Difference between revisions of "Similarities to Turkic"

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{{Turkic Orthography}}
 
{{Turkic Orthography}}
  
−
Turkic words which are similar to words in other language groups
+
This is a collection of Turkic words which appear at least superficially similar to words in other language groups.  No relation between Turkic and any of the other languages is suggested or implied, though I feel that some of the words must at least be borrowings in one direction or another.  The list is kept for my own purposes for now: some day I hope to spend time sorting it out and investigating the history of each word more closely.  For now it's just a place to keep all the words.
 +
 
 +
<blockquote>"Whatever we do, we must not allow ourselves to be persuaded that a mere list of arbitrary and unsystematic resemblances, however long, constitutes by itself persuasive evidence for anything.</blockquote>
 +
:* Trask's Historical Linguistics / Robert McColl Millar
  
 
== Technology ==
 
== Technology ==
−
* altın - ''gold''
+
=== metals, materials, tools ===
−
** '''Finnish''' ''kulta'' - ''gold''
+
* altın - ''gold'' (chv. ıltən)
−
** '''Germanic''' ''gold''
+
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ǵʰelh₃-'' - to shine
 +
*** '''Germanic''' *''ɣul.θɑ̃'' ← *''ǵʰĺ̥h₃tom'' - gold
 +
**** '''Finnish''' ''kulta'' gold
 +
*** '''Germanic''' *''ˈɣul.θiː.nɑz'' - golden
  
 
* bulat - ''steel'', balta - ''axe''
 
* bulat - ''steel'', balta - ''axe''
−
** '''Tokharian A''' ''porat'' - axe
+
** '''Tokharian''' ''porat, peret'' axe
−
** '''Proto-IE''' ''pelk'-'' - chop
+
** '''Proto-IE''' ''pelk'-'' chop
 +
** '''Aramaic''' ''bwlʔd''/''pwld'' (pūlāð) steel
 +
 
 +
* balqa - ''hammer''
 +
** '''Aramaic''' ''plq(ˀ)'' (pleq, pelqā) - axe
 +
** '''Latin''' ''marculus''
 +
** '''Mongolian''' ''aluqa''
 +
 
 +
* ara - ''saw''
 +
** '''Tokharian''' ''áre'' plough (n.)
 +
 
 +
* *yez - ''copper''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ai̯os'' - metal (copper/iron)
 +
*** '''Tokharian''' *yäs → yasa/wäsa
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''aurum'' ← ''*ausum'' - gold
 +
 
 +
* *baqır - ''copper''
 +
** '''Latin''' ''(aes) Cyprium'' - copper ((brass) of Cyprus)
 +
*** '''OE''' ''coper''
 +
*** '''German''' ''Kupfer''
 +
*** '''Icelandic''' ''kopar''
 +
 
 +
* *kömür - coal
 +
** '''Aramaic''' ''gmurtā'' coal
 +
*** '''Assyrian Neo-Aramaic''' ''qomur'' (<Turkish?)
 +
 
 +
* *ken(?) - mine, ore, resource
 +
** '''Tokharian B''' ''keṃ'' earth
 +
 
 +
* *soqa - (wooden) plough (not just Russian borrowing?)
 +
** '''PIE''' *''ḱokh₂-''
 +
*** '''Proto-Balto-Slavic''' *''śokˀāˀ''
 +
**** '''Proto-Slavic''' *''soxá'' - forked stick, plough
 +
 
 +
=== artefacts ===
 +
 
 +
* *köp(ü)r(üg)/*köpüre? - ''bridge''  (cf. Kyrgyz köpürö)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*bʰruh-'' - bridge
 +
*** '''Tokharian''' ''pärwāṃ/pärwāne'' - eyebrow
 +
*** '''Greek''' ''γέφυρα'' (gépʰura)
 +
** '''Chinese''' ''橋梁''
 +
*** '''Old Chinese''' ''grew raŋ''
 +
*** '''Middle Chinese''' ''gjew lɨaŋ''
 +
*** '''Cantonese''' ''kiu4 loeng4''
 +
*** '''Japanese''' ''kyōryō''
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *köxürge/*kögür
 +
 
 +
* ?çıraq - lamp (< Persian?)
 +
** '''Iranian'''
 +
*** '''Khotanese Saka''' ''cärau''
 +
*** '''Sogdian''' ''črʔɣ'' (čirāʁ?)
 +
*** '''Iron''' ''ciraɣ'', '''Digor''' ''cyraɣ''
 +
*** '''Persian''' ''čirāɣ''
 +
** '''Aramaic''' ''šrg-'' ?
 +
 
 +
* ?ayna - mirror; ?aynek - glass (< Persian?)
 +
** '''Iranian''' *ādaina-/*ādayana → *āidana- → ...
 +
*** '''Iron''' aidæn, '''Digor''' ''aidænæ'' - mirror
 +
*** '''Sogdian''' ''ʔʔðʔynʔk'' (āðaynak?) - mirror
 +
*** '''Persian''' ''āyīne'' - mirror
 +
*** '''Balochi''' ''ādēnk'' - mirror
 +
*** '''Khotanese Saka''' ''āyäna-'' - mirror
 +
 
 +
* *(y)igne - ''needle''
 +
** '''Proto-Uralic''' *''äjmä'' - needle
 +
 
 +
* *tām - hut, walled structure (in opposition to a yurt)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''dṓm'' - house / *''dema'' - build
 +
*** ('''Tocharian''' ''tsäm'' - grow in size/number)
 +
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''dám''
 +
 
 +
* *şatı - ladder/steps/stairs
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''gʰredʰ-'' - march, step
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''steigʰ-'' - march, ascend
 +
*** '''OHG''' ''stega'' - stairs
 +
 
 +
* ?*tabaq - plate
 +
** '''Middle Persian''' ''tapah'' - pot
 +
** '''Mongolic''' ?*''tabaq'' - plate
 +
 
 +
* *qazan - cauldron, kettle
 +
** '''Proto-Germanic''' *''kazã'' - vessel, vat, tub, barrel
 +
** '''Proto-Semitic''' *''kaʔs'' - gobblet, cup
 +
*** '''Aramaic''' ''kāsā'' - cup
 +
 
 +
* çaŋğır - ''sled''
 +
** '''Proto-Yeniseian''' ''*tsehʷəl'' - snowsled
 +
 
 +
* *qaşuq - ''spoon''
 +
** '''Mongolic''' ''qalbuʁa'' - spoon
 +
** '''Proto-Nakh''' ''wabikʼ'' - spoon
 +
** '''Proto Celtic''' ''lēgā''' - spoon (cf. *yalğa)
 +
 
 +
* *eb - ''house (yurt)''
 +
** '''Nihali''' ''aːwaːr'' - house
 +
 
 +
* ?*tuğ - ''banner, standard'' ← Mongolic?
 +
** '''Hebrew''' ''degel'' - banner, standard
 +
 
 +
* *sıbızɣu - ''flute'' (related to ??*şıbıra - ''whisper''?)
 +
** '''Proto-Slavic''' ''svira-ti'' - play the flute
 +
** '''PIE''' ''*sweysd-'' hiss
 +
*** '''Proto-Slavic''' ''svis(t)-[nuti/...]'' - whistle
 +
 
 +
* *ara - ''saw''
 +
** CHECK: '''Proto-Iranian''' ''*ārā'' → Proto-Uralic ''*ora'' - awl
 +
 
 +
=== grains ===
 +
 
 +
* (kaz. dän, kir. dan; < Persian)
 +
** '''Tokharian''' (B) ''tāno'' - grain
 +
 
 +
* ?*sulu - oats
 +
** '''Chinese''' 飼料 - fodder
 +
*** '''Mandarin''' ''sìliào''
 +
*** '''Cantonese''' ''zi6 liu6-2''
 +
 
 +
* tarığ - millet
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''dr̥Hweh₂'' - cereal grain (of some sort?)
 +
*** '''Proto-Germanic''' *''tarwō'' - cereal grain
 +
**** '''English''' ''tare'' - vetch
 +
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''दूर्वा (dūrvā)'' - millet
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''tariya'' - millet, cereal grain
 +
 
 +
* *boza - fermented drink
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''bʰeusóm'' - "dross, sediment, brewer's yeast"
 +
*** '''Proto-Germanic''' *''beuzą'' - beer
 +
 
 +
* *arpa - barley (/millet)
 +
** '''Proto-Mongolic''' *''arbai''
 +
** '''Proto-Japonic''' *''àpá''
 +
*** '''Japanese''' awa
 +
** '''Manchu''' *''arfa''
 +
** '''Proto-Germanic''' *''harwaz''/''hazwaz'' - flax
 +
** '''Ossetian''' кӕрвӕдз [kərvədz], хъӕбӕрхор [qəbərxor]
 +
** '''Aramaic''' ˁbwr(ˀ) [ˁăḇūr(ā)] - grain
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''albʰi'' - barley
 +
*** '''Proto-Iranian''' *''arba''
 +
** '''Sumerian''' ''urta'' - (ear of barley?)
 +
 
 +
* *sıra - beer (in some NW languages and Chuvash)
 +
** '''Sanskrit''' ''súrā'' - alcohol, wine
 +
 
 +
* ?*araq - alcohol
 +
** '''Sumerian''' ''arzig'' - boza
 +
** '''Akkadian''' ''arsikku'' - boza
 +
** '''Mongolian''' ''ariki'' - alcohol
 +
 
 +
=== social ===
 +
* (? Kyrgyz çordon - city center, center of spring)
 +
** '''Greek''' ''kéntron''
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''centrum''
 +
 
 +
=== other ===
 +
* *yūrt(ă?) - ''ring left when yurt is moved'', ''place where a yurt is set up'', (''homeland'', ''"campsite"'', ''"yurt"'')
 +
** '''PIE''' ''gʰerdʰ-'' enclose, encircle; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
 +
*** '''Germanic''' *''gardaz'' - enclosure; court, yard; garden
 +
**** '''English''' ''yard''
 +
*** '''Germanic''' *''gárdō'' - hedge, fence; enclosure, pen; court, yard; garden; house
 +
**** '''Old Saxon''' ''gardo''
 +
*** '''Slavic''' *''gordŭ'' - city, town
 +
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''गृह gṛhá'' - house
 +
*** '''Hittite''' ''gurtas'' - citadel
 +
*** '''Tokharian''' ''warto, wärto'' garden, grove
 +
** '''PIE''' ''er(+t)'' earth
 +
*** '''Germanic''' ''erθō-''
 +
**** '''English''' ''earth''
 +
**** '''German''' ''erd''
 +
*** '''Tokharian B''' ''yare'' gravel
 +
** '''Semitic''' ''ˀarḍ'' earth
 +
*** '''Early Aramaic''' ''ˀarð̣ā''
 +
** '''Mongolian''' ''ger'' yurt
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''wer-'' defend, close
  
 +
* *yük - a load, *yüd- - to load
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''i̯eu̯-g-'' - tie together, yoke
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''joge'' (?) - to carry
 +
 +
* *mal - livestock
 +
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''śemäl'' - cattle, livestock
 +
** '''Mongolic''' ''mal'' - livestock
 +
** '''Proto-Semitic''' ?
 +
*** '''Arabic''' ''māl'' (مال) - wealth/property
 +
*** '''Aramaic''' ''ml(ˀ)'' [māl(ā)] - wealth
 +
 +
* (kir. topu - hat)
 +
** '''Sanskrit''' ?ṭopī
 +
 +
* *taqiğu/taqağu - chicken
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''takiya(n)''
 +
** '''Proto-Semitic''' ?
 +
*** '''Arabic''' ''dajāja''
 +
 +
* *yelim - glue
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''gleh₁y-'' glue (v.) (with lots of derivatives)
 +
 +
* *qalpaq - hat
 +
** '''Proto-Slavic''' *klobukŭ
 +
** '''Middle Persian''' kwlʾp̄
 +
 +
* *āb ''hunt''
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''aba'' - hunt
 +
** CHECK: Proto-Indo-Iranian ''*aǵ-a-'' - hunt → Proto-Uralic ''*aja-''
  
 
== Nature ==
 
== Nature ==
 +
 +
=== flora ===
 
* alma - ''apple''
 
* alma - ''apple''
−
** '''Germanic''' ''*æpl''
+
** '''Proto-IE''' ''h₂ebl-o-''
−
** '''Russian''' ''jablo-''
+
*** '''Germanic''' ''*æpl''
−
** '''Latin/Romance''' ''pom-''
+
*** '''Russian''' ''jablo-''
−
** '''Greek''' ''melo-''
+
*** '''Latin/Romance''' ''pom-''
−
** '''Proto-IE''' ''HebOl-''
+
*** '''Greek''' ''melo-''
 +
 
 +
* ot - ''grass'' (*oti?, cf. Chuvash utə)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''ad-'' grain
 +
*** '''Tokharian A/B''' ''āti''/''atiyo'' ← *''ātiyā'' grass
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱóyno-''
 +
*** '''Old Armenian''' ''խոտ (xot)'' grass
 +
** Caucasian something...
 +
*** '''Archi''' ''гьоти (hoti)'' grass
 +
*** '''Andi''' ''кIордо (k’ordo)'' grass
 +
*** '''Rutul''' ''хьытІ (xyt’)'' barley
 +
*** '''Tsakhur''' ''хьытIа (x’yt’a)'' barley
 +
*** '''Udi''' ''ход (xod)'' tree
 +
*** '''Avar''' ''гъветІ (ġvet’)'' tree
 +
*** '''Georgian''' ''ხე (xe)'' tree
 +
 
 +
* *yapurgaq - ''leaf'' (*yepirdek, *yapirmaq, etc.)
 +
** '''Proto-Semitic''' *''waraq'' green
 +
*** '''Arabic''' ''waraq'' leaf, sheet, paper
 +
*** '''Aramaic''' ''yārōq'' yellow-green, vegetable; ''yreq'' vegetation
 +
*** '''Hebrew''' ''yaroq'' green, ''yereq'' vegetation, ''yaraq'' vegetable
 +
** '''Persian''' ''barg'' leaf?
 +
** '''Tokharian''' ''pält, pilta''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''bʰel''
 +
 
 +
* *tal - ''willow''
 +
** '''Ket''' ''dɯˑl'' - willow
 +
** '''Proto-Athabaskan''' ''*č’ʷətɬ’'' - plant, shrub
 +
 
 +
* *elme - ''elm tree''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''h₁élem''
 +
*** '''English''' ''elm''
 +
 
 +
* *sāban (?*-m-) - ''straw''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sop-/*sep-''?  - needle, reed
 +
 
 +
* ?badam (Iranic borrowing?) - ''almond''
 +
** '''Tokharian''' ''watām'' - almond
 +
 
 +
* *qadɯŋ - ''birch'' / *qarağay - ''juniper'' / *qaraqan - ''acacia''
 +
** '''Proto-Uralic''' *''koxji'' - birch
 +
** '''Baltic'''
 +
*** '''Old Prussian''' ''kaddegs'' - juniper
 +
*** '''Latvian''' ''kadiķis'' - juniper
 +
*** '''Lithuanian''' ''kadagys'' - juniper
 +
 
 +
* *balır - ''algae, muck, swamp''; *balqaş - ''swamp''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*bʰ◌lt-''?
 +
*** '''Illyrian''' ''balta'' ‘swamp, marsh, white clay’
 +
**** '''Latin''' ''blatea'' f., ‘excrement lump’, adalm. ''balta'' ‘sea swamp´
 +
*** '''Ligurian''' ''*bolü'' - ‘swamp, marsh’
 +
*** '''Slavic''' ''*bolto-'' (*bholǝto-) - ‘swamp, marsh, pond, pool, sea’
 +
**** '''O.C.S.''' ''blato'' - ‘sea’
 +
**** '''Ser.-Cr.''' ''blȁto'' - ‘sea, ordure”,
 +
**** '''Russian''' ''boloto'' - swamp, bog;  dial. ''bil'' - ‘swamp, marsh’; bala (*bhōlü): ''balaružina'' - ‘puddle, slop’
 +
**** '''Polish''' dial. ''biel'' f. - ‘marshy wood, forest;
 +
**** '''Clr.''' balka “ marsh “;
 +
*** '''Lithuanian''' ''balà'' m. - ‘swamp, marsh, moor, fen, pool’
 +
*** '''Albanian''' ''baltë'' f., ''balt'' m. - ‘slime, mud, swamp, marsh, white clay’
 +
*** '''English''' ''pool''
 +
 
 +
* *terek - ''tree, poplar''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' **''drw (*derw, *drēw)''
 +
** '''Aramaic''' ''drḥt''
 +
 
 +
* *otun - ''firewood, fuel''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/widuz *widʰu]'' wood, firewood, forest (only Germanic and Celtic?)
 +
 
 +
* tamır/tımar/damar - ''root, vein''
 +
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''tsmār'' - root
 +
** '''Semitic'''
 +
*** '''Hebrew''' ''תמר tāmār'' - date palm
 +
*** '''Aramaic''' ''תמרא tamarā'' - date palm
 +
*** '''Arabic''' ''تمر tamr'' - date palm
 +
 
 +
* *erük - apricot
 +
** '''Byzantine Greek''' ''βερικοκκίᾱ'' - apricot
 +
*** '''Modern Greek''' ''βερύκοκο'' - apricot
 +
 
 +
* *iağaç (or similar) - tree, wood
 +
** '''Proto-Nivkh''' *''dʼiɣar'' - tree
 +
** '''PIE''' ?
 +
*** '''Ancient Greek''' ''κάστον'' - wood
 +
*** '''Ancient Greek''' ''ἄκαστος'' - maple
 +
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''काष्ठ'' (kāṣṭha) - wood
 +
** '''Arabic'' ''خ ش ب'' (x ʃ b) - wood
 +
** '''PIE''' *''kayt-''/''ḱayt-'' - forest, wasteland, pasture
 +
*** '''Proto-Celtic''' ''ˈkoɨ̯d'' - wood(s?), forest
 +
*** '''Albanian''' ''kashtë'' - straw (?)
 +
 
 +
* *kendir / kenebir - cannabis
 +
 
 +
* *tıt/tut - mulberry
 +
** '''Semitic''' ?
 +
*** '''Hebrew''' ''tut'' - strawberry
 +
*** '''Arabic''' ''tūt'' - strawberry
 +
*** '''Aramaic''' תותא (''tūṯā'') - mulberry
 +
*** '''Neo-Babylonian Akkadian''' ''tuttu'' - ?
 +
** '''Iranian'''
 +
*** '''Khwarezmian''' ''twt'' - mulberry
 +
*** '''Wakhi''' ''tɯt''/''tɯð'' - mulberry
 +
** '''Georgian''' ''თუთა'' (''tuta'') - mulberry
 +
** '''Old Armenian''' ''թութ'' (''tʰutʰ'') - mulberry
 +
 
 +
=== fauna ===
 +
 
 +
* teke - ''goat''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''tek-'' - to flow, to run
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''digʰ-'' - goat
 +
 
 +
* ökiz - ''ox''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*uks-en-'' - ox
 +
*** '''Germanic''' ''*uhsōn'' - ox
 +
**** '''English''' ''ox''
 +
*** '''Tokharian B''' ''okso'' - cow
 +
** '''Mongolic''' ''*üker'' - cow
 +
 
 +
* balɯq - ''fish''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''l—k'' salmon
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*pesk''/''*h₂p-isk-'' fish
 +
** '''Germanic''' ''*bullaka-z'' a kind of fish - de: Bolch, nl: bolk
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''ɕake'' salmon
 +
 
 +
* *qāz - ''goose''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5%CA%B0h%E2%82%82%C3%A9ns *ǵʰáns-]'' goose
 +
*** '''Persian''' ''ʁāz''
 +
 
 +
* *qarğa - ''crow''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱórw-eh₂-'' - crow
 +
 
 +
* *qurt - ''worm''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''wr̥-mi-'' - worm
 +
 
 +
* *bȫrü - ''wolf''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ???
 +
*** '''Ossetian''' ''бирæгъ''
 +
*** '''Mazanderani''' ''ورگ (verg)''
 +
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''वृक (vṛ́ka)''
 +
*** '''Hindi''' ''bhēṛhiyā''
 +
** Caucasian languages
 +
*** '''Lak''' ''barc̣'' (pl. ''burc̣i-l'')
 +
*** '''Chechen''' ''борз''
 +
** Uralic languages
 +
*** '''Erzya''' ''верьгиз''
 +
*** '''Moksha''' ''врьгаз''
 +
*** '''Eastern Mari''' ''пире''
 +
*** '''Western Mari''' ''пирӹ''
 +
** '''Russian''' ''бирюк'' (a borrowing; native волк)
 +
 
