛ || ɛ || ɛ || e̞ || e || e || e̝ || ɛ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| LOT || ɔ || ɑ || ɑ || ɑ || ɒ || ɔ || ɔ || ɔ | | LOT || ɔ || ɑ || ɑ || ɑ || ɒ || ɔ || ɔ || ɔ || ɔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| CLOTH || ɔ || ɒ || ɒ || ɒ || ɒ || ɔ || ɔ || ɔ | | CLOTH || ɔ || ɒ || ɒ || ɒ || ɒ || ɔ || ɔ || ɔ || ɔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| STRUT || ʊ || ʌ̈ || ʌ̈ || ʌ̈ || ɐ || ä || ä || ä | | STRUT || ʊ || ʌ̈ || ʌ̈ || ʌ̈ || ɐ || ä || ä || ä || ʌ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| FOOT || ʊ || ʊ || ʊ || ʊ || ʊ || u || u || u | | FOOT || ʊ || ʊ || ʊ || ʊ || ʊ || u || u || u || ʊ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="8" | Short a | ! colspan="8" | Short a | ||
|- | |- | ||
| TRAP || a || æ || æ || æ || a || æ || æ || ɛ | | TRAP || a || æ || æ || æ || a || æ || æ || ɛ || a | ||
|- | |- | ||
| SANG || a || || æɪ̯ || e(ɪ̯/ː) | | SANG || a || || æɪ̯ || e(ɪ̯/ː) || || || || || a | ||
|- | |- | ||
| SAG || a || || æɪ̯ || æ(ː) | | SAG || a || || æɪ̯ || æ(ː) || || || || || a | ||
|- | |- | ||
| BAD || a || æ || æ || æ || a(ː) || æː || æː || ɛ | | BAD || a || æ || æ || æ || a(ː) || æː || æː || ɛ || a | ||
|- | |- | ||
| TAN/PAM || a || || Æ || Æ | | TAN/PAM || a || || Æ || Æ || || || || || a | ||
|- | |- | ||
| DANCE || a || æ || Æ || Æ || ɑː || æː || æː || äː | | DANCE || a || æ || Æ || Æ || ɑː || æː || æː || äː || a | ||
|- | |- | ||
| CAN'T || a || æ || Æ || Æ || ɑː || äː || äː || äː | | CAN'T || a || æ || Æ || Æ || ɑː || äː || äː || äː || ɑ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| BATH || a || æ || æ || æ || ɑː || äː || äː || äː | | BATH || a || æ || æ || æ || ɑː || äː || äː || äː || a | ||
|- | |- | ||
| PALM || al || ɑ || ɑ || ɒ || ɑː || äː || äː || äː | | PALM || al || ɑ || ɑ || ɒ || ɑː || äː || äː || äː || ɑ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="8" | Short pre-r | ! colspan="8" | Short pre-r | ||
|- | |- | ||
| START || ar || ɑɹ || ɒɹ̯ || ɑɹ̯ || ɑː || äː || äː || äː | | START || ar || ɑɹ || ɒɹ̯ || ɑɹ̯ || ɑː || äː || äː || äː || ɑː | ||
|- | |- | ||
| NORTH || ɔr || ɔɹ || ɔɹ̯ || ɔɹ̯ || ɔː || oː || oː || oː | | NORTH || ɔr || ɔɹ || ɔɹ̯ || ɔɹ̯ || ɔː || oː || oː || oː || ɔː | ||
|- | |- | ||
| NURSE || ʊr || ɝ || ɹ̩ || ɹ̩ || ɜː || øː || øː || øː | | NURSE || ʊr || ɝ || ɹ̩ || ɹ̩ || ɜː || øː || øː || øː || ɜː | ||
|- | |- | ||
| FIR || ɪr || ɝ || ɹ̩ || ɹ̩ || ɜː || øː || øː || øː | | FIR || ɪr || ɝ || ɹ̩ || ɹ̩ || ɜː || øː || øː || øː || ɜː | ||
|- | |- | ||