 +
* *qar(ı)şqır - ''wolf''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₂ŕ̥tḱos'' - bear
 +
 
 +
* *sas-na, *çoç-qa - ''pig''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sū◌s'' - pig
 +
 
 +
* *buzağu - ~''one-year-old bull'' (in some languages, two-year-old)
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''bira-ɣu''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''mozǵʰ-o-s'' (only Armenian and Greek)
 +
*** '''Armenian''' mozi - "two-year-old bull"
 +
*** '''Greek''' móskhos - "young bull, young animal/bird, young shoot/twig"
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''bʰugo''- "buck"
 +
*** '''Avestan''' *''buza'' "buck, goat"
 +
 
 +
* *kene - ''tick, mite''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''knid, ḱnid'' - louse, nit
 +
 
 +
* *iŋäk (?) - ''cow''
 +
** '''Tibetan''' ''nak'' - female yak
 +
** '''Proto-Indo-Iranian''' ''*dʰa(H)inúš'' - milk cow ← PIE *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”) (cf. PTk *tāna)
 +
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''dʰenuḥ'' - cow
 +
*** '''Avestan''' ''daēnu'' - cow
 +
*** CHECK: → '''Proto-Uralic''' ''täjine'' - cow
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''ünege'' - cow
 +
 
 +
* *yün/*yuŋ - ''wool''
 +
** '''PIE''' ''u̯el-n-'' / *h₂welh₁- +‎ *-néh₂
 +
*** '''O.Ind.''' ''ū́rṇü'' / Sanskrit ''ūrṇā''
 +
*** '''Iranian'''
 +
**** '''Shughni''' ''wôwn''
 +
**** '''Sarikoli''' ''won''
 +
**** '''Khwarazmian''' ''w'n''
 +
*** '''Greek''' ''ληνος''
 +
*** '''Germanic''' *''wullō''
 +
 
 +
* *qumırsqa - ''ant''
 +
** '''PIE''' ''*moru̯i-''/''*morwís''
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''formīca''
 +
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''vamrah''
 +
*** '''Greek''' ''myrmex''
 +
*** '''Greek''' ''βόρμᾱξ'' - Ameisenhaufen
 +
*** '''Proto-Indo-Iranian''' *warmī́kas
 +
**** '''Sanskrit''' ''valmīka-'' - anthil
 +
*** '''Proto-Indo-Iranian''' *marwíš
 +
** '''PIE''' ''*kʷr̩mis'' "worm"
 +
*** '''Proto-Indo-Iranian''' *kŕ̥miš "worm"
 +
**** '''Sanskrit''' ''कृमि kṛmi'' "worm"
 +
**** '''Middle Persian''' ''kirm'' "worm"
 +
*** '''Lithuanian''' ''kirmis'' "worm, maggot, snake"
 +
*** '''Proto-Slavic''' ''čĭrvĭ'' "worm"
 +
*** '''Persian''' ''کرم kerm'' "worm"
 +
 
 +
* *baqa - ''frog''
 +
** '''Iranian'''
 +
*** '''Middle Persian''' ''wk''
 +
**** '''Modern Persian''' ''bæk''
 +
*** '''Kurmancı''' ''baq''
 +
 
 +
* būqa - ''bull''
 +
** '''PIE''' *''bʰugo''- "buck"
 +
*** '''Proto-Germanic''' *''bukkô'' "male goat"
 +
 
 +
* *iyt/yit(ă)? - ''dog''
 +
** '''Oroch''' ''inda'
 +
 
 +
* *küçik - ''(small) dog, puppy'' (probably late borrowing?)
 +
** '''Proto-Iranian''' ''*kútah''
 +
*** '''Baluchi''' ''kučak''
 +
*** '''Zazaki''' ''kutik''
 +
*** '''Tajik''' ''kučak''
 +
*** '''Kurmanji''' ''kûç(ik)'', ''gutî''
 +
 
 +
* *quş - ''bird''
 +
** '''PIE''' *''h₂éwis'' - bird
 +
 
 +
* *kirpi/tirpi - ''hedgehog''
 +
** '''Semitic''' *''qunpuð-'' - hedgehog
 +
*** '''Hebrew''' ''qippod'' - hedgehog
 +
*** '''Aramaic''' ''quppad'' - hedgehog
 +
*** '''Arabic''' ''qunfud'' - hedgehog
 +
** '''Chinese''' 刺蝟
 +
*** '''Mandarin''' ''cìwèi''
 +
*** '''Cantonese''' ''tsi³ wai⁶''
 +
*** '''Hokkien''' ''tshì-uī''
 +
** '''Georgian''' ''zʁarbi''
 +
 
 +
* *qoy/qoń - ''sheep''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₃ewis''~''*h₃owis''
 +
 
 +
* *elik - ''row deer''
 +
** '''PIE''' ''*h₁el-'' - deer
 +
*** '''Armenian''' ''ełn-ik'' - deer/doe
 +
*** '''English''' ''elk''
 +
*** '''Russian''' ''олень'', ''лось'', etc.
 +
 
 +
* *eçkü/*keç(k)i - ''goat''
 +
** '''PIE''' ''*h₂éyǵ-''/*h₂(e)iǵ-yeh₂-./''*h₂eǵos'' - he-goat
 +
*** '''Armenian''' ''ayc''/''ayci'' - goat
 +
*** '''Proto-Hellenic''' ''*aíks'' - goat
 +
*** '''Proto-Indo-Iranian''' ''*Haȷ́ás'' - goat
 +
**** '''Middle Persian''' ''ʾckʼ (/⁠azag⁠/?)'' - goat
 +
**** '''Zazaki''' ''esk(i)''/''ask(i)'' - goat
 +
** '''PIE''' ''*koǵʰeh₂''
 +
*** '''Proto-Slavic''' ''*kozà'' - goat
 +
** '''SE Caucasian''' ?
 +
*** '''Avar''' ''ccʼe'' - goat
 +
*** '''Lezgi''' ''c̣eh'' - goat
 +
** CHECK: Proto-Iranian ''*ćāgaḥ'' → Proto-Uralic ''*ćaka''
 +
 
 +
* *tabışqan - ''rabbit''
 +
** '''Arabic''' ''ṭabsūn'' - rock hyrax
 +
 
 +
* *katır/*kaçır - ''mule''
 +
** '''Iranian''' ...
 +
 
 +
* *bürgä/*bürçä - ''flea''
 +
** '''PIE''' ''*plus-is''
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''pūlex'' < *puslek- < *plus-ek
 +
**** '''Vulgar Latin''' ''*pūlica''
 +
*** '''Iranian''' ''*frúšiš''
 +
**** '''Pashto''' ''wrə́ẓ̌a''
 +
 
 +
=== sky/time/weather ===
  
 
* kün - ''day, sun''
 
* kün - ''day, sun''
−
** '''Germanic''' ''sun''
+
** '''Proto-IE''' *''sóh₂wl̩'' (gen. ''sh²u̯en-s'') sun
 +
*** '''Germanic''' ''sun''
 +
*** '''Tokharian B''' ''kaum̩''/''kon-''/''kaun-'' day
 +
*** '''Avestan''' ''xʷan'' (nom. húu̯arə̄)
  
 
* yil - ''year''
 
* yil - ''year''
−
** '''English''' ''year''
+
** ?'''Proto-IE''' ''yōr-''
 +
*** '''English''' ''year''
 +
** '''Proto-Georgian-Zan''' *''ʦʼel-'' year
 +
*** '''Georgian''' ''ʦʼel-'' year
 +
 
 +
* yaz (*yaaŕ) - ''spring''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''yōr-'' year
  
 
* ań - ''moon, month''
 
* ań - ''moon, month''
−
** (Proto-Altaic *'''ā́ńu''', most Turkic '''ay''')
+
** (pre-Proto-Turkic *'''ā́ńu''', most Turkic '''ay''')
 
** '''Latin''' ''annus'' - year
 
** '''Latin''' ''annus'' - year
 
** '''Gothic''' *''aþni'' - year
 
** '''Gothic''' *''aþni'' - year
 +
 +
* *bulut - ''cloud''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*melōdʰ'' - elevation, head
 +
** '''Etruscan''' ''falatu'' - sky
 +
 +
* *taŋri (?) - ''sky, heaven''
 +
** '''Japanese''' *''tenki'' - weather
 +
** '''Chinese''' ''天'', '''Middle Chinese''' ''tʰen''/''tʰien''
 +
*** '''Mandarin''' ''tiān'' - sky, day
 +
*** '''Cantonese''' ''tin1'' - sky, day
 +
** '''PIE''' ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tungl%C4%85 *dAnǵʰ-]'' - sky, heavenly body
 +
***  '''Lithuanian''' ''dangùs'' - sky, heaven
 +
 +
* **qıra~qarı (?) > qār, yur - ''snow''
 +
** '''Celtic''' ''*argyo-'' - snow
 +
** '''Iranian''' ''*wap-ra'' - snow
 +
*** '''Gorani''' ''vværwæ'', ''værw''
 +
 +
* *(h?)ayāŕ < *(p?)ańāŕ - ''frost''
 +
** '''Proto-IE'''
 +
 +
* *kȫk (Chuvash kŏwak) - ''blue; sky/heaven''
 +
** '''Mongolic''' ''köke'' - blue
 +
** '''Sanskrit''' गगन ''gagana'' - sky, heaven
 +
** '''Yucatec Maya''' ''káʼan'' - sky, heaven
 +
** '''Yawa''', '''Ambai''' ''keke'' - blue
 +
 +
* *tuman - ''fog''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ???*''dʰuH₁-mo-'' - smoke
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''dʰuh₂mós'' - smoke
 +
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''dhūmá'' - smoke, mist
 +
*** '''Avestan''' ''dunman'' - fog, mist
 +
*** '''Russian''' ''дым'' - smoke
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''témH-'' - dark
 +
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''तमस् támas'' - darkness, gloom
 +
*** '''Middle Persian''' ''tom'' - darkness
 +
**** '''Persian''' ''تم‎ tam'' - darkness, blackness, cataract
 +
*** '''Proto-Slavic''' *''tьma'' - darkness
 +
**** '''Russian''' ''тьма'' - darkness
 +
**** '''Russian''' ''темень'' - darkness
 +
** unsorted
 +
*** '''Avestan''' ''duuąnman'' - cloud
 +
*** '''Persian''' ''دود‎ dūd''
 +
*** '''Persian''' ''دودمان‎ dūdmān'' - smoke, soot
 +
 +
* *yaru-/yarı- ''shine'', *yaruq/yarıq, yarqın - ''light, bright''
 +
** '''Russian''' ''jark-ij'' - bright
 +
** '''Proto-Semitic''' *''waraq'' green
 +
*** '''Aramaic''' ''yārōq'' yellow-green
 +
*** '''Hebrew''' ''yaroq'' green
 +
** '''Proto-Semitic''' *''warḫ'' moon, month
 +
*** '''Aramaic''' ''yarħ-''
 +
*** '''Hebrew''' ''yarēaħ''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ǵʰel-'' - to shine (>yellow)
 +
*** '''Iranian''' ?*''zari'' - golden
 +
**** ? '''Middle Persian''' ''zargōn''
 +
***** '''Aramaic''' ''zrgwn'' (zargūn?) - golden
 +
 +
* yel - ''wind''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₂wéh₁n̥ts''
 +
*** '''Tokharian''' *''wʲente''
 +
 +
=== land and water ===
  
 
* yer - ''earth, land''
 
* yer - ''earth, land''
−
** '''Germanic''' ''erd''
+
** '''PIE''' ''ġʰ—r(+dʰ)'' to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
−
** '''English''' ''yard, earth''
+
*** '''Germanic''' ''gard''
−
** '''Semitic''' ''ˀarḍ'' - ''earth''
+
**** '''English''' ''yard''
 +
**** '''German''' ''garten''
 +
*** '''Tokharian''' ''warto, wärto'' garden, grove
 +
** '''PIE''' ''er(+t)'' earth
 +
*** '''Germanic''' ''erθ''
 +
**** '''English''' ''earth''
 +
**** '''German''' ''erd''
 +
*** '''Tokharian B''' ''yare'' gravel
 +
** '''Semitic''' ''ˀarḍ'' earth
 +
** '''Mongolian''' ''ger'' yurt
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''wer-'' defend, close
 +
** '''Proto Slavic''' *''žirŭ'' pasture?
 +
 
 +
* sub - ''water''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''seu-, su-'' rain, flow
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''sūwe-'' to rain
 +
*** '''Tokharian''' ''su- / swāsā-''
 +
*** '''Greek''' ''hǖei̯''
 +
*** '''Albanian''' ''ši''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₂ep-'' water
 +
** '''Mongolian''' *''ʊsʊ-n'' (?)
 +
** '''Mandarin''' ''shui3''
 +
** '''Cantonese''' ''seoi2''
 +
** '''Proto-Kartvelian''' ''s₁w-'' - drink
 +
 
 +
* bulaq - ''spring, well''
 +
** '''Latin''' ''flus-'' river
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''bhleu-gʷ-'' overflow
 +
** '''English''' ''flow'', ''float''
 +
 
 +
* *köl - ''lake''
 +
** '''Proto-Yeniseian''' ''kʰul'' - water
 +
 
 +
* *yar- - ''cliff'' ([early] Iranian borrowing?)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ner'' - to conceal, cover, hiding place, hollow
 +
** '''Gongduk''' ''yər'' - cliff
 +
 
 +
* *tāş - ''stone''
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''tila-ɣu''
 +
** '''Etruscan''' *''tul''
 +
** '''Korean''' ''dol''
 +
** '''Old Indic''' ''śilā''
 +
** '''Ket''' ''təˀs''
 +
 
 +
* *tāğ - ''mountain'', *toğ - ''dust''
 +
** '''Mongolian''' ''toɣu-sun'', ''toɣu-raɣ''
 +
*** '''Khalkha''' ''тоос'' - dust, dirt
 +
** '''Chinese''' 土
 +
*** Middle Chinese *''tʰuoX''?
 +
*** '''Mandarin''' ''tŭ'' - soil, earth
 +
*** '''Cantonese''' ''tou2'' - soil, earth
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''take'' - mountain
 +
 
 +
* *tepe/*töpü (?) - ''top/peak of hill/head''
 +
** '''Sardinian''' ''theppa'', ''tzèppara'' - "stony peak" (thought to be of Illyrian/Thracian origin)
 +
** '''Albanian''' ''thep'' - top, peak (thought to be of Illyrian/Thracian origin)
 +
** '''Proto-Germanic''' ''tuppaz'' - braid; projecting end or point; top
 +
 
 +
* *taluy - ''sea'', ''ocean''
 +
** '''Mongolic''' ''dalai'' - sea, ocean
 +
** '''PIE''' *''dʰól(h₂)os'' ? - valley, cavity
 +
*** '''Germanic''' *''dalą''/''dalaz'' - valley, dale
 +
*** '''Slavic''' *''dȍlъ'' - cavity, ditch, valley, riverbed
 +
*** '''Welsh''' ''dol'' - valley
 +
 
 +
=== other ===
  
−
* ot - ''grass''
+
* *bāl - ''honey''
−
** '''Tokharian''' ''ati'' grass
+
** '''Proto-IE''' - *mélh₁
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' - *mélit
 +
*** Albanian, Anatolian, Armenian, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Italic
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' - *médʰu
 +
*** Balto-Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Tokharian, Uralic
 +
*** Iranian *mádu
 +
**** Bactrian ''molo''
 +
*** Indic *mádʰu
 +
**** Romani ''mol''
 +
 
 +
* *may(?) - ''fat''
 +
** '''Finno-Ugrian''' *''vaj/voj'' - butter
 +
 
 +
* *ot - ''fire''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*āt(e)r-''
 +
 
 +
* *ört - ''fire'' (destructive)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*āt(e)r-''
 +
*** '''Proto-Iranian''' ''*āθr''
 +
**** '''Ossetic''' ''art''
 +
 
 +
* ımır - ''ripples'', ımırqay - ''pinkish'', ımırt - ''dawn''
 +
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''wmār'' - jewel, pearl
 +
 
 +
* et - ''meat''
 +
** '''Sogdian''' ''yātē''
 +
 
 +
* köt - ''butt''
 +
** '''Avestan''' ''gūθa-'' - excrement
  
 
== Verbs ==
 
== Verbs ==
Line 45: Line 690:
  
 
* ber - ''give''
 
* ber - ''give''
−
** '''Proto-IE''' ''bher'' - ''carry, bear''
+
** '''Proto-IE''' ''bʰer'' - carry, bear
−
** '''Russian''' ''брать'' - ''take''
+
*** '''Russian''' ''брать'' - take
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''per'' - go over, carry over, bring
 +
** '''Nihali''' ''beː-'' - give
  
−
* piçir - ''cook''
+
* bış-/piş- - ''cook (v.i.)'', -ır ''(v.t.)''
−
** '''Proto-IE''' ''pekw-''
+
** '''Proto-IE''' ''pekʷ-''
−
** '''Russian''' ''печь''
+
*** '''OCS''' ''peš-tь'' < ''*pékʷ-tis''
−
** '''Tokharian''' ''päk-''
+
**** '''Russian''' ''печь''
 +
*** '''Tokharian''' ''päk-''
 +
*** '''O. Indic''' ''pacati''
 +
*** '''Avestan''' ''pačaiti''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*bʰeh₃g-''
 +
*** '''English''' ''bake''
  
−
* tur - ''stand''
+
* tur - ''stand, stay''
 
** '''Germanic''' en: ''dare'', yi: ''tor''
 
** '''Germanic''' en: ''dare'', yi: ''tor''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''ter'' - to cross, transgress, to stay
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''tat'' - to stand up"
  
 
* je - ''eat''
 
* je - ''eat''
−
** '''Proto-IE''' ''ed-'' - ''eat''
+
** '''Proto-IE''' ''h₁ed-''
 +
** '''Mongolic''' ''id''
 +
** '''Nihali''' ''ṭ/tyeː''-
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵyewh₁-'' - chew
  
 
* çab- - ''cut''
 
* çab- - ''cut''
Line 64: Line 721:
 
** '''French''' ''sabotage''
 
** '''French''' ''sabotage''
  
−
* ekʷ- - ''drink''
+
* *iç- - ''drink''
−
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ekʷ-'' - drink
+
** '''Proto-IE''' *''h₁egʰʷ'' (*''ekʷ-''?) - drink
−
** '''Turkic''' ''iç'' - drink
+
*** '''Tokharian''' (B) ''yok''
−
** '''Tokharian''' ''yok''
+
** '''Proto-IE''' *''aḱ''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ēkʷ-'' - water
  
−
* gäpr - ''speak''
+
* gäp-ir - ''something said'', ''speak'' (later Iranian borrowing)
−
** '''English''' ''jabber''
+
** '''English''' ''jabber'', ''gab''
 
** '''Russian''' ''говорить'' - ''speak''
 
** '''Russian''' ''говорить'' - ''speak''
 
** '''Proto-IE''' ''gebh-'' - ''jaw, mouth''
 
** '''Proto-IE''' ''gebh-'' - ''jaw, mouth''
  
−
* öl - ''die''
+
* öl- - ''die''
−
** '''Tokharian''' ''wäl''
+
** '''PIE''' ''*welh₃-'' - to wound; death (in battle); slain (in battle)
 +
*** '''Tokharian''' ''wäl'' - die
 +
*** '''Germanic''' (OE) ''wæl'' / (ON) ''val'' - slain person
 +
 
 +
* *teg-/*tek- - ''touch''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''**th₂g-n-'' - to touch
 +
*** '''Germanic'''
 +
**** '''Gothic''' ''tēkan''
 +
**** '''English''' ''take''
 +
*** '''Tokharian B''' ''täk''/''tak'' - touch, feel; take
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''tang-''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ?
 +
*** '''English''' ''touch''
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''tuk-'' - to be attached / turned on
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*deḱ'' - accept ritually
 +
 
 +
* se(b/p?)- - ''to plant''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sē-''/''*seh₁-'' - sow
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*seip/seib'' - pour, rain, sift, sieve, stream, trickle, dribble
 +
 
 +
* sebele- - ''to sprinkle''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*seip/seib'' - pour, rain, sift, sieve, stream, trickle, dribble
 +
 
 +
* öö(j?)- - ''to think, understand''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ous'' ear
 +
 
 +
* saqı- - ''to think''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sekʷ-'' - to see
 +
 
 +
* yaq- - ''to light, make burn''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*dʰégʷʰ'' - to burn (v.t.?)
 +
 
 +
* *qap- - ''to snatch''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʰabʰ-'' - to take
 +
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''kälp'' - acquire, attain
 +
 
 +
* *ket- - ''to go away, leave''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ked-'' - to go, yield
 +
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''kätk-'' - go beyond, exceed, traverse
 +
 
 +
* *kes- - ''to cut''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱes-''
 +
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''kärṣt'' - cut off
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''kir-'' - cut
 +
 
 +
* *qarı- - ''to grow old''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gerh₂-'' - to grow old
 +
 
 +
* *tug-ur - ''tent covering''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*tog-'' - to cover
 +
 
 +
* *yorı-/yür(i)- - ''walk'' / *yügür- - ''run''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*dʰor-'' - to jump (at)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷʰðer-'' - to run, flow
 +
 
 +
* *siŋ- - ''sink into'' (get soaked up?)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*teng'' - to soak, wet
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sengʷ'' - to fall, to sink
 +
 
 +
* *yet- - ''reach''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*yet'' - to set out for, to strive
 +
 
 +
* *qud- - ''pour''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵʰeu'' - pour
 +
*** '''Gothic''' ''giutan'' - pour
 +
*** '''Tokharian''' (A?) ''ku-'' - pour
 +
 
 +
* *tök- - ''pour out, make flow''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''tekʷ''/''tek''- - to run, flow
 +
 
 +
* *bar- - ''to go, walk (away)''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''per'' - go over, carry over, bring
 +
 
 +
* *bat- - ''to sink; to fit into, get into''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''pet'' - open [arms] wide; to fall, to fly
 +
 
 +
* *saĺ- - ''to untie, loosen, solve'' (seç-..)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''slab-'' - loose, weak
 +
 
 +
* *em- - ''to suck''
 +
** '''Proto-Uralic''' ''*imi-'' - suck
 +
 
 +
* *tep- - ''to step on, trample''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*trep-'' - to trample, tread
 +
 
 +
* *türt- - ''to push''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*trewd-'' - to press, push
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''trūd-ō-'' - push
 +
*** '''English''' ''threat''
 +
*** '''Russian''' ''trud'' - labour
 +
 
 +
* *qur- - ''to build, erect, establish''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''kʷr̥-''/''*kʷer-'' - do, make, build
 +
*** '''Proto-Baltic''' *''kur-'' - erect, build; start a fire
 +
*** '''Indic''' *''karáwti'' ← *kʷr̥-néw-ti ~ *kʷr̥-nw-énti - do, build(?)
 +
**** '''Sanskrit''' ''kṛṇóti''/''karáwti'' / '''Pali''' ''karoti''
 +
***** '''Assamese''' ''kor'' - do
 +
***** '''Dhivehi''' ''kur'' - do
 +
***** '''Bengali''' ''kôr'' - do
 +
** '''Etruscan''' ''kar''/''ker'' - make, build
 +
 
 +
* *ögrän- - ''to learn''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷʰren-'' - "phrenic"; soul, mind
 +
 
 +
* *uq- - ''understand, hear'', (*oqu- - ''read, study'')
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ok-'' - understand, see
 +
*** (only attested in Greek and Germanic)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''okʷ-'' - see, eye
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''uka'' - understand, think
 +
 
 +
* *ös- - ''grow''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''u̯eis-'' - sprout, grow
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''u̯og-s-'' - magnify, increase
 +
*** '''Proto-Germanic''' *''vaks-'' - grow
 +
*** '''Tokharian A''' *''oks-'' - grow
 +
 
 +
* *bil-  - ''know''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''weid-'' - know
 +
*** '''Germanic''' *wit
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''med-'' - know
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''men-'' - mind
 +
*** '''Persian''' ''menidan'' - think, ''menišn'' - thought
 +
** '''Tocharian''' ''päl-'' (A), ''pal-'' (B) - to think
 +
 
 +
* *kerek - ''needed''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ǵʰer(e)-'' - desire
 +
 
 +
* *(b)ol- ''be''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ?
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''bü-''
 +
** '''Proto-Uralic''' *''wole-''
 +
 
 +
* *är - ''be''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''es-'' - be
 +
 
 +
* *tanı- - ''be acquainted with / know'' (but Kg. taanı)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''ǵnō-''/''ǵenə-'' - know
 +
*** '''Iranian''' ??
 +
**** '''New Persian''' ''dāni-''
 +
**** '''New Persian''' ''šinā-'' ???
 +
 
 +
* *tut- (?*tukta-) - ''pull, subdue''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''deuk-'' - drag
 +
*** '''English''' ''tug''
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''duc-'' - lead
 +
*** '''Latin''' "t-stem" ''ductus'' - duct
 +
** '''Mongolic''' ''toqta-'' - stop
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *(s)tewk- - push, press, strike, beat
 +
*** '''Ancient Greek''' ''tukízō'' - clench, work/polish stone
 +
*** '''Proto-Slavic''' ''*tъkàti'' - prick, pierce
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''déwkti'' - pull, draw, lead
 +
 
 +
* ?ayda- - ''drive [animals]''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''aǵ'' (*''heǵ-'') - lead, drive cattle
 +
 
 +
* udı- - ''sleep'' (connected with od- - ''wake''??)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''sneud(h)-'' - drowsy / to drowse
 +
 
 +
* od- - ''wake''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''bheudh-'' - be awake / aware
 +
** '''Mongolic''' ''(h)uda-'' - conceive, design, instigate (Starostin)
 +
 
 +
* aç- - ''open''
 +
** '''Japanese''' *''áká-'' - open
 +
*** '''Modern Tokyo''' ''àke-'' - open
 +
 
 +
* *ked- ''wear''
 +
** '''Old Japanese''' ''kî-'' - wear
 +
*** '''Modern Tokyo''' ''ki-'' - wear
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''kadh-'' - protect, cover
 +
*** '''Old English''' ''heden'' - dress
 +
*** '''Icelandic''' ''heðinn'' - skirt
 +
 
 +
* *ur- / *vur- (cf. Chuvash, Turkish) / *hur- (cf. Halaj) ''hit''
 +
** '''Modern Tokyo''' ''bu(t?)-'' - hit
 +
** '''Modern Tokyo''' ''fùru-'' - shake
 +
 
 +
* *sez- ''feel''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''sent-'' - take a direction; feel
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''sens-us'' - sense, mind
 +
*** '''OCS''' ''sęštь'' - smart
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''sere''-/*''seri''- notice
 +
 
 +
* *sıç- ''defecate''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''k̂ekʷ-''
 +
 
 +
* *kel- ''come''
 +
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''kälk-'' - walk
 +
** '''Tokharian''' (B) ''kalāk-'' - follow
 +
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''käl-'' - lead, bring
 +
 
 +
* *yap- ''close''
 +
** '''PIE''' ''*yew-o-''?
 +
*** '''Proto-Tokharian''' *yäpa-
 +
*** '''Tokharian''' (AB) ''yām'', (A) ''ya-''/''ypa-'' - make
 +
 
 +
* *āş- ''cross, exceed''
 +
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''āsuk'' - over
 +
 
 +
* *yıq- (klj,kjh: yuq) - defeat, overthrow
 +
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''yuk-'' - conquer, overcome
 +
 
 +
* *qarba- - grab
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʰrebʰ-'' - grab, seize, snatch
 +
*** '''Avestan'''  ''𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬡 garəβ'' - seize
 +
 
 +
* *aq- (chv: yux-) - flow, run (liquid)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' (only Germanic, Italic?) ''*h₂ekʷeh₂'' - water (specifically, flowing), river
 +
 
 +
* *böl- - divide
 +
** '''Semitic''' ?''*PLG'' - divide
 +
 
 +
* *toğ- - give birth
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''teke-'' - give birth
 +
 
 +
* *yet- (''caus'' *yetkir-~yetkiz-) - reach
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''jidkü'' - strive
 +
** '''Proto-Germanic''' *''ɣetanã'' - attain, acquire
 +
 
 +
* *kid- - get dressed
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''gleyt''- - cloth
 +
*** '''Germanic''' *''klaiþą'' - cloth
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''*h₂ew''- dress, get dressed
 +
 
 +
* *teş- - make holes
 +
** '''Aramaic''', '''Hebrew''' ''דגש'' (DGŠ) - pierce, stab
 +
 
 +
* *yan(+dir) - ''to burn v.i. (v.t.)''
 +
** '''Proto-Na-Dené''' ''*q’aˑn'' burn, ignite
 +
** '''Ket''' ''-qan'' cook, burn, boil
 +
 
 +
* yıl- - ''warm''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱel-'' - warm/cool
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gel-'' - cold
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷʰer-'' - hot, warm
 +
 
 +
* *yibi- - ''become wet, soak''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*nebʰ'' - damp, water, clouds
 +
 
 +
* *yal- - ''to burn'', *yalın - ''flame'', *yaş- (yalʲ-) - ''to blaze'', *yalqı- - ''to glitter''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''dʰel-'' - light
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ǵʰel-'' - to shine
 +
 
 +
* *qat-/qatı- - ''harden'' (qatığ - hard)
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''qata-'' - harden (qatağu - hard)
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''kata'' - hard
 +
 
 +
* *sāç- - ''scatter, disperse'' (transitive)
 +
** '''Tokharian''' (B) käsk- - scatter
 +
** '''Tokharian''' (B) täṃts- scatter, disperse
 +
 
 +
* *tēr(j?)- - ''gather, collect''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''dʰer-'' - support, hold
 +
*** '''Indo-Iranian''' *''dʰárati'' ← *''dʰer-e-ti''
 +
**** '''Sogdian''' ''dʼr''
 +
**** '''Ossetian''' ''дарын''
 +
 
 +
* *yeŋ- - ''win''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''weyk''- - contain, envelop; yield; overcome → *''wi-né-k-ti'' ~ *''wi-n-k-énti''
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''vinc''- - win, conquer
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''wenh₁''- - love; strive; wish; desire
 +
*** '''Proto-Germanic''' *''winnaną'' - labour, toil; to win, gain; to fight, strive
 +
**** '''English''' ''win''
 +
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''vanoti'' (''van''-) - win; gain; acquire
 +
 
 +
* **kælæ- - ''speak''
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''kele-''
 +
** '''Greek''' ''καλέω'' - call, summon
 +
** '''Proto-Uralic''' *''käle'' - tongue
 +
 
 +
* *ket- - ''leave, go'' (<ke-t- causative??)
 +
** '''PIE''' ''ǵʰeh'' - go (derivatives mostly in Germanic, Indic, Greek?)
 +
 
 +
* *kīr- - ''enter''
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''háir-'' - enter
 +
 
 +
* *keç- - ''cross, pass''
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''kos-'' - cross, pass
  
−
* teg - ''touch''
+
* *kemir-(?) - ''gnaw''
−
** '''English''' ''touch''
+
** '''Japanese''' ''kám-'' - bite
−
** '''Tokharian''' ''tek''
+
 
 +
* *qaz- - ''dig''
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''hór-'' - dig
 +
 
 +
* *yul-/yulı-/yol- - ''pluck''
 +
** '''PIE''' ''*welh₃-'' - pluck(??)
 +
 
 +
* *ur- - ''hit, strike''
 +
** '''PIE''' ''*welh₃-'' - hit, strike
 +
 
 +
* *boğ- - ''tie up, strangle''
 +
* *bay-la-(?) - ''tie''
 +
* *boğ? - ''bundle'' (kir boo, kaz baw, Old Turkish boğ)
 +
** '''PIE''' ''*peh₂ǵ-'' - attach
 +
*** '''Greek''' ''πήγνῡ-μῐ'' - secure, fasten
 +
*** '''Greek''' ''πάγη'' - snare, noose, anything that attaches
 +
*** '''Proto-Germanic''' *''faką'' - compartment, divison
 +
 
 +
* *tōl- - ''fill''
 +
** '''Proto-Balto-Slavic''' ?
 +
*** '''Proto-Slavic''' *''tъlstъ'' - fat, thick
 +
*** '''Latvian''' ''tùlzt'', '''Lithuanian''' ''tul̃žti'' - swell
 +
*** '''Proto-Slavic''' *''tъlpa'' - crowd
 +
 
 +
* *de-/te- - ''say''
 +
** '''Proto-East-Slavic''' *''дѣеть'' - say
 +
** '''Latin''' ''dīcere''/''dīc-'' - say <- PIE *''déyḱ'' - show
 +
 
 +
* sep- - ''sprinkle''
 +
** '''PIE''' *''seyb-'' - pour out, dribble, strain, trickle
 +
 
 +
* *yalğa- - ''lick''
 +
** '''PIE''' *''leyǵʰ'' - lick
 +
 
 +
* *yaz-/*yar- - ''write''
 +
** '''Proto-Kartvelian''' *''c̣₁er''- ~ *''c̣₁r''- - scratch, depict → write
 +
*** '''Georgian''' ''ʦʼer'' - write
 +
** '''Mongolian''' ''jiru-'' - draw, write
 +
 
 +
* *çız-/*çır- - ''draw, scratch''
 +
** '''Proto-Kartvelian''' *''c̣₁er''- ~ *''c̣₁r''- - scratch, depict → write
 +
*** '''Georgian''' ''ʦʼer'' - write
 +
** '''Mongolian''' ''jiru-'' - draw, write
 +
 
 +
* *qıl- - ''do, make''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*kelh₂-'' - beat, break
 +
 
 +
* *yut- - ''swallow''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵyewh₁-'' - chew
 +
*** '''Iranian''' ''*ǰyawH-'' - chew
 +
**** '''Old Persian''' ''⁠jūdan⁠'' - chew
 +
**** '''Northern Kurdish''' ''cûtin'' - chew
 +
*** '''Proto-Slavic''' ''žuti'' - chew
  
 
== Body parts ==
 
== Body parts ==
 +
 +
* PrTk. *baş/balç - ''head''
 +
** '''Ainu''' ''pake'' - head
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʰebʰōl'' - ?
 +
*** '''Tokharian A''' ''śpāl'' - head
 +
*** '''Tokharian B''' ''śpālu'' - head
 +
*** '''OHG''' ''gebal'' - ?
 +
*** '''Greek''' ''κɛɸɑlή'' - ?
 +
** '''Lak''' ''baḳ''
 +
** '''Khotanese Saka''' ''māstai'' - head
 +
 +
* Pre-PrTk. *padaq - ''foot''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''bʰad'' (*''bʰ—ħd'') - boot
 +
** '''Proto-Uralic''' *''ponče''
 +
*** '''Proto-Finnic''' *''potka'' - hind leg, shank
 +
 +
* PrTk. *būt - ''foot, thigh''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''*pṓds'' - foot
 +
** '''Proto-Uralic''' *''ponče''
 +
*** '''Proto-Finnic''' *''potka'' - hind leg, shank
 +
 +
* *el(ig) - ''hand'', (later alaqan - ''palm of hand'' ← Mongolic), *hāja - ''palm'', al- - ''take''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₁el-'' - elbow, forearm
 +
*** '''English''' ''ell'', ''elbow''
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *halaqa(n)/*hali'a(n) ?
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*plh₂m-'', - palm
 +
*** '''Old English''' ''folm''
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''palma''
 +
*** '''Old Irish''' ''lām''
 +
*** '''Ancient Greek''' ''παλάμη ‎(palámē)''
 +
 
* qol - ''hand, arm''
 
* qol - ''hand, arm''
 
** '''Germanic''' ''hand, hold''
 
** '''Germanic''' ''hand, hold''
 +
** '''Georgian''' ''xel'' - hand
 +
 +
* *jaŋaq/*jıŋaq - ''jaw''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵebʰ-'' - jaw, mouth
 +
*** '''English''' ''jowl''
 +
** '''English''' ''jaw''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵénus'' - jaw, chin, cheek
 +
*** '''Tokharian A''' ''śanwem''
 +
*** '''Proto Iranian''' ''*ȷ́ʰánuš'' - jaw
 +
**** '''Avestan''' ''zānu'' - knee
 +
**** '''Manichean Parthian''' ''zanax'' → Persian ''zanax'' - chin
 +
**** '''Persian''' ''ʧɑːne'' - chin, jaw
 +
 +
* *çeŋē - ''jaw''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵénus'' - jaw, chin, cheek
 +
*** '''Persian''' ''ʧɑːne'' - chin, jaw
 +
 +
* qulğaq - ''ear''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱlew-'' - to hear
 +
*** '''Tokharian B''' ''klautso'' ?, ''kl̄aw'' - to hear
 +
*** '''Celtic''' *''klew-o''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''gʰous-'' - hear
 +
*** '''Proto-Indo-Iranian''' *''gʰauš-''
 +
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''घोष gʰoṣa''
 +
*** '''Old Persian''' ''gauša-'' - ear
 +
**** '''Modern Persian''' ''guš'' - ear
 +
 +
* meŋä / miy / mee (*bejŋi?) - ''brain''
 +
** '''Russian''' ''мозг'' brain
 +
** '''Hebrew''' ''MWX'' brain
 +
*** '''Yiddish''' ''moyex'' brain
 +
** '''Sogdian''' m'g
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*men-'' mind
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*moz-g-'' brain
 +
*** '''Old Indic''' majján
 +
 +
* *burut - ''mustache''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''bʰardʰ-'' - beard
 +
 +
* bel - ''waist''
 +
** '''Latin''' ''balteus'' belt (of Etruscan origin?)
 +
** '''Proto-Iranian''' *''mádʰyas'' - middle, waist <- PIE *médʰyos "middle"
 +
*** '''Bactrian''' ''milano'' - waist
 +
*** '''Pashto''' ''mlā'' - waist
 +
 +
* *bod - ''body'' (Kg boy - ''height'', ''length'')
 +
** '''OE''' bodig - trunk, chest (of a man or animal), originally "cask;"
 +
*** '''English''' - ''body''
 +
** '''OHG''' botah
 +
 +
* *yāş - ''tear'' (from eye)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*dáḱru-'' - tear
 +
*** '''Wakhi''' ''yashk'' - tear [http://www.angelfire.com/sd/tajikistanupdate/engpamirlanguages.html]
 +
** '''Mongolic''' ''nilmus'' - tear
 +
** ('''Mongolic''' ''dusal'' ? - drop < ''dus-'' - drip (v.i.))
 +
 +
* *yürek - ''heart'' (but Chuvash çəre)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱḗr'' - heart
 +
*** '''Proto-Tocharian''' ''*käryā-'' - heart
 +
 +
* *qar-ın - ''belly''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵʰer-'' - bowels
 +
** '''Nihali''' ''gadri'' - liver
 +
 +
* *tīş - ''tooth''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵeus-'' - to taste
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₁dónts'' - tooth
 +
 +
* *bʲağır - ''liver''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*yeh₁kwr̥-''/''Hyékʷr̥''/''*yókʷr̥'' - liver
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''iecur''
 +
*** '''Indic/Iranian''' *''Hyákṙ''
 +
**** '''Old Indic'''/'''Sanskrit''' ''yakŕ̩t''
 +
**** '''Avestan''' ''yākar(ə)''
 +
**** '''Khotanese Saka''' ''gyagarrä''
 +
**** '''Ossetian''' ''igər''
 +
** '''Non-IE Northern European''' ''*mok-on-'' - stomach, bag (see [http://www.cranberryletters.com/pre-proto-germanic/ entry here])
 +
** '''Nihali''' ''bhaːwri''- belly
 +
 +
* *tǖk - hair
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*twék-'' - skin
 +
 +
* *bōyn - neck
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*mon-'' - neck
 +
 +
* *beŋ - mole
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*meng-'' - pretty, beautiful
 +
 +
* *ağız/ağz- (←**ağs?) - mouth
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''h₁óh₃s''/''h₁h₃sés'' (''*ōus'') - mouth
 +
** '''Persian''' ''āvāz'' - voice
 +
 +
* çiray (Mongolic) - ~visage
 +
** '''Mongolic''' ?''*čirai'' - ~visage
 +
** '''Persian''' ''čehra'' - face
 +
 +
* qaraq/qarek - pupil of the eye / eyeball
 +
** '''Proto-IE'''
 +
*** Greek κόρη/κούρη/κώρα "the pupil of the eye, eyeball"
 +
 +
* ?*saç - hair
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*dēḱwā'' - ?
 +
*** '''Tokharian A''' ''śāku'' - hair
 +
 +
* *qıl ~ ?*qılq (chv. χələχ) - hair
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''kilga-su-n'' - horse's hair
 +
*** '''Classical Mongolian''' ''kilgasu(n)'' - horse's hair
 +
*** '''Khalkha''' ''хялгас'' - horse's hair
 +
** '''Finnish''' ''kalki'' - hair
 +
 +
* ~**köks (→köküräk~köküz) - chest
 +
** '''Celtic''' ''kīkā'' - breast
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''kokóɾo'' - heart
 +
** '''Armenian''' ''kurckʰ'' - breast, chest
 +
** '''Armenian''' ''cic'' - breast
 +
** '''Agulis Armenian''' ''gʲygʲ'' - bosom (Vaux 1998)
 +
 +
* *omuz - shoulder (and Kazakh ''omırtqa'' ‘spine’)
 +
** distribution in Turkic: Middle Turkic, Chuvash, Oğuz, Uzbek, some Western Qıpçaq (Balkar, Karaim, Kumyk)
 +
** '''Mongolic''' (WM)''omuruɣu(n)''/(MM)''omori'ut'' - collar bone
 +
** '''Mongolic''' (khk) ''mör'' - shoulder
 +
** '''Evenki''' mïre(?)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''H₁ōmso-''
 +
*** '''Old Indian''' ''áṁsa-''
 +
*** '''Old Greek''' ''ō̂m(s)o-s''
 +
*** '''Germanic''' ''áms-a-''
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''umerus''
 +
*** '''Tocharian''' ''es'' (A) (*omso-), ''āntse'' (B) (*omeso-)
  