| HER || ɛr || ɝ || ɹ̩ || ɹ̩ || ɜː || øː || øː || øː | | HER || ɛr || ɝ || ɹ̩ || ɹ̩ || ɜː || øː || øː || øː || ɜː | ||
|- | |- | ||
| HURRY || ʊ || ɝ || ɹ̩ || ɹ̩ || ɐ || ä || ä || ä | | HURRY || ʊ || ɝ || ɹ̩ || ɹ̩ || ɐ || ä || ä || ä || ɝ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| MERRY || ɛ || ɛ || Æɹ̯ || Æɹ̯ || e̞ || e || e || e̝ | | MERRY || ɛ || ɛ || Æɹ̯ || Æɹ̯ || e̞ || e || e || e̝ || ɛ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| MARRY || a || æ || Æɹ̯ || Æɹ̯ || a || æ || æ || ɛ | | MARRY || a || æ || Æɹ̯ || Æɹ̯ || a || æ || æ || ɛ || a | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="8" | Short pre-l | ! colspan="8" | Short pre-l | ||
|- | |- | ||
| BELL || ɛ || ɛ || ɛ || ɛ || e̞ || e || æ || ɛ | | BELL || ɛ || ɛ || ɛ || ɛ || e̞ || e || æ || ɛ || ɛ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| DOLL || ɔ || ɑ || ɑ || ɒ || ɒ || ɔu || ɔu || ? | | DOLL || ɔ || ɑ || ɑ || ɒ || ɒ || ɔu || ɔu || ? || ɔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| CULT || ʊ || ʌ̈ || ʌ̈ || ʌ̈ || ɐ || ɔ || ɔ || ? | | CULT || ʊ || ʌ̈ || ʌ̈ || ʌ̈ || ɐ || ɔ || ɔ || ? || ʌʊ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| BALD || a || ɒ || ɒ || ɒ || ɔː || ɔʊ || ɔʊ || ? | | BALD || a || ɒ || ɒ || ɒ || ɔː || ɔʊ || ɔʊ || ? || ɔʊ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="8" | Long | ! colspan="8" | Long | ||
|- | |- | ||
| FLEECE || eː, ɛː || i || i || i || iː || ɪi || ɪi || ɪi | | FLEECE || eː, ɛː || i || i || i || iː || ɪi || ɪi || ɪi || i | ||
|- | |- | ||
| FACE || aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai || eɪ || eɪ̯ || eɪ̯ || eɪ || æi || æi || æɪ | | FACE || aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai || eɪ || eɪ̯ || eɪ̯ || eɪ || æi || æi || æɪ || eɪ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| THOUGHT || ɔu || ɒ || ɒ || ɒ(?) || ɔː || oː || oː || oː | | THOUGHT || ɔu || ɒ || ɒ || ɒ(?) || ɔː || oː || oː || oː || ɔː | ||
|- | |- | ||
| GOAT || ɔː || o || ɤʊ̯ || ɤ̟ʊ̯ || əʊ || ɐʉ || ɐʉ || ɐʉ | | GOAT || ɔː || o || ɤʊ̯ || ɤ̟ʊ̯ || əʊ || ɐʉ || ɐʉ || ɐʉ || ʌʊ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| GOOSE || oː || u̟ || u̟ || ʉ̟ || uː || ʉ̟ː || ʉ̟ː || ʉ̟ː | | GOOSE || oː || u̟ || u̟ || ʉ̟ || uː || ʉ̟ː || ʉ̟ː || ʉ̟ː || u | ||
|- | |- | ||