−
* PrTk. *padaq - ''foot''
+
* *qān (but chv jun)
−
** '''Proto-IE''' ''ped, pod''
+
** '''Proto-Iranian''' *wahuni
 +
*** '''Sogdian''' ''xurn'', ''wuxrn/uxarn'' blood
 +
*** '''Middle Persian''' ''xōn''
 +
** '''Proto-IE'' *''ǵenh₁-'' to produce, to beget, to give birth
 +
*** '''Germanic''' ''*kunją'' - kin/clan
  
−
* el - ''hand''
+
* *köz - eye
−
** '''English''' ''el''
+
** '''Proto-IE''' *''h₃ókʷs''
 +
*** '''Lithuanian''' ''akìs''
 +
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''ákṣi''
  
−
* caq / cağ - ''jaw''
+
* *ald- - ''front''
−
** '''English''' ''jaw''
+
** '''PIE''' *''h₂ént-o-'' "in front"
  
−
* qulaq - ''ear''
+
* *arqa - ''back''
−
** '''Tokharian B''' ''klautso''
+
** '''PIE''' *''pṛh₂wo-'' "anterior"
 +
*** '''Tocharian''' ''pärwa-t'' (A), ''parwe'' (B) ← *pä́rwë
 +
** '''Proto-Nakh''' *ʔaq̇Vr- "on one's back"
  
−
* meŋä / miy - ''brain''
+
* *moyn~boyun - ''neck''
−
** '''Russian''' ''мозг'' - brain
+
** '''Proto-IE''' *''mony-'', *''mon'' "neck"
−
** '''Hebrew''' ''MWX'' - brain
 
−
*** '''Yiddish''' ''moyex'' - brain
 
  
−
* but - ''foot''
+
* *azıɣ - ''fang''
−
** '''Proto-IE''' *''pod-'' - foot, en: ''boot'', ''foot''
+
** '''Mongolic''' *''araɣa'' "fang"
 +
** Iranian ?
 +
*** '''Khotanese''' ''haskä'' "elephant tusk"
 +
*** '''Persian''' ''yašk'' "tusk"
 +
** '''Hungarian''' ''agyar'' "tusk"
 +
** '''Georgian''' ''ešvi'' "fang"
  
 +
* *sögil/*sigöl ← ?**siglö/**süklä → segül/sigil/sügel - ''wart''
 +
** '''Mongolic''' ''sögel'' - wart
 +
** '''Korean''' ''hok'' - wart
 +
** '''Manchu''' ''soğa'' - wart
 +
** '''Proto-Uralic''' *''śüklä''
 +
** '''Chinese''' ''贅瘤'' (''zhuìliú'') - wart
  
 
== Numerals ==
 
== Numerals ==
  
−
* bir - ''one''
+
* bīr - ''one''
 
** '''English''' ''first'', ''fore''
 
** '''English''' ''first'', ''fore''
 
** '''Romance''' ''prim-''
 
** '''Romance''' ''prim-''
−
** '''Proto-IE''' ''prHuo-'', ''pro-wo-'' - ''first''
+
** '''Proto-IE''' ''prHuo-'', ''pro-wo-'', ''perǝ'', ''pro'' first, fore, ahead
 
** '''Tokharian''' ''parwe''
 
** '''Tokharian''' ''parwe''
  
−
* ek(k)i - ''two''
+
* ä(k)ki, i(k)ki - ''two''
−
** '''English''' ''second''
+
** '''Proto-IE''' ''sekʷ'' follow
 +
*** '''English''' ''second''
 
** '''Finnish''' ''kaksi'' (?)
 
** '''Finnish''' ''kaksi'' (?)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''du̯ō+ko''
 +
*** Old Indic ''dviká-'' twofold
 +
*** Armenian ''erkic̣s'' twice
 +
*** Albanian ''dyshi'' two
 +
*** Old Saxon ''twisk'' twofold
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''h₂énteros'' second / other
 +
*** '''Germanic''' *''anþeraz'' second / other (of two)
 +
 +
* tȫrt - ''four''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''kwetwores''
 +
*** '''Tokharian''' ''çtwar, çtwer''
 +
*** '''Greek''' *''τετϝρα'' → ''τετρα''-
  
−
* beş - ''five''
+
* bēş - ''five''
 
** '''Proto-IE''' ''penkwe''
 
** '''Proto-IE''' ''penkwe''
−
** '''Tokharian''' ''pañä, piç, piś''
+
*** '''Tokharian''' ''pañä, piç, piś''
  
−
* jetti - ''seven''
+
* jet(t)i - ''seven''
−
** '''Tokharian''' ''s.pät, sukt''
 
 
** '''Proto-IE''' ''septom''
 
** '''Proto-IE''' ''septom''
 +
*** '''Tokharian''' ''s.pät, sukt''
 +
 +
* sek(k)iz - ''eight''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₁oḱtṓw''
 +
*** '''Tokharian''' ''okät, okt''
 +
 +
* yigirmä/ɟigirma - ''twenty''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' **''dwi(h₁)dḱm̥ti'' / **''dwi-dḱmt-ih₁'' → *''u̯i-ḱmt-ī'' / *''wī́ḱm̥tih₁''
 +
*** '''Proto-Tokharian''' ''*w'īkän'' (→ ''wiki, ikäṃ'')
 +
*** '''Proto-Celtic''' ''*wikantī''
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''vīgintī''
 +
**** '''Aromanian''' ''yinghits''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*deḱ-'' ten
 +
*** '''Proto-Germanic''' *''teguz'' group of ten
 +
**** '''Old Norse''' ''tigr'' group of ten
 +
 +
* otuz - ''thirty''
 +
** '''Prakrit''' ''tīsa'' < '''Sanskrit''' ''triṃśat''
 +
*** Hindi/Urdu/Nepali ''tīs''
 +
 +
* qır(ı)q - ''forty''
 +
** Old East Slavic ''sorokŭ''
 +
** PIE *''kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt''
 +
*** Byzantine Greek  ''σαράκοντα''
 +
*** Old Armenian ''kʿaṙasun''
 +
*** Iranian *''čatwārHcát''
 +
**** Persian ''čehel''
 +
*** Indic *''catvāriṃśát''
 +
**** Hindi/Urdu ''cālīs''
  
−
* sekkiz - ''eight''
+
* miŋ/mıŋ - ''thousand''
−
** '''Tokharian''' ''okat, okt''
+
** '''Chinese''' ''萬''  ten thousand
−
** '''Proto-IE''' ''októ''
+
*** '''Middle Chinese''' *''mʉɐn<sup>H</sup>'' - ten thousand
 +
**** '''Mandarin''' ''wàn'' - ten thousand
 +
**** '''Cantonese''' ''man<sup>5</sup>'', ''maan<sup>6</sup>''
 +
** '''Tungusic'''
 +
*** '''Manchu''' ''miŋgan'' - thousand
 +
** ''Mongolic'' *''miŋgan'' - thousand
 +
 
 +
* tümän - ''ten thousand''
 +
** '''Tokharian A''' ''tmāṃ'' /tmaːn/ (A), ''t(u)māne'' (B), tmāne; tumám - ten thousand
 +
** '''Old Church Slavonic''' ''тьма'' - ten thousand
 +
** '''Chinese''' ''萬''  ten thousand
 +
*** '''Middle Chinese''' *''mʉɐnH''
 +
**** '''Mandarin''' ''wàn''
 +
 
 +
* -(i)nçi - ''-th''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''-nte? '' -th
 +
 
 +
* *san - ''number'', *som; sōm(?) - ''number; whole, piece'' (?)
 +
** '''Tokharian B''' ''ṣaṃṣäl'' - number < ''ṣäṃṣ-'' - to count
 +
 
 +
* *tēk - ''lone, only''
 +
** '''Old Chinese''' *''tek'' - single
 +
** '''Khalkha''' ''teg'' - zero
  
 
== People ==
 
== People ==
Line 135: Line 1,361:
 
** '''Hebrew''' ''kohen''
 
** '''Hebrew''' ''kohen''
  
−
* qız - ''girl, daughter''
+
* qı̄z - ''girl, daughter'' (Chuvash xĕr)
 
** '''English''' ''kid, kith''
 
** '''English''' ''kid, kith''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ḱer''- grow
 +
*** '''Greek''' κόρη/κούρη/κώρα "girl, virgin"
 +
** '''PIE''' *''swésōr'' "siter"
 +
*** '''Khotanese''' ''hvar''
 +
*** '''Sogdian''' ''xwār''
 +
*** '''Pashto''' ''xor''
  
−
* er - ''male, man''
+
* er - ''male, man'' (?*her (Halaj hir-) ← ?*per)
 
** '''Proto-IE''' *''er'' - bull, male
 
** '''Proto-IE''' *''er'' - bull, male
 +
** '''Germanic''' *''ærgi'' (?) - unmasculine?
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''wiro-'' - man; warrior
 +
*** '''Scythian''' ''oior'' - man (Herodotus)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *ario-? - master, lord
 +
** '''Burushaski''' ''hir'' - man
 +
 +
* ata - ''father/grandfather''; aqa/äke - ''older male relative''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ph₂tḗr''
 +
*** '''Tokharian''' ''pácar, pacer''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*hatta''/''*átta''
 +
*** '''Lydian''' ''ata''
 +
*** '''Proto-Slavic''' ''*otə''
 +
*** '''Ancient Greek''' ''ἄττα''
 +
*** '''Ossetian''' ''əda'' - grandfather
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''atta''
 +
*** '''Gothic''' ''atta''
 +
** '''Etruscan''' ''ati-'' - mother
 +
 +
* ayal - ''woman, wife''
 +
** '''Tokharian''' ''ckácar, tkácer'' daughter
 +
** '''Arabic''' ''ʾahl'' wife (probably just a loan in some Turkic languages from this)
 +
 +
* *ēş (*ēlʲ?) - friend
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*bʰili''/''*bʰilo'' - harmonious, friendly
 +
** '''Tungusic''' ''*pali'' - friendship, relationship
 +
 +
* *orda - horde
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ḱerdʰā'' - troop, line
 +
 +
* *edi (**hedi?) - master, owner
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*poti-s'' - master, owner, host
 +
*** '''Old Indic''' ''páti''- - master
 +
*** '''Avestan''' ''paiti''- - master
 +
** '''Mongolic''' ''eje-n'' - master, owner
 +
 +
* *küni - co-wife
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷ(e)na-'' - wife, woman
 +
 +
* *yigit(?) - young, young man
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''h₂yuh₁n̥ḱós''/*''h₂yowh₁en''-/''h₂yuh₁en''- - young
 +
*** '''Germanic''' *''jungaz'' < **''juwung-+az'' - young
 +
**** '''West Germanic''' *''juwunþ''- < *''juwung-+θ'' - youth
 +
***** '''Old English''' 'ˈjeoɣʊθ'' - youth / young person
 +
***** '''Old Saxon''' ''juguth''
 +
 +
* *tegin(?) - [[:w:Tegin|tegin]]
 +
** '''Germranic''' *''þegnaz'' - man, warrior
 +
*** '''Old English''' ''þæġn'', ''þeġen'', ''þegn'' - servant/retainer, "one in service to the king or other superior"
 +
*** '''Dutch''' ''degen'' - hero, warrior, soldier
 +
 +
* *āğıl - village/settlement (~community of families)
 +
** '''Semitic''' ''ʔHL'' - ?
 +
*** '''Arabic''' ''ʾahl'' - kin (~community around a family)
 +
*** '''Hebrew''' ''ʾāhál'' - pitch a tent
 +
*** '''Hebrew''' ''ʾóhel'' - tent
 +
*** '''Akkadian''' ''âlu'' - settlement
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''ayil'' - village/settlement (~community of families)
 +
** (aylan- - spin ''i.v.'')
 +
** '''English''' ''hall''?
 +
** '''Proto-Nakh''' *ʔablV - root (→ kin →) village
 +
 +
* *bāla - child
 +
** '''Sanskrit''' ''bāla'' - boy, child
 +
 +
* *küni - cowife
 +
** '''PIE''' ''*gʷen'', ''*gʷenh₂'' - woman, wife
 +
*** '''Ancient Greek''' ''gunḗ'' - woman, wife
 +
*** '''Proto W Germanic''' ''*kwāni'' - woman
 +
*** '''Older Avestan''' ''gənā'' - woman, wife
 +
 +
* *qarı, *qarı- - old, get old
 +
** '''PIE''' ''*ǵerh₂-'' - grow old
 +
 +
== Grammatical ==
 +
 +
* *qāń - (qaysı - ''which'', qayda - ''where'', qana - ''where (to)'', (kim - ''who'',) etc)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*kʷo''
 +
** '''Proto-Uralic''' ''*ke-'' who
 +
 +
* qaçan - ''when''
 +
** '''Proto-IE'''
 +
*** Panjabi ''kad, kadoñ''
 +
*** Sindhi ''kaɖahn''
 +
 +
* *kim - ''who''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*kʷim'' - who (acc)
 +
*** '''Phrygian''' ''kin'' - who
 +
*** '''Indo-Iranian''' *''kim''~''čim''
 +
**** '''Sanskrit''' ''kim'' - what, who
 +
**** '''Younger Avestan''' ''cim''~''kəm''
 +
**** '''Kurdish''' ''kî'' - who
 +
**** '''Middle Persian''' ''kē⁠'' - who
 +
** '''Mongolic''' ''*ken'' - who
 +
** '''Proto-Uralic''' ''*ke-'' - who
 +
 +
* -kan - (deverbal adverbial / adjectival / nominal suffix)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*kʷo''
 +
*** ''kwand'' / ''when'' / etc.
 +
 +
* orta - ''middle, centre''
 +
** '''Tokharian''' ''orto'' - ''up''
  
−
* äke - ''father''
+
* oqşa- - ''be like, be similar''
−
** '''Tokharian''' ''pácar, pacer''
+
** '''Tokharian''' ''oki'' - ''like''
 +
 
 +
* oq - emphatic particle
 +
** '''Tokarian''' ''ats'' - ''exactly''
 +
 
 +
* -mA - {{sc|verbal negation}} morpheme
 +
** '''Tokharian''' ''má'' - ''not''
 +
** '''Greek''' ''má, mé'' - ''not''
 +
** '''Sanskrit''' ''má'' - ''don't''
 +
** '''Mandarin''' ''mei2'', ''bu1'' - ''NEG''
 +
** '''Cantonese''' ''mo5'', ''ng4'' - ''NEG''
 +
 
 +
* beri - ''before'', ''since''
 +
** '''IE''' *prih₁-mó- / *prō-to- ''foremost''
 +
*** '''Russian''' p(e)red - ''before'', ''in front of''
 +
*** '''English''' fore
 +
*** '''Latin''' pre-
 +
 
 +
* mI - ''yes/no question particle''
 +
** '''Sanskrit''' ''vā'' - yes/no question particle
 +
 
 +
* ȫz - ''self, own'' {{sc|reflexive pronoun}}
 +
** '''Ancient Greek''' heós < PIE swa-
 +
 
 +
* -dA - {{sc|Locative}}
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''-dUr'' - {{sc|Locative}}, {{sc|Dative}}
 +
** '''PIE''' *''de''/*''do'', *''-de''/*''-do'' - {{sc|Allative}}
 +
*** '''Mycenaean & Ancient Greek''' ''-dé'' - {{sc|Allative}}
 +
*** '''English''' ''to'' - {{sc|Dative}}
 +
*** '''Slavic''' ''do'' - {{sc|Terminative}}
 +
*** '''Old Irish''' ''do'' - {{sc|Dative}}
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''de'' {{sc|Instrumental}}
 +
 
 +
* -kA {{sc|Dative}}
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''e'' {{sc|Lative}}
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''ga'' {{sc|nom.subj}}
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''wa'' {{sc|nom.top}}
 +
 
 +
* dA - also
 +
** '''PIE''' *''de''/*''do'', *''-de''/*''-do'' - also
 +
*** '''English''' ''too''
 +
 
 +
* *-Uğ/-AğU (?) (→ Uw, etc.) {{sc|vn}} and V→N derivation
 +
** '''Proto-Finnic''' *''-u'' V→N derivation
  
 
== Other ==
 
== Other ==
  
−
* qay - (qaysı - ''which'', qayda - ''where'', (kim - ''who'',) etc)
+
* yaq-şı - ''good'' ← yaq- ''to be pleasing'' (?)
−
** '''Proto-IE''' ''kwe'' (?)
 
−
 
 
−
* yaxşı - ''good''
 
 
** '''Proto-IE''' ''meH-, wEsu-'' (?)
 
** '''Proto-IE''' ''meH-, wEsu-'' (?)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ǵews-'' - taste, try
 +
*** '''Proto Indic''' *''ȷ́áwšati'' ← *''ǵéws-e-ti'' - like, enjoy, be pleased
 +
*** '''Proto Indic''' *''ȷ́áwšas'' ← *''ǵéws-o-s''
 +
**** '''Sanskrit''' ''jóṣa'' - happiness, satisfaction
  
−
* aul - ''village'' (field?)  (awla - ''yard'')
+
* āq - ''white''
−
** '''English''' ''hall''
+
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*h₂erǵ-'' - ''white, shine''
−
 
 
−
* aq - "white"
 
−
** '''Proto-IE''' ''arg'-'' - ''white, shine''
 
 
** '''Tokharian''' ''árki , árkwi-'' ''white''
 
** '''Tokharian''' ''árki , árkwi-'' ''white''
  
Line 162: Line 1,536:
 
** '''Germanic''' en: ''good''
 
** '''Germanic''' en: ''good''
  
−
* orta - ''middle, centre''
+
* ant+ar - ''turn over''
−
** '''Tokharian''' ''orto'' up
 
−
 
 
−
* oqşa- - ''like, similar''
 
−
** '''Tokharian''' ''oki'' like
 
−
 
 
−
* antar - ''turn over''
 
 
** '''Proto-IE''' ''ant'' front
 
** '''Proto-IE''' ''ant'' front
 
** '''Tokharian''' ''ánt'' through, across, ''ánt, ánte'' forehead
 
** '''Tokharian''' ''ánt'' through, across, ''ánt, ánte'' forehead
 
** '''Germanic''' ''anðar'' other
 
** '''Germanic''' ''anðar'' other
 +
 +
* tın+ıç - ''peace''
 +
** '''Tokharian''' ''tunk'' love
 +
 +
* süːt - ''milk''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sweh₂d-u-'' sweet
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' or '''BMAC''' ''*kswēyd-'' milk
 +
*** '''Avestan''' ''xšuuid-''
 +
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''kṣīrá''
 +
 +
* ülkän - ''big''
 +
** '''Tokharian''' ''walke'' long
 +
 +
* *bek - ''firm, stable''
 +
* bedük(?) - ''high''
 +
** '''IE''' ''*mag-'' large, many
 +
*** '''Tokharian''' ''makí'',  (A?) ''māk'' much
 +
** '''Mongolian''' ''hike'' - big
 +
 +
* *bek - fast (as in solid/stable)
 +
* man - ''great''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*meǵ-'' - great?
 +
*** '''Phrygian''' ''meka'' great
 +
*** '''Greek''' ''megas'' great
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''magna'' ?
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*magʰ-'' - able/power
 +
** '''Korean''' ''manhi'' - a lot
 +
** '''Korean''' ''pʰək'' - very
 +
** '''Korean''' ''pak'' - vigorously
 +
** '''Mongolian''' ''maš'' - very
 +
 +
* büt/bük? - all, entire
 +
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''puk'' - all, every, whole
 +
 +
* töbe - ''hill, peak, crest''
 +
** '''English''' ''top''
 +
 +
* māl - ''time, moment'' (Perso-Arabic borrowing?)
 +
** '''Germanic''' ''*mēl'' time of meal
 +
*** '''en''': ''meal''
 +
*** '''yi''': ''mol'' time
 +
*** '''de''': ''Mahl'', ''Mal''
 +
 +
* ters - ''reverse, backwards''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ter-'' - cross over
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ter / *tero'' - over/through
 +
 +
* kers - ''reverse, backwards''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵers'' - to turn, to bend
 +
 +
* *yal-aŋ/-ŋuz - ''naked/lone''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gal-'' - naked
 +
 +
* *yalğan - falsehood
 +
** '''Tokharian''' ''*ywolo'' - bad, ugly
 +
*** '''Khotanese''' ''yola'' - falsehood
 +
 +
* *yar-ıq/-qın//-ıl - ''light, bright//explode''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''gʷʰer-'' - warm
 +
 +
* Kg. ubada- - ''promise'' (Perso-Arabic borrowing?)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*wadʰ-'' - promise
 +
 +
* alıs - ''far, distant'' (Mongolic borrowing)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''h₂el-yó''- - beyond; other
 +
** '''Mongolic''' ''alisun'' - far
 +
 +
* äli - ''still'' (Iranian borrowing?)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''h₂el-yó''- - beyond; other
 +
 +
* *yeŋgü-l - ''lightweight''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''lengʷʰ''- - lightweight
 +
 +
* *ōçuz - ''thin/light/easy/worthless''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ténh₂us'' - thin
 +
 +
* *qula - ''light yellow, brown''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ǵʰel-'' - to shine (>yellow)
 +
 +
* *boŕ / *bōŕ - ''grey''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''mor(u)'' - to blacken, dark spot
 +
 +
* *buŕ / *boŕ - ''to spoil, be damaged, destroyed''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''merk'' - to rot
 +
 +
* teŋ - ''equal''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*tengʰ/tenk/tens'' - to extend, stretch, span
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''tenk'' - contract
 +
** '''Middle Chinese''' ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/等 等] tʌi/təŋ'' - equate, be equal; and similar; sort, kind
 +
 +
* yāĺıl - ''green'' ← yāĺ ''young''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵʰel'' - shine; green
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*dʰāl''- blossom, be green
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*iēlo-'' (only Celtic and Balto-Slavic) unripe, raw
 +
** '''Mongolian''' ''zalʊː'' ← ''yala'u'' young
 +
 +
* *ağır - ''heavy''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷer'' - heavy
 +
*** '''Sogdian''' ''ɣr’n = ɣərān'' - heavy
 +
 +
* *bayram - ''festival'' (*badram?) (Perso-Arabic borrowing?)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*bʰăd-'' - good
 +
 +
* *tȫr - ''seat of honour in home (across from door)''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''dʰwer'' - door
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''to'' (<two?) - door
 +
 +
* *qır - ''edge''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''gʰer / gʰrØ-'' - stick out
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''(s)ker-'' - turn, bend
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''(s)ker-'' - cut
 +
 +
* *sāɣ - ''thought''; *sāq- - ''think''
 +
** '''Proto-IE'''
 +
*** '''Greek''' ''sopʰo-''
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''sabe-''
 +
*** '''Hittite''' ''sak''/''sek''
 +
 +
* *siŋ- - ''soak up''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*sengʷ-'' - sink
 +
 +
* *bata? - ''blessing''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''bʰād'' - good
 +
 +
* *eşik - ''door''
 +
** '''Hittite''' ''aska-'' - door
 +
 +
* *burç (??) - ''corner''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''mereǵ''/''mərǵ''- - border
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''margō''
 +
*** '''Persian''' ''marz''
 +
*** '''OIr''' ''mruig''
 +
*** '''Germanic''' ''marka''
 +
** IE
 +
*** '''Germanic''' ''brink''
 +
 +
* tığız - ''tight, snug'' (< tıq- ''cram''?)
 +
** IE ?
 +
*** '''Germanic''' ''tight''?, ''taut''?
 +
*** '''Slavic''' ''tug-''?
 +
 +
* *sarığ < *śarğa/sirga? - ''yellow''
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''sira''
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''siro'' - white
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ǵʰel-'' - to shine (>yellow)
 +
*** *''ǵʰólh₃-i-s'' ~ *''ǵʰl̥h₃-éy-s''
 +
**** '''Indo-Iranian''' *''ȷ́ʰárHiš''
 +
***** '''Sanskrit''' ''hari'' - yellow
 +
**** '''Avestan''' ""zairi'' - yellow?
 +
*** '''Iranian''' ?*''zari'' - golden
 +
**** '''Persian''' ''zard'' - yellow
 +
**** ? '''Middle Persian''' ''zargōn''
 +
***** '''Aramaic''' ''zrgwn'' (zargūn?) - golden
 +
*** '''Indo-Iranian''' **źʰr̥Hanyam
 +
**** '''Old Persian''' ''daraniya'' - gold
 +
**** '''Avestan''' ''zarańiia'' - gold
 +
**** '''Sanskrit''' ''híraṇya'' - gold
 +
** '''Mandan''' ''síre'' - yellow
 +
** '''Ossetian''' ''syrx'' - red
 +
** '''Proto-Slavic''' ''śěrŭ'' - grey ← *xoiro ← PIE *ḱHoy-ro
 +
 +
* qara - ''black''
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''qara''
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''kuro''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ker-/ḱer-''/*''*kr̥snós'' - black / dark colour
 +
*** '''Balto-Slavic''' ''*kiršnas''
 +
**** '''Slavic''' *''čer-'' / *''čĭrnŭ''
 +
*** '''Indic''' *''kr̥ṣnás''
 +
**** '''Sanskrit''' ''kṛṣṇá''
 +
** '''Sanskrit''' ''kāla''
 +
 +
* sekin - ''slow, quiet'' (← Arabic?)
 +
** '''PIE''' *''sēk-'' - quiet, lazy
 +
 +
* yıraq - ''far''
 +
** '''Iranian''' ?
 +
*** '''Avestan''' ''dûra''
 +
*** '''Shughni''', '''Sarikoli''' ''ðar''
 +
*** '''Wakhi''' ''ðir''
 +
*** '''Persian''' ''dur''
 +
 +
* sağ - ''healthy''
 +
** '''Mongolic''' ''sayin'' - healthy
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''sāno-s'' - healthy (Italic, maybe Albanian)
 +
** '''Proto Tokharian''' ''śāw-'' - live (←PIE *gwyeh3-w-e/o-)
 +
*** '''Tocharian (A)''' ''śo-'', (B) ''śāw-'' ~ ''śāy-''
 +
 +
* iqma - ''method''
 +
** '''Tokharian''' (A) ''wkäṃ'' - manner, type
 +
 +
* qıl- - ''do, make''
 +
** '''Tokharian''' (B) ''käl'' - endure
 +
 +
* sekin - ''quiet, without force''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''sēk'' - quiet, lazy
 +
 +
* kǖç - ''strength, power''
 +
** '''Mongolic''' ''küči(n)'' - strength, power
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵheus-'' - spray, gush
 +
*** '''Tokharian B''' ''kus'' - gush
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*ǵéwstus'' - taste, vigour (←*''ǵustéw-'')
 +
** '''Finnish''' ''kyetä'' - be able to
 +
** '''Hebrew''' ''koaħ'' - strength
 +
 +
* tār - ''narrow''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ten''- - stretch, draw, *''tenw''- - pull
 +
*** '''Latin''' ''tendere/tendō/'''tensus'''''
 +
**** '''English''' ''tense''
 +
*** '''Ancient Greek''' ''τείνω'' ‎(teínō)
 +
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''तनोति'' ‎(tanóti) - stretch, spread
 +
*** '''Germanic''' *''þanjaną''
 +
**** '''Old English''' ''þennan'' - stretch, spread
 +
 +
* ērte - ''early'', ''morning'', ''next day''
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''asita'' - tomorrow
 +
*** '''Ura Amami''' ''assja'' - tomorrow
 +
*** '''Hateruma Yaeyama''' ''acca'' - tomorrow
 +
 +
* *bi/bän- - ''I''/''me''
 +
** '''Ura Amami''' ''wan''
 +
** '''Hateruma Yaeyama''' ''ba''
 +
 +
* *uzun, *uzaq (Mongolic *urta) - ''long''
 +
** '''IE''' (the following words may or may not be related to one another)
 +
*** '''Tokharian A''' ''aryu'' - long(-lasting)
 +
*** '''Tokharian B''' ''orotstse/wrotstse'' - great, big, large
 +
*** '''Luvian''' ''ura-'' - great
 +
 +
* qoyı- - ''be viscous/thick'', qoyığ - ''viscous/thick''
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''ko-i'' - viscous/thick
 +
 +
* semiz, semir- - ''fat'', ''be/get fat''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''smer-'' - anoint
 +
*** '''Proto-IE''' *''smérus'' - grease
 +
**** '''Tokharian B''' ''ṣmare'' - oil, grease
 +
**** '''Proto-Germanic''' *''smerwą'' - grease; (animal) fat
 +
 +
* orun - ''place'' (sometimes connected to orta/ortu ''middle'' and ordu/orda ~''palace'')
 +
** '''Proto-Germanic''' *''uzdaz'' - point, place
 +
*** misc. '''older Germanic''' *''ord''
 +
 +
* qurı- - ''dry up''
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''hós-'' - ''dry, air out''
 +
** '''Japanese''' ''kawák-'' - ''dry up''
 +
 +
* *teŋri (/*teŋir?) - ''God, sky, heaven''
 +
** '''Sumerian''' ''diŋir'' - ''god''
 +
** '''Mongolian''' ''teŋger''
 +
** '''Middle Chinese''' *''tʰen'' - ''sky, heavens, Heaven''
 +
*** '''Mandarin''' ''tiān''
 +
 +
* *qut - ''fortune''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' ''ǵʰutós'' - ''invoked; libated''
 +
*** '''Proto-Germanic''' ''*gudą'' - ''God, deity''
 +
** '''Etruscan''' ''cath''/''catha'' - ''sun, sun God''
 +
 +
* Mongolic *qabirʁa - ''ribs''
 +
** '''PMP''' *''qabaRa'' - shoulder; carry on shoulder
 +
 +
* *kir - ''dirt''/''dirty''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''ker-/ḱer-''/*''*kr̥snós'' - black / dark colour
 +
*** '''Persian''' ''kersne'' - dirty
 +
 +
* *yaŋı/yeŋi - ''new''
 +
** see [[Turkic words for new and again]]
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''h₂yéwHō'' - young
 +
*** '''Balto-Slavic''' *jauˀnás ← *''h₂yéw-Hn-o-s''
 +
**** '''Slavic''' *''jȗnъ''
 +
***** '''Russian''' ''юн-ый''
 +
**** '''Germanic''' *''jugunþiz'' ← *''juwundiz'' ← *''h₂yú-Hn̥-ti-s''
 +
***** '''English''' youth
 +
**** '''Germanic''' *''jungaz'' ← *''h₂yuHn̥ḱós''
 +
***** '''Engish''' young
 +
**** '''Proto Indo-Iranian''' *''HyúHā'' ← *''h₂yúh₁ō''
 +
***** '''Classical Persian''' ''ǰawān''
 +
 +
* *boz - ''grey''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''bʰerH-'' - brown
 +
** '''Mongolic''' *''boro'' - grey
 +
 +
* *bultır/bıltur - ''last year'' (*bir yıl tur?)
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''péruti'' - last year
 +
 +
* *ır/yır - ''song''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''h₁erkʷ'' - shine, praise (v.)
 +
*** '''Classical Armenian''' ''երգ'' (''erg'') - song
 +
*** '''Tokharian''' ''yärk''/''yarke'' - worship, veneration
 +
*** '''Sanskrit''' ''अर्क'' (''arká'') - praise, hymn, song (among other definitions)
 +
 +
* *küz - ''autumn''
 +
** '''Proto-IE''' *''(s)h₁es''- - harvest/crop, fall (← ''*seh₁'' - sow)
 +
*** '''Proto-Finno-Ugric''' *''kesä'' - summer
 +
 +
* sız-ıq - ''line''
 +
** '''Greek''' ''συζυγία'' - union, yoke (used to refer to alignment of celestial bodies)
 +
 +
* açığ ''hot, sour, bitter, unpleasant tasting'' ← açı- ''hurt, be unpleasant''
 +
** '''Abkhaz''' ''аџьыка'' ajika (supposedly from Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza *dž́ə́ 'salt')
 +
** '''Georgian''' ''აჯიკა'' ajika
 +
 +
* *yış - ''dense'' (?)
 +
** '''Proto-Slavic''' *''gǫstъ'' - dense (← PIE gem-)
 +
 +
* *boş - ''empty, free''
 +
** '''Proto-Balto-Slavic''' *''paustas''
 +
*** '''Proto Slavic''' *''pustъ'' - empty, desolate, void
 +
*** '''Old Prussian''' ''pausto'' - wild
 +
** '''Ancient Greek''' ''παῦσις'' - pause
 +
 +
* (''Kazakh'') lıpıl-da- ''palpatate (heart)"
 +
** '''Armenian''' ''ləpʰləpʰ-'' - palpatate (heart)
 +
 +
* (''Kyrgyz'') tıp-tıp ''pitter-patter (rain)''
 +
** '''Armenian''' tʰpʰ-tʰpʰ - pitter-patter (rain?)
 +
 +
* *yıraq - ''far''
 +
** '''Sanskrit''' dīrghá - ''long''
 +
 +
== Incorporate or not? ==
 +
* Tokharian sále, sályi - salt (IE *sal- - grey, dirty; salt)
 +
** Turkic tuz - salt
 +
* Tokharian salu, sol - whole (IE *salw- - whole, healthy)
 +
** Turkic tol- - full/fill
 +
* Tokharian särk, sark - an illness
 +
** Turkic ogr- - to hurt
 +
* IE *sú- - to be born
 +
** Turkic tuğ- - to be born
 +
* Tokharian káryap - harm
 +
** Turkic qab(a)- - to harm
 +
* IE weid- - to know
 +
** Turkic bil- (possible, due to sonority stuff)
 +
* IE (En will, Lt vol-, etc)
 +
** Turkic bil-
 +
* Germanic *sūmian- - to miss
 +
** Turkic *seb- - to love
 +
* IE *su̯ei- - to make a noise
 +
** Turkic *seb-le - to speak
 +
* IE *pel- - grey
 +
** Turkic boz - ~grey
 +
* IE *ḱas- - grey
 +
** Turkic çal- grey-haired
 +
* IE *tark- - to twist
 +
** Turkic tart- - to pull
 +
* IE *ǵʰés-ro- - hand
 +
** Turkic qol - hand
 +
* IE *kaput- - head
 +
** Turkic baş - head
 +
 +
=== Similarities to Russian ===
 +
* murç / burç - pepper
 +
** pérec - pepper
 +
* muz / buz - ice
 +
** moróz - frost (Slavic ?*morz-)
 +
* yarıq, yaruğ, yarqın - light, bright
 +
** jark-ij - bright
 +
* qara
 +
** čer- (Slavic ?*kr̩-)
 +
* beri - before, since
 +
** pered - before, in front of
 +
* boran - storm
 +
** burʲa - storm
 +
** purga, buran
 +
* seb+kil (?) - freckle(s)
 +
** sypʲ - rash
 +
* sep- - scatter/sow
 +
** ras-syp- scatter
 +
* sıdır- - to peel, strip, tear off
 +
** sdir-atʲ - "
 +
* taşı- - to overflow
 +
** taši-tʲ - to overflow
 +
* taşı- - to haul
 +
** toska-tʲ - to haul
 +
* bosoğo (Mongolic) - doorframe
 +
** porog
 +
 +
* Lak stuff
 +
** barzu - eagle (bürküt)
 +
** čul - field, steppe (Mg. tala)
 +
** barc̣ (pl. burc̣i-l) - wolf (börü)
 +
** barḫ - back (arqa)
 +
 +
=== Not to incorporate ===
 +
* ?lağ - ''meadow''
 +
** '''Balto-Slavic''' ''*plãka'' (?) pl:''łąka'', ru:''lug''
  
 
== Notes ==
 
== Notes ==
 
* Tokharian (B?) /ä/ was probably [ɨ]
 