| PRIDE || iː || aɪ || ɑɪ̯ || ɑɪ̯ || aɪ || ɑe || ɑe || ɑe | | PRIDE || iː || aɪ || ɑɪ̯ || ɑɪ̯ || aɪ || ɑe || ɑe || ɑe || ɑɪ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| CHOICE || ɔi || ɒɪ || ɔɪ̯ || ɔɪ̯ || ɔɪ || oi || oi || oɪ | | CHOICE || ɔi || ɒɪ || ɔɪ̯ || ɔɪ̯ || ɔɪ || oi || oi || oɪ || ɔɪ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| MOUTH || uː || aʊ || aʊ̯ || aʉ̯ || aʊ || æə || æə || æə | | MOUTH || uː || aʊ || aʊ̯ || aʉ̯ || aʊ || æə || æə || æə || aʊ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="8" | Long pre-unvoiced | ! colspan="8" | Long pre-unvoiced | ||
|- | |- | ||
| PRICE || iː || aɪ || ʌɪ̯ || ʌɪ̯ || aɪ || ɑe || ɑe || ɑe | | PRICE || iː || aɪ || ʌɪ̯ || ʌɪ̯ || aɪ || ɑe || ɑe || ɑe || ʌɪ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="8" | Long pre-r | ! colspan="8" | Long pre-r | ||
|- | |- | ||
| NEAR || eːr, ɛːr || ɪɹ || iɹ̯ || iɹ̯ || ɪə || iː ~ iə || iː ~ iə || iə | | NEAR || eːr, ɛːr || ɪɹ || iɹ̯ || iɹ̯ || ɪə || iː ~ iə || iː ~ iə || iə || ɪː | ||
|- | |- | ||
| SQUARE || aːr, ɛːr, ɛir, air || æɹ || Æɹ̯ || Æɹ̯ || ɛə || eː || eː || iə ~ ɪə | | SQUARE || aːr, ɛːr, ɛir, air || æɹ || Æɹ̯ || Æɹ̯ || ɛə || eː || eː || iə ~ ɪə || ɛː | ||
|- | |- | ||
| FORCE || ɔːr || oɹ || ɔɹ̯ || ɔɹ̯ || ɔː || oː || oː || oː | | FORCE || ɔːr || oɹ || ɔɹ̯ || ɔɹ̯ || ɔː || oː || oː || oː || ɔː | ||
|- | |- | ||
| CURE || iur, oːr || uɹ || ʲɹ̩/ʲɨɹ̯ || ʲɹ̩ || ʊə || ʉ̟ːə || ʉ̟ːə || ? | | CURE || iur, oːr || uɹ || ʲɹ̩/ʲɨɹ̯ || ʲɹ̩ || ʊə || ʉ̟ːə || ʉ̟ːə || ? || jʊə | ||
|- | |- | ||
| POOR || oːr, iur || uɹ || ɔɹ̯ || u(ə)ɹ̯ || ʊə || oː || oː || oː | | POOR || oːr, iur || uɹ || ɔɹ̯ || u(ə)ɹ̯ || ʊə || oː || oː || oː || ɔː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="8" | Long pre-l | ! colspan="8" | Long pre-l | ||
|- | |- | ||
| GOAL || ɔː || o || ɤ̹ː || ɤ̹ʊ̯ || əʊ || ɔʊ || ɔʊ || ɔʊ | | GOAL || ɔː || o || ɤ̹ː || ɤ̹ʊ̯ || əʊ || ɔʊ || ɔʊ || ɔʊ || əʊ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| FOOL || oː || u || u(ə) || u(ə) || uː || ʉ̟ː ~ uː || uː || uː | | FOOL || oː || u || u(ə) || u(ə) || uː || ʉ̟ː ~ uː || uː || uː || uʊ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| FUEL || iuə || uə || ʲu(ə) || ʲu(ə) || ʊə || ʉ̟ː ~ uː || uː || ? | | FUEL || iuə || uə || ʲu(ə) || ʲu(ə) || ʊə || ʉ̟ː ~ uː || uː || ? || juə | ||
|- | |- | ||
| PALE/PAIL || aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai || e(?) || Æ || Æ || || || || | | PALE/PAIL || aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai || e(?) || Æ || Æ || || || || eə | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="8" | Unstressed | ! colspan="8" | Unstressed | ||
|- | |- | ||