* Tokharian (B?) /ä/ was probably [ɨ]
 +
* When two Tokharian words given, first is Tokharian A, second is Tokharian B
 +
* Tokharian /ç/ is probably [ɕ]
 +
* Tokharian /ts/ and /c/ are different?
 +
 +
 +
== PIE-to-Turkic correspondences ==
 +
This is just for the sake of organising stuff, so I can see better what might be going on, if anything even is..
 +
 +
=== Labial stops ===
 +
{{col-begin}}
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*p
 +
|-
 +
! !! beginning !! end !! other
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
| '''p'''h₂tḗr → '''∅'''ata ||  ||
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
| '''p'''rih₁- → '''b'''eri<br /> '''p'''rih₁- → '''b'''ir<br /> '''p'''énkʷe → '''b'''ēş<br />'''p'''ekʷ → '''b'''iş-<br />'''p'''el → '''b'''oz<br />'''p'''ṓds → '''b'''ut
 +
|  ||
 +
|}
 +
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*b
 +
|-
 +
! !! beginning !! end !! other
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
|  ||  ||
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
|  ||  ||
 +
|}
 +
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*bʰ
 +
|-
 +
! !! beginning !! end !! other
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
| '''bʰ'''er- → '''b'''er || gʰa'''bʰ'''- → qa'''p'''- ||
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
| '''bʰ'''ardʰ → '''b'''urut<br />'''bʰ'''◌ħd → '''∅'''ad-aq<br />'''bʰ'''ili → '''∅'''ēlʲ ||  ||
 +
|}
 +
 +
{{col-end}}
 +
 +
=== Coronal stops ===
 +
{{col-begin}}
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*t
 +
|-
 +
! !! beginning !! end !! other
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
|  ||  ||
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
| '''t'''wék- → '''t'''ǖk<br />'''t'''ag- → '''t'''eg-<br />'''t'''ekʷ → '''t'''ök ||  ||
 +
|}
 +
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*d
 +
|-
 +
! !! beginning !! end !! other
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
| '''d'''áḱru- → '''y'''āş<br />'''d'''ṓm → '''t'''ām || pṓ'''d'''s → bu'''t''' || bʰ◌ħ'''d''' → pa'''d'''-aq
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
|  '''d'''igʰo → '''t'''eke ||  ||
 +
|}
 +
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*dʰ
 +
|-
 +
! !! beginning !! end !! other
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
| '''dʰ'''égʷʰ- → '''y'''aq-<br />'''dʰ'''wer → '''t'''ȫr || ǵʰer-'''dʰ''' → yur'''t'''<br />bʰar'''dʰ''' → buru'''t''' ||
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
|  ||  ||
 +
|}
 +
 +
{{col-end}}
 +
 +
=== Palatal stops ===
 +
{{col-begin}}
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*ḱ
 +
|-
 +
! !! beginning !! end !! other
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
| '''ḱ'''órw-eh₂ → '''q'''arğa<br />'''ḱ'''lew- → '''q'''ul-aq
 +
| dá'''ḱ'''ru- → ya'''ş'''
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
| '''ḱ'''el- → '''y'''ıl<br />'''ḱ'''ḗr → '''y'''ür-äk<br />'''ḱ'''es- → '''k'''es-
 +
|  ||
 +
|}
 +
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*ǵ
 +
|-
 +
! !! beginning !! end !! other
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
|  || h₂er'''ǵ'''- → ā'''q''' ||
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
| '''ǵ'''ers → '''k'''ers ||  ||
 +
|}
 +
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*ǵʰ
 +
|-
 +
! !! beginning !! end !! other
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
| '''ǵʰ'''áns- → '''q'''āz<br />'''ǵʰ'''er- → '''q'''ar-ın<br />'''ǵʰ'''el- → '''q'''ula
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
| '''ǵʰ'''el- → '''∅'''altın<br />'''ǵʰ'''er-dʰ → '''y'''ur-t
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
{{col-end}}
 +
 +
=== Velar stops ===
 +
{{col-begin}}
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*k
 +
|-
 +
! !! beginning !! end !! other
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
| '''k'''er- → '''q'''ara ||  ||
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
| '''k'''ed- → '''k'''et- || twé'''k'''- → tǖ'''k'''  || u'''k'''s → ö'''k'''iz
 +
|}
 +
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*g
 +
|-
 +
! !! beginning !! end !! other
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
| '''g'''erh₂- → '''q'''arı- ||  ||
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
| '''g'''al- → '''y'''al- || ta'''g'''- → te'''g'''- ||
 +
|}
 +
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*gʰ
 +
|-
 +
! !! beginning !! end !! other
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
| '''gʰ'''abʰ- → '''q'''ap- || ||
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
|  ||  ||  di'''gʰ'''o → te'''k'''e
 +
|}
 +
 +
{{col-end}}
 +
 +
=== Labialised stops ===
 +
{{col-begin}}
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*kʷ
 +
|-
 +
! !! beginning !! end !! other
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
| '''kʷ'''o → '''q'''āń<br />'''kʷ'''er- → '''q'''ur- || se'''kʷ'''- → sa'''q'''ı ||
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
|  || pe'''kʷ''' → bi'''ş'''-<br /> pén'''kʷ'''e → bē'''ş'''<br />te'''kʷ''' → tö'''k'''- ||
 +
|}
 +
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*gʷ
 +
|-
 +
! !! beginning !! end !! other
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
| '''gʷ'''er → a'''ğ'''ır ||  ||
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
|  ||  ||
 +
|}
 +
 +
{{col-break}}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*gʷʰ
 +
|-
 +
! !! beginning !! end !! other
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
|  || dʰé'''gʷʰ''' → ya'''q'''  ||
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
| '''gʷʰ'''er- → '''y'''ar- || h₁e'''gʷʰ''' → i'''ç'''- || len'''gʷʰ'''-◌ → yen'''g'''ü-l
 +
|}
 +
 +
{{col-end}}
 +
 +
=== Other  ===
 +
 +
<div style="width: 100%; clear: left;">
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*n
 +
|-
 +
! !! _C]<sub>σ</sub>
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
| || ǵʰá'''n'''s- → qa'''̄∅'''s → qa'''̄∅'''z
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
| || pé'''n'''kʷe → be'''̄∅'''ş
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
| || h₁dó'''n'''ts → ti'''̄∅'''ş
 +
|}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*w
 +
|-
 +
! !! beginning || end || other
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
| || ḱór'''w'''-eh₂ → qar'''ğ'''a || ḱle'''w'''- → qula'''q'''
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
| ||
 +
|}
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+*m
 +
|-
 +
! !! beginning || end || other
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | back vowel
 +
| || ||
 +
|-
 +
|style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel
 +
| ||
 +
|}
 +
 +
</div>
 +
 +
== Sources ==
 +
* IE: [http://www.bartleby.com/61/ http://www.bartleby.com/61/], [[w:Appendix:List of Proto-Indo-European roots]]
 +
* Tokharian: [http://www.wordgumbo.com/ie/cmp/toch.htm http://www.wordgumbo.com/ie/cmp/toch.htm]
 +
* Altaic: [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\alt\altet http://starling.rinet.ru/]
  
 
[[Category:Turkic Languages]]
 
[[Category:Turkic Languages]]
 
[[Category:Historical Linguistics]]
 
[[Category:Historical Linguistics]]

Latest revision as of 21:21, 23 October 2024

The orthography used to represent Turkic languages on this page is a phonemic system based on Turkish orthography.
This is done to avoid focusing on the phonetic differences between different languages used.
The IPA is used when describing the phonetics of Turkic languages.

This is a collection of Turkic words which appear at least superficially similar to words in other language groups. No relation between Turkic and any of the other languages is suggested or implied, though I feel that some of the words must at least be borrowings in one direction or another. The list is kept for my own purposes for now: some day I hope to spend time sorting it out and investigating the history of each word more closely. For now it's just a place to keep all the words.

"Whatever we do, we must not allow ourselves to be persuaded that a mere list of arbitrary and unsystematic resemblances, however long, constitutes by itself persuasive evidence for anything.

  • Trask's Historical Linguistics / Robert McColl Millar

Technology

metals, materials, tools

  • altın - gold (chv. ıltən)
    • Proto-IE *ǵʰelh₃- - to shine
      • Germanic *ɣul.θɑ̃ ← *ǵʰĺ̥h₃tom - gold
        • Finnish kulta gold
      • Germanic *ˈɣul.θiː.nɑz - golden
  • bulat - steel, balta - axe
    • Tokharian porat, peret axe
    • Proto-IE pelk'- chop
    • Aramaic bwlʔd/pwld (pūlāð) steel
  • balqa - hammer
    • Aramaic plq(ˀ) (pleq, pelqā) - axe
    • Latin marculus
    • Mongolian aluqa
  • ara - saw
    • Tokharian áre plough (n.)
  • *yez - copper
    • Proto-IE *ai̯os - metal (copper/iron)
      • Tokharian *yäs → yasa/wäsa
      • Latin aurum ← *ausum - gold
  • *baqır - copper
    • Latin (aes) Cyprium - copper ((brass) of Cyprus)
      • OE coper
      • German Kupfer
      • Icelandic kopar
  • *kömür - coal
    • Aramaic gmurtā coal
      • Assyrian Neo-Aramaic qomur (<Turkish?)
  • *ken(?) - mine, ore, resource
    • Tokharian B keṃ earth
  • *soqa - (wooden) plough (not just Russian borrowing?)
    • PIE *ḱokh₂-
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic *śokˀāˀ
        • Proto-Slavic *soxá - forked stick, plough

artefacts

  • *köp(ü)r(üg)/*köpüre? - bridge (cf. Kyrgyz köpürö)
    • Proto-IE *bʰruh- - bridge
      • Tokharian pärwāṃ/pärwāne - eyebrow
      • Greek γέφυρα (gépʰura)
    • Chinese 橋梁
      • Old Chinese grew raŋ
      • Middle Chinese gjew lɨaŋ
      • Cantonese kiu4 loeng4
      • Japanese kyōryō
    • Mongolic *köxürge/*kögür
  • ?çıraq - lamp (< Persian?)
    • Iranian
      • Khotanese Saka cärau
      • Sogdian črʔɣ (čirāʁ?)
      • Iron ciraɣ, Digor cyraɣ
      • Persian čirāɣ
    • Aramaic šrg- ?
  • ?ayna - mirror; ?aynek - glass (< Persian?)
    • Iranian *ādaina-/*ādayana → *āidana- → ...
      • Iron aidæn, Digor aidænæ - mirror
      • Sogdian ʔʔðʔynʔk (āðaynak?) - mirror
      • Persian āyīne - mirror
      • Balochi ādēnk - mirror
      • Khotanese Saka āyäna- - mirror
  • *(y)igne - needle
    • Proto-Uralic *äjmä - needle
  • *tām - hut, walled structure (in opposition to a yurt)
    • Proto-IE *dṓm - house / *dema - build
      • (Tocharian tsäm - grow in size/number)
      • Sanskrit dám
  • *şatı - ladder/steps/stairs
    • Proto-IE *gʰredʰ- - march, step
    • Proto-IE *steigʰ- - march, ascend
      • OHG stega - stairs
  •  ?*tabaq - plate
    • Middle Persian tapah - pot
    • Mongolic ?*tabaq - plate
  • *qazan - cauldron, kettle
    • Proto-Germanic *kazã - vessel, vat, tub, barrel
    • Proto-Semitic *kaʔs - gobblet, cup
      • Aramaic kāsā - cup
  • çaŋğır - sled
    • Proto-Yeniseian *tsehʷəl - snowsled
  • *qaşuq - spoon
    • Mongolic qalbuʁa - spoon
    • Proto-Nakh wabikʼ - spoon
    • Proto Celtic' lēgā - spoon (cf. *yalğa)
  • *eb - house (yurt)
    • Nihali aːwaːr - house
  •  ?*tuğ - banner, standard ← Mongolic?
    • Hebrew degel - banner, standard
  • *sıbızɣu - flute (related to ??*şıbıra - whisper?)
    • Proto-Slavic svira-ti - play the flute
    • PIE *sweysd- hiss
      • Proto-Slavic svis(t)-[nuti/...] - whistle
  • *ara - saw
    • CHECK: Proto-Iranian *ārā → Proto-Uralic *ora - awl

grains

  • (kaz. dän, kir. dan; < Persian)
    • Tokharian (B) tāno - grain
  •  ?*sulu - oats
    • Chinese 飼料 - fodder
      • Mandarin sìliào
      • Cantonese zi6 liu6-2
  • tarığ - millet
    • Proto-IE *dr̥Hweh₂ - cereal grain (of some sort?)
      • Proto-Germanic *tarwō - cereal grain
        • English tare - vetch
      • Sanskrit दूर्वा (dūrvā) - millet
    • Mongolic *tariya - millet, cereal grain
  • *boza - fermented drink
    • Proto-IE *bʰeusóm - "dross, sediment, brewer's yeast"
      • Proto-Germanic *beuzą - beer
  • *arpa - barley (/millet)
    • Proto-Mongolic *arbai
    • Proto-Japonic *àpá
      • Japanese awa
    • Manchu *arfa
    • Proto-Germanic *harwaz/hazwaz - flax
    • Ossetian кӕрвӕдз [kərvədz], хъӕбӕрхор [qəbərxor]
    • Aramaic ˁbwr(ˀ) [ˁăḇūr(ā)] - grain
    • Proto-IE *albʰi - barley
      • Proto-Iranian *arba
    • Sumerian urta - (ear of barley?)
  • *sıra - beer (in some NW languages and Chuvash)
    • Sanskrit súrā - alcohol, wine
  •  ?*araq - alcohol
    • Sumerian arzig - boza
    • Akkadian arsikku - boza
    • Mongolian ariki - alcohol

social

  • (? Kyrgyz çordon - city center, center of spring)
    • Greek kéntron
      • Latin centrum

other

  • *yūrt(ă?) - ring left when yurt is moved, place where a yurt is set up, (homeland, "campsite", "yurt")
    • PIE gʰerdʰ- enclose, encircle; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
      • Germanic *gardaz - enclosure; court, yard; garden
        • English yard
      • Germanic *gárdō - hedge, fence; enclosure, pen; court, yard; garden; house
        • Old Saxon gardo
      • Slavic *gordŭ - city, town
      • Sanskrit गृह gṛhá - house
      • Hittite gurtas - citadel
      • Tokharian warto, wärto garden, grove
    • PIE er(+t) earth
      • Germanic erθō-
        • English earth
        • German erd
      • Tokharian B yare gravel
    • Semitic ˀarḍ earth
      • Early Aramaic ˀarð̣ā
    • Mongolian ger yurt
    • Proto-IE *wer- defend, close
  • *yük - a load, *yüd- - to load
    • Proto-IE *i̯eu̯-g- - tie together, yoke
    • Mongolic *joge (?) - to carry
  • *mal - livestock
    • Tokharian (A) śemäl - cattle, livestock
    • Mongolic mal - livestock
    • Proto-Semitic ?
      • Arabic māl (مال) - wealth/property
      • Aramaic ml(ˀ) [māl(ā)] - wealth
  • (kir. topu - hat)
    • Sanskrit ?ṭopī
  • *taqiğu/taqağu - chicken
    • Mongolic *takiya(n)
    • Proto-Semitic ?
      • Arabic dajāja
  • *yelim - glue
    • Proto-IE gleh₁y- glue (v.) (with lots of derivatives)
  • *qalpaq - hat
    • Proto-Slavic *klobukŭ
    • Middle Persian kwlʾp̄
  • *āb hunt
    • Mongolic *aba - hunt
    • CHECK: Proto-Indo-Iranian *aǵ-a- - hunt → Proto-Uralic *aja-

Nature

flora

  • alma - apple
    • Proto-IE h₂ebl-o-
      • Germanic *æpl
      • Russian jablo-
      • Latin/Romance pom-
      • Greek melo-
  • ot - grass (*oti?, cf. Chuvash utə)
    • Proto-IE ad- grain
      • Tokharian A/B āti/atiyo ← *ātiyā grass
    • Proto-IE *ḱóyno-
      • Old Armenian խոտ (xot) grass
    • Caucasian something...
      • Archi гьоти (hoti) grass
      • Andi кIордо (k’ordo) grass
      • Rutul хьытІ (xyt’) barley
      • Tsakhur хьытIа (x’yt’a) barley
      • Udi ход (xod) tree
      • Avar гъветІ (ġvet’) tree
      • Georgian ხე (xe) tree
  • *yapurgaq - leaf (*yepirdek, *yapirmaq, etc.)
    • Proto-Semitic *waraq green
      • Arabic waraq leaf, sheet, paper
      • Aramaic yārōq yellow-green, vegetable; yreq vegetation
      • Hebrew yaroq green, yereq vegetation, yaraq vegetable
    • Persian barg leaf?
    • Tokharian pält, pilta
    • Proto-IE bʰel
  • *tal - willow
    • Ket dɯˑl - willow
    • Proto-Athabaskan *č’ʷətɬ’ - plant, shrub
  • *elme - elm tree
    • Proto-IE *h₁élem
      • English elm
  • *sāban (?*-m-) - straw
    • Proto-IE *sop-/*sep-? - needle, reed
  • ?badam (Iranic borrowing?) - almond
    • Tokharian watām - almond
  • *qadɯŋ - birch / *qarağay - juniper / *qaraqan - acacia
    • Proto-Uralic *koxji - birch
    • Baltic
      • Old Prussian kaddegs - juniper
      • Latvian kadiķis - juniper
      • Lithuanian kadagys - juniper
  • *balır - algae, muck, swamp; *balqaş - swamp
    • Proto-IE *bʰ◌lt-?
      • Illyrian balta ‘swamp, marsh, white clay’
        • Latin blatea f., ‘excrement lump’, adalm. balta ‘sea swamp´
      • Ligurian *bolü - ‘swamp, marsh’
      • Slavic *bolto- (*bholǝto-) - ‘swamp, marsh, pond, pool, sea’
        • O.C.S. blato - ‘sea’
        • Ser.-Cr. blȁto - ‘sea, ordure”,
        • Russian boloto - swamp, bog; dial. bil - ‘swamp, marsh’; bala (*bhōlü): balaružina - ‘puddle, slop’
        • Polish dial. biel f. - ‘marshy wood, forest;
        • Clr. balka “ marsh “;
      • Lithuanian balà m. - ‘swamp, marsh, moor, fen, pool’
      • Albanian baltë f., balt m. - ‘slime, mud, swamp, marsh, white clay’
      • English pool
  • *terek - tree, poplar
    • Proto-IE **drw (*derw, *drēw)
    • Aramaic drḥt
  • *otun - firewood, fuel
    • Proto-IE *widʰu wood, firewood, forest (only Germanic and Celtic?)
  • tamır/tımar/damar - root, vein
    • Tokharian (A) tsmār - root
    • Semitic
      • Hebrew תמר tāmār - date palm
      • Aramaic תמרא tamarā - date palm
      • Arabic تمر tamr - date palm
  • *erük - apricot
    • Byzantine Greek βερικοκκίᾱ - apricot
      • Modern Greek βερύκοκο - apricot
  • *iağaç (or similar) - tree, wood
    • Proto-Nivkh *dʼiɣar - tree
    • PIE ?
      • Ancient Greek κάστον - wood
      • Ancient Greek ἄκαστος - maple
      • Sanskrit काष्ठ (kāṣṭha) - wood
    • 'Arabic خ ش ب (x ʃ b) - wood
    • PIE *kayt-/ḱayt- - forest, wasteland, pasture
      • Proto-Celtic ˈkoɨ̯d - wood(s?), forest
      • Albanian kashtë - straw (?)
  • *kendir / kenebir - cannabis
  • *tıt/tut - mulberry
    • Semitic ?
      • Hebrew tut - strawberry
      • Arabic tūt - strawberry
      • Aramaic תותא (tūṯā) - mulberry
      • Neo-Babylonian Akkadian tuttu - ?
    • Iranian
      • Khwarezmian twt - mulberry
      • Wakhi tɯt/tɯð - mulberry
    • Georgian თუთა (tuta) - mulberry
    • Old Armenian թութ (tʰutʰ) - mulberry

fauna

  • teke - goat
    • Proto-IE tek- - to flow, to run
    • Proto-IE digʰ- - goat
  • ökiz - ox
    • Proto-IE *uks-en- - ox
      • Germanic *uhsōn - ox
        • English ox
      • Tokharian B okso - cow
    • Mongolic *üker - cow
  • balɯq - fish
    • Proto-IE l—k salmon
    • Proto-IE *pesk/*h₂p-isk- fish
    • Germanic *bullaka-z a kind of fish - de: Bolch, nl: bolk
    • Japanese ɕake salmon
  • *qāz - goose
  • *qarğa - crow
    • Proto-IE *ḱórw-eh₂- - crow
  • *qurt - worm
    • Proto-IE wr̥-mi- - worm
  • *bȫrü - wolf
    • Proto-IE ???
      • Ossetian бирæгъ
      • Mazanderani ورگ (verg)
      • Sanskrit वृक (vṛ́ka)
      • Hindi bhēṛhiyā
    • Caucasian languages
      • Lak barc̣ (pl. burc̣i-l)
      • Chechen борз
    • Uralic languages
      • Erzya верьгиз
      • Moksha врьгаз
      • Eastern Mari пире
      • Western Mari пирӹ
    • Russian бирюк (a borrowing; native волк)
  • *qar(ı)şqır - wolf
    • Proto-IE *h₂ŕ̥tḱos - bear
  • *sas-na, *çoç-qa - pig
    • Proto-IE *sū◌s - pig
  • *buzağu - ~one-year-old bull (in some languages, two-year-old)
    • Mongolic *bira-ɣu
    • Proto-IE *mozǵʰ-o-s (only Armenian and Greek)
      • Armenian mozi - "two-year-old bull"
      • Greek móskhos - "young bull, young animal/bird, young shoot/twig"
    • Proto-IE *bʰugo- "buck"
      • Avestan *buza "buck, goat"
  • *kene - tick, mite
    • Proto-IE *knid, ḱnid - louse, nit
  • *iŋäk (?) - cow
    • Tibetan nak - female yak
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰa(H)inúš - milk cow ← PIE *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”) (cf. PTk *tāna)
      • Sanskrit dʰenuḥ - cow
      • Avestan daēnu - cow
      • CHECK: → Proto-Uralic täjine - cow
    • Mongolic *ünege - cow
  • *yün/*yuŋ - wool
    • PIE u̯el-n- / *h₂welh₁- +‎ *-néh₂
      • O.Ind. ū́rṇü / Sanskrit ūrṇā
      • Iranian
        • Shughni wôwn
        • Sarikoli won
        • Khwarazmian w'n
      • Greek ληνος
      • Germanic *wullō
  • *qumırsqa - ant
    • PIE *moru̯i-/*morwís
      • Latin formīca
      • Sanskrit vamrah
      • Greek myrmex
      • Greek βόρμᾱξ - Ameisenhaufen
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian *warmī́kas
        • Sanskrit valmīka- - anthil
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian *marwíš
    • PIE *kʷr̩mis "worm"
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian *kŕ̥miš "worm"
        • Sanskrit कृमि kṛmi "worm"
        • Middle Persian kirm "worm"
      • Lithuanian kirmis "worm, maggot, snake"
      • Proto-Slavic čĭrvĭ "worm"
      • Persian کرم kerm "worm"
  • *baqa - frog
    • Iranian
      • Middle Persian wk
        • Modern Persian bæk
      • Kurmancı baq
  • būqa - bull
    • PIE *bʰugo- "buck"
      • Proto-Germanic *bukkô "male goat"
  • *iyt/yit(ă)? - dog
    • Oroch inda'
  • *küçik - (small) dog, puppy (probably late borrowing?)
    • Proto-Iranian *kútah
      • Baluchi kučak
      • Zazaki kutik
      • Tajik kučak
      • Kurmanji kûç(ik), gutî
  • *quş - bird
    • PIE *h₂éwis - bird
  • *kirpi/tirpi - hedgehog
    • Semitic *qunpuð- - hedgehog
      • Hebrew qippod - hedgehog
      • Aramaic quppad - hedgehog
      • Arabic qunfud - hedgehog
    • Chinese 刺蝟
      • Mandarin cìwèi
      • Cantonese tsi³ wai⁶
      • Hokkien tshì-uī
    • Georgian zʁarbi
  • *qoy/qoń - sheep
    • Proto-IE *h₃ewis~*h₃owis
  • *elik - row deer
    • PIE *h₁el- - deer
      • Armenian ełn-ik - deer/doe
      • English elk
      • Russian олень, лось, etc.
  • *eçkü/*keç(k)i - goat
    • PIE *h₂éyǵ-/*h₂(e)iǵ-yeh₂-./*h₂eǵos - he-goat
      • Armenian ayc/ayci - goat
      • Proto-Hellenic *aíks - goat
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haȷ́ás - goat
        • Middle Persian ʾckʼ (/⁠azag⁠/?) - goat
        • Zazaki esk(i)/ask(i) - goat
    • PIE *koǵʰeh₂
      • Proto-Slavic *kozà - goat
    • SE Caucasian ?
      • Avar ccʼe - goat
      • Lezgi c̣eh - goat
    • CHECK: Proto-Iranian *ćāgaḥ → Proto-Uralic *ćaka
  • *tabışqan - rabbit
    • Arabic ṭabsūn - rock hyrax
  • *katır/*kaçır - mule
    • Iranian ...
  • *bürgä/*bürçä - flea
    • PIE *plus-is
      • Latin pūlex < *puslek- < *plus-ek
        • Vulgar Latin *pūlica
      • Iranian *frúšiš
        • Pashto wrə́ẓ̌a