| HAPPY || || i || i || i || ɪ || i || i || i | | HAPPY || || i || i || i || ɪ || i || i || i || i | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ABBOT || || ə || ɨ || || ə || ə || ə || ə | | ABBOT || || ə || ɨ || || ə || ə || ə || ə || ʌ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| RABBIT || || ɪ || ɨ || || ɪ || ə || ə || ə | | RABBIT || || ɪ || ɨ || || ɪ || ə || ə || ə || ɪ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| BOTTOM/SYSTEM || || ə || ə || ə || | | BOTTOM/SYSTEM || || ə || ə || ə || || || || ə/ə | ||
|- | |- | ||
| TURNIP/VICTIM || || ɪ || ə || ɪ(?)/ə || | | TURNIP/VICTIM || || ɪ || ə || ɪ(?)/ə || || || ɪ/ɪ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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[[Category:Historical Linguistics]] | [[Category:Historical Linguistics]] | ||
[[Category:Phonetics]] | [[Category:Phonetics]] | ||
[[Category:English]] |
Latest revision as of 16:51, 20 October 2013
A chart of vowel correspondences in many English dialects. Uses an extended version of Well's lexical sets as necessary to make a keyword for every line. Includes significant allophones, and shows the sounds used in casual connected speech rather than carefully-annunciated speech. The IPA used, tho broad, is not phonemic and is designed to show differences, rather than similarities, between the dialects. Although diacritics are often used, the non-use of diacritics does not imply that a particular vowel is used in its cardinal sense.
Abbreviations
GAmE | General American (pre-WWII TV/radio) |
RP | Received Pronunciation |
AusE | (General) Australian English |
VAusE | (General) Victorian Australian English |
NZE | (General) General New Zealand English |
JNWE | Jonathan North Washington's (American) English |
ABrE | Aaron Braver's (American) English |
The Chart
Keyword | ME | GAmE | JNWE | ABrE | RP | AusE | VAusE | NZE | Fran |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short | |||||||||
KIT | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ | i | i | ə | ɪ |
DRESS | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | e̞ | e | e | e̝ | ɛ |
LOT | ɔ | ɑ | ɑ | ɑ | ɒ | ɔ | ɔ | ɔ | ɔ |
CLOTH | ɔ | ɒ | ɒ | ɒ | ɒ | ɔ | ɔ | ɔ | ɔ |
STRUT | ʊ | ʌ̈ | ʌ̈ | ʌ̈ | ɐ | ä | ä | ä | ʌ |
FOOT | ʊ | ʊ | ʊ | ʊ | ʊ | u | u | u | ʊ |
Short a | |||||||||
TRAP | a | æ | æ | æ | a | æ | æ | ɛ | a |
SANG | a | æɪ̯ | e(ɪ̯/ː) | a | |||||
SAG | a | æɪ̯ | æ(ː) | a | |||||
BAD | a | æ | æ | æ | a(ː) | æː | æː | ɛ | a |
TAN/PAM | a | Æ | Æ | a | |||||
DANCE | a | æ | Æ | Æ | ɑː | æː | æː | äː | a |
CAN'T | a | æ | Æ | Æ | ɑː | äː | äː | äː | ɑ |