sky/time/weather

  • kün - day, sun
    • Proto-IE *sóh₂wl̩ (gen. sh²u̯en-s) sun
      • Germanic sun
      • Tokharian B kaum̩/kon-/kaun- day
      • Avestan xʷan (nom. húu̯arə̄)
  • yil - year
    •  ?Proto-IE yōr-
      • English year
    • Proto-Georgian-Zan *ʦʼel- year
      • Georgian ʦʼel- year
  • yaz (*yaaŕ) - spring
    • Proto-IE yōr- year
  • ań - moon, month
    • (pre-Proto-Turkic *ā́ńu, most Turkic ay)
    • Latin annus - year
    • Gothic *aþni - year
  • *bulut - cloud
    • Proto-IE *melōdʰ - elevation, head
    • Etruscan falatu - sky
  • *taŋri (?) - sky, heaven
    • Japanese *tenki - weather
    • Chinese 天, Middle Chinese tʰen/tʰien
      • Mandarin tiān - sky, day
      • Cantonese tin1 - sky, day
    • PIE *dAnǵʰ- - sky, heavenly body
      • Lithuanian dangùs - sky, heaven
  • **qıra~qarı (?) > qār, yur - snow
    • Celtic *argyo- - snow
    • Iranian *wap-ra - snow
      • Gorani vværwæ, værw
  • *(h?)ayāŕ < *(p?)ańāŕ - frost
    • Proto-IE
  • *kȫk (Chuvash kŏwak) - blue; sky/heaven
    • Mongolic köke - blue
    • Sanskrit गगन gagana - sky, heaven
    • Yucatec Maya káʼan - sky, heaven
    • Yawa, Ambai keke - blue
  • *tuman - fog
    • Proto-IE ???*dʰuH₁-mo- - smoke
    • Proto-IE *dʰuh₂mós - smoke
      • Sanskrit dhūmá - smoke, mist
      • Avestan dunman - fog, mist
      • Russian дым - smoke
    • Proto-IE *témH- - dark
      • Sanskrit तमस् támas - darkness, gloom
      • Middle Persian tom - darkness
        • Persian تم‎ tam - darkness, blackness, cataract
      • Proto-Slavic *tьma - darkness
        • Russian тьма - darkness
        • Russian темень - darkness
    • unsorted
      • Avestan duuąnman - cloud
      • Persian دود‎ dūd
      • Persian دودمان‎ dūdmān - smoke, soot
  • *yaru-/yarı- shine, *yaruq/yarıq, yarqın - light, bright
    • Russian jark-ij - bright
    • Proto-Semitic *waraq green
      • Aramaic yārōq yellow-green
      • Hebrew yaroq green
    • Proto-Semitic *warḫ moon, month
      • Aramaic yarħ-
      • Hebrew yarēaħ
    • Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine (>yellow)
      • Iranian ?*zari - golden
        •  ? Middle Persian zargōn
          • Aramaic zrgwn (zargūn?) - golden
  • yel - wind
    • Proto-IE *h₂wéh₁n̥ts
      • Tokharian *wʲente

land and water

  • yer - earth, land
    • PIE ġʰ—r(+dʰ) to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
      • Germanic gard
        • English yard
        • German garten
      • Tokharian warto, wärto garden, grove
    • PIE er(+t) earth
      • Germanic erθ
        • English earth
        • German erd
      • Tokharian B yare gravel
    • Semitic ˀarḍ earth
    • Mongolian ger yurt
    • Proto-IE *wer- defend, close
    • Proto Slavic *žirŭ pasture?
  • sub - water
    • Proto-IE seu-, su- rain, flow
    • Proto-IE *sūwe- to rain
      • Tokharian su- / swāsā-
      • Greek hǖei̯
      • Albanian ši
    • Proto-IE *h₂ep- water
    • Mongolian *ʊsʊ-n (?)
    • Mandarin shui3
    • Cantonese seoi2
    • Proto-Kartvelian s₁w- - drink
  • bulaq - spring, well
    • Latin flus- river
    • Proto-IE bhleu-gʷ- overflow
    • English flow, float
  • *köl - lake
    • Proto-Yeniseian kʰul - water
  • *yar- - cliff ([early] Iranian borrowing?)
    • Proto-IE *ner - to conceal, cover, hiding place, hollow
    • Gongduk yər - cliff
  • *tāş - stone
    • Mongolic *tila-ɣu
    • Etruscan *tul
    • Korean dol
    • Old Indic śilā
    • Ket təˀs
  • *tāğ - mountain, *toğ - dust
    • Mongolian toɣu-sun, toɣu-raɣ
      • Khalkha тоос - dust, dirt
    • Chinese 土
      • Middle Chinese *tʰuoX?
      • Mandarin tŭ - soil, earth
      • Cantonese tou2 - soil, earth
    • Japanese take - mountain
  • *tepe/*töpü (?) - top/peak of hill/head
    • Sardinian theppa, tzèppara - "stony peak" (thought to be of Illyrian/Thracian origin)
    • Albanian thep - top, peak (thought to be of Illyrian/Thracian origin)
    • Proto-Germanic tuppaz - braid; projecting end or point; top
  • *taluy - sea, ocean
    • Mongolic dalai - sea, ocean
    • PIE *dʰól(h₂)os ? - valley, cavity
      • Germanic *dalą/dalaz - valley, dale
      • Slavic *dȍlъ - cavity, ditch, valley, riverbed
      • Welsh dol - valley

other

  • *bāl - honey
    • Proto-IE - *mélh₁
    • Proto-IE - *mélit
      • Albanian, Anatolian, Armenian, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Italic
    • Proto-IE - *médʰu
      • Balto-Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Tokharian, Uralic
      • Iranian *mádu
        • Bactrian molo
      • Indic *mádʰu
        • Romani mol
  • *may(?) - fat
    • Finno-Ugrian *vaj/voj - butter
  • *ot - fire
    • Proto-IE *āt(e)r-
  • *ört - fire (destructive)
    • Proto-IE *āt(e)r-
      • Proto-Iranian *āθr
        • Ossetic art
  • ımır - ripples, ımırqay - pinkish, ımırt - dawn
    • Tokharian (A) wmār - jewel, pearl
  • et - meat
    • Sogdian yātē
  • köt - butt
    • Avestan gūθa- - excrement

Verbs

  • qal - stay
    • Germanic halt, hold
  • ber - give
    • Proto-IE bʰer - carry, bear
      • Russian брать - take
    • Proto-IE per - go over, carry over, bring
    • Nihali beː- - give
  • bış-/piş- - cook (v.i.), -ır (v.t.)
    • Proto-IE pekʷ-
      • OCS peš-tь < *pékʷ-tis
        • Russian печь
      • Tokharian päk-
      • O. Indic pacati
      • Avestan pačaiti
    • Proto-IE *bʰeh₃g-
      • English bake
  • tur - stand, stay
    • Germanic en: dare, yi: tor
    • Proto-IE ter - to cross, transgress, to stay
    • Japanese tat - to stand up"
  • je - eat
    • Proto-IE h₁ed-
    • Mongolic id
    • Nihali ṭ/tyeː-
    • Proto-IE *ǵyewh₁- - chew
  • çab- - cut
    • English chop
    • Spanish zapatas - shoes
    • French sabotage
  • *iç- - drink
    • Proto-IE *h₁egʰʷ (*ekʷ-?) - drink
      • Tokharian (B) yok
    • Proto-IE *aḱ
    • Proto-IE *ēkʷ- - water
  • gäp-ir - something said, speak (later Iranian borrowing)
    • English jabber, gab
    • Russian говорить - speak
    • Proto-IE gebh- - jaw, mouth
  • öl- - die
    • PIE *welh₃- - to wound; death (in battle); slain (in battle)
      • Tokharian wäl - die
      • Germanic (OE) wæl / (ON) val - slain person
  • *teg-/*tek- - touch
    • Proto-IE **th₂g-n- - to touch
      • Germanic
        • Gothic tēkan
        • English take
      • Tokharian B täk/tak - touch, feel; take
      • Latin tang-
    • Proto-IE ?
      • English touch
    • Japanese tuk- - to be attached / turned on
    • Proto-IE *deḱ - accept ritually
  • se(b/p?)- - to plant
    • Proto-IE *sē-/*seh₁- - sow
    • Proto-IE *seip/seib - pour, rain, sift, sieve, stream, trickle, dribble
  • sebele- - to sprinkle
    • Proto-IE *seip/seib - pour, rain, sift, sieve, stream, trickle, dribble
  • öö(j?)- - to think, understand
    • Proto-IE *ous ear
  • saqı- - to think
    • Proto-IE *sekʷ- - to see
  • yaq- - to light, make burn
    • Proto-IE *dʰégʷʰ - to burn (v.t.?)
  • *qap- - to snatch
    • Proto-IE *gʰabʰ- - to take
    • Tokharian (A) kälp - acquire, attain
  • *ket- - to go away, leave
    • Proto-IE *ked- - to go, yield
    • Tokharian (A) kätk- - go beyond, exceed, traverse
  • *kes- - to cut
    • Proto-IE *ḱes-
    • Tokharian (A) kärṣt - cut off
    • Japanese kir- - cut
  • *qarı- - to grow old
    • Proto-IE *gerh₂- - to grow old
  • *tug-ur - tent covering
    • Proto-IE *tog- - to cover
  • *yorı-/yür(i)- - walk / *yügür- - run
    • Proto-IE *dʰor- - to jump (at)
    • Proto-IE *gʷʰðer- - to run, flow
  • *siŋ- - sink into (get soaked up?)
    • Proto-IE *teng - to soak, wet
    • Proto-IE *sengʷ - to fall, to sink
  • *yet- - reach
    • Proto-IE *yet - to set out for, to strive
  • *qud- - pour
    • Proto-IE *ǵʰeu - pour
      • Gothic giutan - pour
      • Tokharian (A?) ku- - pour
  • *tök- - pour out, make flow
    • Proto-IE tekʷ/tek- - to run, flow
  • *bar- - to go, walk (away)
    • Proto-IE per - go over, carry over, bring
  • *bat- - to sink; to fit into, get into
    • Proto-IE pet - open [arms] wide; to fall, to fly
  • *saĺ- - to untie, loosen, solve (seç-..)
    • Proto-IE slab- - loose, weak
  • *em- - to suck
    • Proto-Uralic *imi- - suck
  • *tep- - to step on, trample
    • Proto-IE *trep- - to trample, tread
  • *türt- - to push
    • Proto-IE *trewd- - to press, push
      • Latin trūd-ō- - push
      • English threat
      • Russian trud - labour
  • *qur- - to build, erect, establish
    • Proto-IE *kʷr̥-/*kʷer- - do, make, build
      • Proto-Baltic *kur- - erect, build; start a fire
      • Indic *karáwti ← *kʷr̥-néw-ti ~ *kʷr̥-nw-énti - do, build(?)
        • Sanskrit kṛṇóti/karáwti / Pali karoti
          • Assamese kor - do
          • Dhivehi kur - do
          • Bengali kôr - do
    • Etruscan kar/ker - make, build
  • *ögrän- - to learn
    • Proto-IE *gʷʰren- - "phrenic"; soul, mind
  • *uq- - understand, hear, (*oqu- - read, study)
    • Proto-IE *ok- - understand, see
      • (only attested in Greek and Germanic)
    • Proto-IE *okʷ- - see, eye
    • Mongolic *uka - understand, think
  • *ös- - grow
    • Proto-IE *u̯eis- - sprout, grow
    • Proto-IE *u̯og-s- - magnify, increase
      • Proto-Germanic *vaks- - grow
      • Tokharian A *oks- - grow
  • *bil- - know
    • Proto-IE *weid- - know
      • Germanic *wit
    • Mongolic *med- - know
    • Proto-IE *men- - mind
      • Persian menidan - think, menišn - thought
    • Tocharian päl- (A), pal- (B) - to think
  • *kerek - needed
    • Proto-IE *ǵʰer(e)- - desire
  • *(b)ol- be
    • Proto-IE ?
    • Mongolic *bü-
    • Proto-Uralic *wole-
  • *är - be
    • Proto-IE *es- - be
  • *tanı- - be acquainted with / know (but Kg. taanı)
    • Proto-IE ǵnō-/ǵenə- - know
      • Iranian ??
        • New Persian dāni-
        • New Persian šinā- ???
  • *tut- (?*tukta-) - pull, subdue
    • Proto-IE *deuk- - drag
      • English tug
      • Latin duc- - lead
      • Latin "t-stem" ductus - duct
    • Mongolic toqta- - stop
    • Proto-IE *(s)tewk- - push, press, strike, beat
      • Ancient Greek tukízō - clench, work/polish stone
      • Proto-Slavic *tъkàti - prick, pierce
    • Proto-IE déwkti - pull, draw, lead
  • ?ayda- - drive [animals]
    • Proto-IE *aǵ (*heǵ-) - lead, drive cattle
  • udı- - sleep (connected with od- - wake??)
    • Proto-IE sneud(h)- - drowsy / to drowse
  • od- - wake
    • Proto-IE bheudh- - be awake / aware
    • Mongolic (h)uda- - conceive, design, instigate (Starostin)
  • aç- - open
    • Japanese *áká- - open
      • Modern Tokyo àke- - open
  • *ked- wear
    • Old Japanese kî- - wear
      • Modern Tokyo ki- - wear
    • Proto-IE *kadh- - protect, cover
      • Old English heden - dress
      • Icelandic heðinn - skirt
  • *ur- / *vur- (cf. Chuvash, Turkish) / *hur- (cf. Halaj) hit
    • Modern Tokyo bu(t?)- - hit
    • Modern Tokyo fùru- - shake
  • *sez- feel
    • Proto-IE sent- - take a direction; feel
      • Latin sens-us - sense, mind
      • OCS sęštь - smart
    • Mongolic *sere-/*seri- notice
  • *sıç- defecate
    • Proto-IE k̂ekʷ-
  • *kel- come
    • Tokharian (A) kälk- - walk
    • Tokharian (B) kalāk- - follow
    • Tokharian (A) käl- - lead, bring
  • *yap- close
    • PIE *yew-o-?
      • Proto-Tokharian *yäpa-
      • Tokharian (AB) yām, (A) ya-/ypa- - make
  • *āş- cross, exceed
    • Tokharian (A) āsuk - over
  • *yıq- (klj,kjh: yuq) - defeat, overthrow
    • Tokharian (A) yuk- - conquer, overcome
  • *qarba- - grab
    • Proto-IE *gʰrebʰ- - grab, seize, snatch
      • Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬡 garəβ - seize
  • *aq- (chv: yux-) - flow, run (liquid)
    • Proto-IE (only Germanic, Italic?) *h₂ekʷeh₂ - water (specifically, flowing), river
  • *böl- - divide
    • Semitic ?*PLG - divide
  • *toğ- - give birth
    • Proto-IE *teke- - give birth
  • *yet- (caus *yetkir-~yetkiz-) - reach
    • Mongolic *jidkü - strive
    • Proto-Germanic *ɣetanã - attain, acquire
  • *kid- - get dressed
    • Proto-IE *gleyt- - cloth
      • Germanic *klaiþą - cloth
    • Proto-IE **h₂ew- dress, get dressed
  • *teş- - make holes
    • Aramaic, Hebrew דגש (DGŠ) - pierce, stab
  • *yan(+dir) - to burn v.i. (v.t.)
    • Proto-Na-Dené *q’aˑn burn, ignite
    • Ket -qan cook, burn, boil
  • yıl- - warm
    • Proto-IE *ḱel- - warm/cool
    • Proto-IE *gel- - cold
    • Proto-IE *gʷʰer- - hot, warm
  • *yibi- - become wet, soak
    • Proto-IE *nebʰ - damp, water, clouds
  • *yal- - to burn, *yalın - flame, *yaş- (yalʲ-) - to blaze, *yalqı- - to glitter
    • Proto-IE *dʰel- - light
    • Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine
  • *qat-/qatı- - harden (qatığ - hard)
    • Mongolic *qata- - harden (qatağu - hard)
    • Japanese kata - hard
  • *sāç- - scatter, disperse (transitive)
    • Tokharian (B) käsk- - scatter
    • Tokharian (B) täṃts- scatter, disperse
  • *tēr(j?)- - gather, collect
    • Proto-IE *dʰer- - support, hold
      • Indo-Iranian *dʰárati ← *dʰer-e-ti
        • Sogdian dʼr
        • Ossetian дарын
  • *yeŋ- - win
    • Proto-IE *weyk- - contain, envelop; yield; overcome → *wi-né-k-ti ~ *wi-n-k-énti
      • Latin vinc- - win, conquer
    • Proto-IE *wenh₁- - love; strive; wish; desire
      • Proto-Germanic *winnaną - labour, toil; to win, gain; to fight, strive
        • English win
      • Sanskrit vanoti (van-) - win; gain; acquire
  • **kælæ- - speak
    • Mongolic *kele-
    • Greek καλέω - call, summon
    • Proto-Uralic *käle - tongue
  • *ket- - leave, go (<ke-t- causative??)
    • PIE ǵʰeh - go (derivatives mostly in Germanic, Indic, Greek?)
  • *kīr- - enter
    • Japanese háir- - enter
  • *keç- - cross, pass
    • Japanese kos- - cross, pass
  • *kemir-(?) - gnaw
    • Japanese kám- - bite
  • *qaz- - dig
    • Japanese hór- - dig
  • *yul-/yulı-/yol- - pluck
    • PIE *welh₃- - pluck(??)
  • *ur- - hit, strike
    • PIE *welh₃- - hit, strike
  • *boğ- - tie up, strangle
  • *bay-la-(?) - tie
  • *boğ? - bundle (kir boo, kaz baw, Old Turkish boğ)
    • PIE *peh₂ǵ- - attach
      • Greek πήγνῡ-μῐ - secure, fasten
      • Greek πάγη - snare, noose, anything that attaches
      • Proto-Germanic *faką - compartment, divison
  • *tōl- - fill
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic ?
      • Proto-Slavic *tъlstъ - fat, thick
      • Latvian tùlzt, Lithuanian tul̃žti - swell
      • Proto-Slavic *tъlpa - crowd
  • *de-/te- - say
    • Proto-East-Slavic *дѣеть - say
    • Latin dīcere/dīc- - say <- PIE *déyḱ - show
  • sep- - sprinkle
    • PIE *seyb- - pour out, dribble, strain, trickle
  • *yalğa- - lick
    • PIE *leyǵʰ - lick
  • *yaz-/*yar- - write
    • Proto-Kartvelian *c̣₁er- ~ *c̣₁r- - scratch, depict → write
      • Georgian ʦʼer - write
    • Mongolian jiru- - draw, write
  • *çız-/*çır- - draw, scratch
    • Proto-Kartvelian *c̣₁er- ~ *c̣₁r- - scratch, depict → write
      • Georgian ʦʼer - write
    • Mongolian jiru- - draw, write
  • *qıl- - do, make
    • Proto-IE *kelh₂- - beat, break
  • *yut- - swallow
    • Proto-IE *ǵyewh₁- - chew
      • Iranian *ǰyawH- - chew
        • Old Persian ⁠jūdan⁠ - chew
        • Northern Kurdish cûtin - chew
      • Proto-Slavic žuti - chew