BATH | a | æ | æ | æ | ɑː | äː | äː | äː | a |
PALM | al | ɑ | ɑ | ɒ | ɑː | äː | äː | äː | ɑ |
Short pre-r | |||||||||
START | ar | ɑɹ | ɒɹ̯ | ɑɹ̯ | ɑː | äː | äː | äː | ɑː |
NORTH | ɔr | ɔɹ | ɔɹ̯ | ɔɹ̯ | ɔː | oː | oː | oː | ɔː |
NURSE | ʊr | ɝ | ɹ̩ | ɹ̩ | ɜː | øː | øː | øː | ɜː |
FIR | ɪr | ɝ | ɹ̩ | ɹ̩ | ɜː | øː | øː | øː | ɜː |
HER | ɛr | ɝ | ɹ̩ | ɹ̩ | ɜː | øː | øː | øː | ɜː |
HURRY | ʊ | ɝ | ɹ̩ | ɹ̩ | ɐ | ä | ä | ä | ɝ |
MERRY | ɛ | ɛ | Æɹ̯ | Æɹ̯ | e̞ | e | e | e̝ | ɛ |
MARRY | a | æ | Æɹ̯ | Æɹ̯ | a | æ | æ | ɛ | a |
Short pre-l | |||||||||
BELL | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | e̞ | e | æ | ɛ | ɛ |
DOLL | ɔ | ɑ | ɑ | ɒ | ɒ | ɔu | ɔu | ? | ɔ |
CULT | ʊ | ʌ̈ | ʌ̈ | ʌ̈ | ɐ | ɔ | ɔ | ? | ʌʊ |
BALD | a | ɒ | ɒ | ɒ | ɔː | ɔʊ | ɔʊ | ? | ɔʊ |
Long | |||||||||
FLEECE | eː, ɛː | i | i | i | iː | ɪi | ɪi | ɪi | i |
FACE | aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai | eɪ | eɪ̯ | eɪ̯ | eɪ | æi | æi | æɪ | eɪ |
THOUGHT | ɔu | ɒ | ɒ | ɒ(?) | ɔː | oː | oː | oː | ɔː |
GOAT | ɔː | o | ɤʊ̯ | ɤ̟ʊ̯ | əʊ | ɐʉ | ɐʉ | ɐʉ | ʌʊ |
GOOSE | oː | u̟ | u̟ | ʉ̟ | uː | ʉ̟ː | ʉ̟ː | ʉ̟ː | u |
PRIDE | iː | aɪ | ɑɪ̯ | ɑɪ̯ | aɪ | ɑe | ɑe | ɑe | ɑɪ |
CHOICE | ɔi | ɒɪ | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ | oi | oi | oɪ | ɔɪ |
MOUTH | uː | aʊ | aʊ̯ | aʉ̯ | aʊ | æə | æə | æə | aʊ |
Long pre-unvoiced | |||||||||
PRICE | iː | aɪ | ʌɪ̯ | ʌɪ̯ | aɪ | ɑe | ɑe | ɑe | ʌɪ |
Long pre-r | |||||||||
NEAR | eːr, ɛːr | ɪɹ | iɹ̯ | iɹ̯ | ɪə | iː ~ iə | iː ~ iə | iə | ɪː |
SQUARE | aːr, ɛːr, ɛir, air | æɹ | Æɹ̯ | Æɹ̯ | ɛə | eː | eː | iə ~ ɪə | ɛː |
FORCE | ɔːr | oɹ | ɔɹ̯ | ɔɹ̯ | ɔː | oː | oː | oː | ɔː |
CURE | iur, oːr | uɹ | ʲɹ̩/ʲɨɹ̯ | ʲɹ̩ | ʊə | ʉ̟ːə | ʉ̟ːə | ? | jʊə |
POOR | oːr, iur | uɹ | ɔɹ̯ | u(ə)ɹ̯ | ʊə | oː | oː | oː | ɔː |
Long pre-l | |||||||||
GOAL | ɔː | o | ɤ̹ː | ɤ̹ʊ̯ | əʊ | ɔʊ | ɔʊ | ɔʊ | əʊ |
FOOL | oː | u | u(ə) | u(ə) | uː | ʉ̟ː ~ uː | uː | uː | uʊ |
FUEL | iuə | uə | ʲu(ə) | ʲu(ə) | ʊə | ʉ̟ː ~ uː | uː | ? | juə |
PALE/PAIL | aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai | e(?) | Æ | Æ | eə | ||||
Unstressed | |||||||||
HAPPY | i | i | i | ɪ | i | i | i | i | |
ABBOT | ə | ɨ | ə | ə | ə | ə | ʌ | ||
RABBIT | ɪ | ɨ | ɪ | ə | ə | ə | ɪ | ||
BOTTOM/SYSTEM | ə | ə | ə | ə/ə | |||||
TURNIP/VICTIM | ɪ | ə | ɪ(?)/ə | ɪ/ɪ |
Disclaimer
(Disclaimer: This should be read as showing how diversity in pronunciation is not always an obstacle in comprehension. Not to be used as a source for anything. Some transcriptions based on the authors' own observations.)