Body parts

  • PrTk. *baş/balç - head
    • Ainu pake - head
    • Proto-IE *gʰebʰōl - ?
      • Tokharian A śpāl - head
      • Tokharian B śpālu - head
      • OHG gebal - ?
      • Greek κɛɸɑlή - ?
    • Lak baḳ
    • Khotanese Saka māstai - head
  • Pre-PrTk. *padaq - foot
    • Proto-IE *bʰad (*bʰ—ħd) - boot
    • Proto-Uralic *ponče
      • Proto-Finnic *potka - hind leg, shank
  • PrTk. *būt - foot, thigh
    • Proto-IE **pṓds - foot
    • Proto-Uralic *ponče
      • Proto-Finnic *potka - hind leg, shank
  • *el(ig) - hand, (later alaqan - palm of hand ← Mongolic), *hāja - palm, al- - take
    • Proto-IE *h₁el- - elbow, forearm
      • English ell, elbow
    • Mongolic *halaqa(n)/*hali'a(n) ?
    • Proto-IE *plh₂m-, - palm
      • Old English folm
      • Latin palma
      • Old Irish lām
      • Ancient Greek παλάμη ‎(palámē)
  • qol - hand, arm
    • Germanic hand, hold
    • Georgian xel - hand
  • *jaŋaq/*jıŋaq - jaw
    • Proto-IE *ǵebʰ- - jaw, mouth
      • English jowl
    • English jaw
    • Proto-IE *ǵénus - jaw, chin, cheek
      • Tokharian A śanwem
      • Proto Iranian *ȷ́ʰánuš - jaw
        • Avestan zānu - knee
        • Manichean Parthian zanax → Persian zanax - chin
        • Persian ʧɑːne - chin, jaw
  • *çeŋē - jaw
    • Proto-IE *ǵénus - jaw, chin, cheek
      • Persian ʧɑːne - chin, jaw
  • qulğaq - ear
    • Proto-IE *ḱlew- - to hear
      • Tokharian B klautso ?, kl̄aw - to hear
      • Celtic *klew-o
    • Proto-IE *gʰous- - hear
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰauš-
      • Sanskrit घोष gʰoṣa
      • Old Persian gauša- - ear
        • Modern Persian guš - ear
  • meŋä / miy / mee (*bejŋi?) - brain
    • Russian мозг brain
    • Hebrew MWX brain
      • Yiddish moyex brain
    • Sogdian m'g
    • Proto-IE *men- mind
    • Proto-IE *moz-g- brain
      • Old Indic majján
  • *burut - mustache
    • Proto-IE *bʰardʰ- - beard
  • bel - waist
    • Latin balteus belt (of Etruscan origin?)
    • Proto-Iranian *mádʰyas - middle, waist <- PIE *médʰyos "middle"
      • Bactrian milano - waist
      • Pashto mlā - waist
  • *bod - body (Kg boy - height, length)
    • OE bodig - trunk, chest (of a man or animal), originally "cask;"
      • English - body
    • OHG botah
  • *yāş - tear (from eye)
    • Proto-IE *dáḱru- - tear
      • Wakhi yashk - tear [1]
    • Mongolic nilmus - tear
    • (Mongolic dusal ? - drop < dus- - drip (v.i.))
  • *yürek - heart (but Chuvash çəre)
    • Proto-IE *ḱḗr - heart
      • Proto-Tocharian *käryā- - heart
  • *qar-ın - belly
    • Proto-IE *ǵʰer- - bowels
    • Nihali gadri - liver
  • *tīş - tooth
    • Proto-IE *ǵeus- - to taste
    • Proto-IE *h₁dónts - tooth
  • *bʲağır - liver
    • Proto-IE *yeh₁kwr̥-/Hyékʷr̥/*yókʷr̥ - liver
      • Latin iecur
      • Indic/Iranian *Hyákṙ
        • Old Indic/Sanskrit yakŕ̩t
        • Avestan yākar(ə)
        • Khotanese Saka gyagarrä
        • Ossetian igər
    • Non-IE Northern European *mok-on- - stomach, bag (see entry here)
    • Nihali bhaːwri- belly
  • *tǖk - hair
    • Proto-IE *twék- - skin
  • *bōyn - neck
    • Proto-IE *mon- - neck
  • *beŋ - mole
    • Proto-IE *meng- - pretty, beautiful
  • *ağız/ağz- (←**ağs?) - mouth
    • Proto-IE *h₁óh₃s/h₁h₃sés (*ōus) - mouth
    • Persian āvāz - voice
  • çiray (Mongolic) - ~visage
    • Mongolic ?*čirai - ~visage
    • Persian čehra - face
  • qaraq/qarek - pupil of the eye / eyeball
    • Proto-IE
      • Greek κόρη/κούρη/κώρα "the pupil of the eye, eyeball"
  •  ?*saç - hair
    • Proto-IE *dēḱwā - ?
      • Tokharian A śāku - hair
  • *qıl ~ ?*qılq (chv. χələχ) - hair
    • Mongolic *kilga-su-n - horse's hair
      • Classical Mongolian kilgasu(n) - horse's hair
      • Khalkha хялгас - horse's hair
    • Finnish kalki - hair
  • ~**köks (→köküräk~köküz) - chest
    • Celtic kīkā - breast
    • Japanese kokóɾo - heart
    • Armenian kurckʰ - breast, chest
    • Armenian cic - breast
    • Agulis Armenian gʲygʲ - bosom (Vaux 1998)
  • *omuz - shoulder (and Kazakh omırtqa ‘spine’)
    • distribution in Turkic: Middle Turkic, Chuvash, Oğuz, Uzbek, some Western Qıpçaq (Balkar, Karaim, Kumyk)
    • Mongolic (WM)omuruɣu(n)/(MM)omori'ut - collar bone
    • Mongolic (khk) mör - shoulder
    • Evenki mïre(?)
    • Proto-IE *H₁ōmso-
      • Old Indian áṁsa-
      • Old Greek ō̂m(s)o-s
      • Germanic áms-a-
      • Latin umerus
      • Tocharian es (A) (*omso-), āntse (B) (*omeso-)
  • *qān (but chv jun)
    • Proto-Iranian *wahuni
      • Sogdian xurn, wuxrn/uxarn blood
      • Middle Persian xōn
    • 'Proto-IE *ǵenh₁- to produce, to beget, to give birth
      • Germanic *kunją - kin/clan
  • *köz - eye
    • Proto-IE *h₃ókʷs
      • Lithuanian akìs
      • Sanskrit ákṣi
  • *ald- - front
    • PIE *h₂ént-o- "in front"
  • *arqa - back
    • PIE *pṛh₂wo- "anterior"
      • Tocharian pärwa-t (A), parwe (B) ← *pä́rwë
    • Proto-Nakh *ʔaq̇Vr- "on one's back"
  • *moyn~boyun - neck
    • Proto-IE *mony-, *mon "neck"
  • *azıɣ - fang
    • Mongolic *araɣa "fang"
    • Iranian ?
      • Khotanese haskä "elephant tusk"
      • Persian yašk "tusk"
    • Hungarian agyar "tusk"
    • Georgian ešvi "fang"
  • *sögil/*sigöl ← ?**siglö/**süklä → segül/sigil/sügel - wart
    • Mongolic sögel - wart
    • Korean hok - wart
    • Manchu soğa - wart
    • Proto-Uralic *śüklä
    • Chinese 贅瘤 (zhuìliú) - wart

Numerals

  • bīr - one
    • English first, fore
    • Romance prim-
    • Proto-IE prHuo-, pro-wo-, perǝ, pro first, fore, ahead
    • Tokharian parwe
  • ä(k)ki, i(k)ki - two
    • Proto-IE sekʷ follow
      • English second
    • Finnish kaksi (?)
    • Proto-IE du̯ō+ko
      • Old Indic dviká- twofold
      • Armenian erkic̣s twice
      • Albanian dyshi two
      • Old Saxon twisk twofold
    • Proto-IE *h₂énteros second / other
      • Germanic *anþeraz second / other (of two)
  • tȫrt - four
    • Proto-IE kwetwores
      • Tokharian çtwar, çtwer
      • Greek *τετϝρα → τετρα-
  • bēş - five
    • Proto-IE penkwe
      • Tokharian pañä, piç, piś
  • jet(t)i - seven
    • Proto-IE septom
      • Tokharian s.pät, sukt
  • sek(k)iz - eight
    • Proto-IE *h₁oḱtṓw
      • Tokharian okät, okt
  • yigirmä/ɟigirma - twenty
    • Proto-IE **dwi(h₁)dḱm̥ti / **dwi-dḱmt-ih₁ → *u̯i-ḱmt-ī / *wī́ḱm̥tih₁
      • Proto-Tokharian *w'īkän (→ wiki, ikäṃ)
      • Proto-Celtic *wikantī
      • Latin vīgintī
        • Aromanian yinghits
    • Proto-IE *deḱ- ten
      • Proto-Germanic *teguz group of ten
        • Old Norse tigr group of ten
  • otuz - thirty
    • Prakrit tīsa < Sanskrit triṃśat
      • Hindi/Urdu/Nepali tīs
  • qır(ı)q - forty
    • Old East Slavic sorokŭ
    • PIE *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt
      • Byzantine Greek σαράκοντα
      • Old Armenian kʿaṙasun
      • Iranian *čatwārHcát
        • Persian čehel
      • Indic *catvāriṃśát
        • Hindi/Urdu cālīs
  • miŋ/mıŋ - thousand
    • Chinese 萬 ten thousand
      • Middle Chinese *mʉɐnH - ten thousand
        • Mandarin wàn - ten thousand
        • Cantonese man5, maan6
    • Tungusic
      • Manchu miŋgan - thousand
    • Mongolic *miŋgan - thousand
  • tümän - ten thousand
    • Tokharian A tmāṃ /tmaːn/ (A), t(u)māne (B), tmāne; tumám - ten thousand
    • Old Church Slavonic тьма - ten thousand
    • Chinese 萬 ten thousand
      • Middle Chinese *mʉɐnH
        • Mandarin wàn
  • -(i)nçi - -th
    • Proto-IE -nte? -th
  • *san - number, *som; sōm(?) - number; whole, piece (?)
    • Tokharian B ṣaṃṣäl - number < ṣäṃṣ- - to count
  • *tēk - lone, only
    • Old Chinese *tek - single
    • Khalkha teg - zero

People

  • qağan - ruler, khan
    • Hebrew kohen
  • qı̄z - girl, daughter (Chuvash xĕr)
    • English kid, kith
    • Proto-IE *ḱer- grow
      • Greek κόρη/κούρη/κώρα "girl, virgin"
    • PIE *swésōr "siter"
      • Khotanese hvar
      • Sogdian xwār
      • Pashto xor
  • er - male, man (?*her (Halaj hir-) ← ?*per)
    • Proto-IE *er - bull, male
    • Germanic *ærgi (?) - unmasculine?
    • Proto-IE *wiro- - man; warrior
      • Scythian oior - man (Herodotus)
    • Proto-IE *ario-? - master, lord
    • Burushaski hir - man
  • ata - father/grandfather; aqa/äke - older male relative
    • Proto-IE *ph₂tḗr
      • Tokharian pácar, pacer
    • Proto-IE *hatta/*átta
      • Lydian ata
      • Proto-Slavic *otə
      • Ancient Greek ἄττα
      • Ossetian əda - grandfather
      • Latin atta
      • Gothic atta
    • Etruscan ati- - mother
  • ayal - woman, wife
    • Tokharian ckácar, tkácer daughter
    • Arabic ʾahl wife (probably just a loan in some Turkic languages from this)
  • *ēş (*ēlʲ?) - friend
    • Proto-IE *bʰili/*bʰilo - harmonious, friendly
    • Tungusic *pali - friendship, relationship
  • *orda - horde
    • Proto-IE *ḱerdʰā - troop, line
  • *edi (**hedi?) - master, owner
    • Proto-IE *poti-s - master, owner, host
      • Old Indic páti- - master
      • Avestan paiti- - master
    • Mongolic eje-n - master, owner
  • *küni - co-wife
    • Proto-IE *gʷ(e)na- - wife, woman
  • *yigit(?) - young, young man
    • Proto-IE *h₂yuh₁n̥ḱós/*h₂yowh₁en-/h₂yuh₁en- - young
      • Germanic *jungaz < **juwung-+az - young
        • West Germanic *juwunþ- < *juwung-+θ - youth
          • Old English 'ˈjeoɣʊθ - youth / young person
          • Old Saxon juguth
  • *tegin(?) - tegin
    • Germranic *þegnaz - man, warrior
      • Old English þæġn, þeġen, þegn - servant/retainer, "one in service to the king or other superior"
      • Dutch degen - hero, warrior, soldier
  • *āğıl - village/settlement (~community of families)
    • Semitic ʔHL - ?
      • Arabic ʾahl - kin (~community around a family)
      • Hebrew ʾāhál - pitch a tent
      • Hebrew ʾóhel - tent
      • Akkadian âlu - settlement
    • Mongolic *ayil - village/settlement (~community of families)
    • (aylan- - spin i.v.)
    • English hall?
    • Proto-Nakh *ʔablV - root (→ kin →) village
  • *bāla - child
    • Sanskrit bāla - boy, child
  • *küni - cowife
    • PIE *gʷen, *gʷenh₂ - woman, wife
      • Ancient Greek gunḗ - woman, wife
      • Proto W Germanic *kwāni - woman
      • Older Avestan gənā - woman, wife
  • *qarı, *qarı- - old, get old
    • PIE *ǵerh₂- - grow old

Grammatical

  • *qāń - (qaysı - which, qayda - where, qana - where (to), (kim - who,) etc)
    • Proto-IE *kʷo
    • Proto-Uralic *ke- who
  • qaçan - when
    • Proto-IE
      • Panjabi kad, kadoñ
      • Sindhi kaɖahn
  • *kim - who
    • Proto-IE *kʷim - who (acc)
      • Phrygian kin - who
      • Indo-Iranian *kim~čim
        • Sanskrit kim - what, who
        • Younger Avestan cim~kəm
        • Kurdish kî - who
        • Middle Persian kē⁠ - who
    • Mongolic *ken - who
    • Proto-Uralic *ke- - who
  • -kan - (deverbal adverbial / adjectival / nominal suffix)
    • Proto-IE *kʷo
      • kwand / when / etc.
  • orta - middle, centre
    • Tokharian orto - up
  • oqşa- - be like, be similar
    • Tokharian oki - like
  • oq - emphatic particle
    • Tokarian ats - exactly
  • -mA - verbal negation morpheme
    • Tokharian má - not
    • Greek má, mé - not
    • Sanskrit má - don't
    • Mandarin mei2, bu1 - NEG
    • Cantonese mo5, ng4 - NEG
  • beri - before, since
    • IE *prih₁-mó- / *prō-to- foremost
      • Russian p(e)red - before, in front of
      • English fore
      • Latin pre-
  • mI - yes/no question particle
    • Sanskrit vā - yes/no question particle
  • ȫz - self, own reflexive pronoun
    • Ancient Greek heós < PIE swa-
  • -dA - Locative
    • Mongolic *-dUr - Locative, Dative
    • PIE *de/*do, *-de/*-do - Allative
      • Mycenaean & Ancient Greek -dé - Allative
      • English to - Dative
      • Slavic do - Terminative
      • Old Irish do - Dative
    • Japanese de Instrumental
  • -kA Dative
    • Japanese e Lative
    • Japanese ga nom.subj
    • Japanese wa nom.top
  • dA - also
    • PIE *de/*do, *-de/*-do - also
      • English too
  • *-Uğ/-AğU (?) (→ Uw, etc.) vn and V→N derivation
    • Proto-Finnic *-u V→N derivation

Other

  • yaq-şı - good ← yaq- to be pleasing (?)
    • Proto-IE meH-, wEsu- (?)
    • Proto-IE *ǵews- - taste, try
      • Proto Indic *ȷ́áwšati ← *ǵéws-e-ti - like, enjoy, be pleased
      • Proto Indic *ȷ́áwšas ← *ǵéws-o-s
        • Sanskrit jóṣa - happiness, satisfaction
  • āq - white
    • Proto-IE *h₂erǵ- - white, shine
    • Tokharian árki , árkwi- white
  • qut - fortune
    • Germanic en: good
  • ant+ar - turn over
    • Proto-IE ant front
    • Tokharian ánt through, across, ánt, ánte forehead
    • Germanic anðar other
  • tın+ıç - peace
    • Tokharian tunk love
  • süːt - milk
    • Proto-IE *sweh₂d-u- sweet
    • Proto-IE or BMAC *kswēyd- milk
      • Avestan xšuuid-
      • Sanskrit kṣīrá
  • ülkän - big
    • Tokharian walke long
  • *bek - firm, stable
  • bedük(?) - high
    • IE *mag- large, many
      • Tokharian makí, (A?) māk much
    • Mongolian hike - big
  • *bek - fast (as in solid/stable)
  • man - great
    • Proto-IE *meǵ- - great?
      • Phrygian meka great
      • Greek megas great
      • Latin magna ?
    • Proto-IE *magʰ- - able/power
    • Korean manhi - a lot
    • Korean pʰək - very
    • Korean pak - vigorously
    • Mongolian maš - very
  • büt/bük? - all, entire
    • Tokharian (A) puk - all, every, whole
  • töbe - hill, peak, crest
    • English top
  • māl - time, moment (Perso-Arabic borrowing?)
    • Germanic *mēl time of meal
      • en: meal
      • yi: mol time
      • de: Mahl, Mal
  • ters - reverse, backwards
    • Proto-IE *ter- - cross over
    • Proto-IE *ter / *tero - over/through
  • kers - reverse, backwards
    • Proto-IE *ǵers - to turn, to bend
  • *yal-aŋ/-ŋuz - naked/lone
    • Proto-IE *gal- - naked
  • *yalğan - falsehood
    • Tokharian *ywolo - bad, ugly
      • Khotanese yola - falsehood
  • *yar-ıq/-qın//-ıl - light, bright//explode
    • Proto-IE gʷʰer- - warm
  • Kg. ubada- - promise (Perso-Arabic borrowing?)
    • Proto-IE *wadʰ- - promise
  • alıs - far, distant (Mongolic borrowing)
    • Proto-IE *h₂el-yó- - beyond; other
    • Mongolic alisun - far
  • äli - still (Iranian borrowing?)
    • Proto-IE *h₂el-yó- - beyond; other
  • *yeŋgü-l - lightweight
    • Proto-IE *lengʷʰ- - lightweight
  • *ōçuz - thin/light/easy/worthless
    • Proto-IE *ténh₂us - thin
  • *qula - light yellow, brown
    • Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine (>yellow)
  • *boŕ / *bōŕ - grey
    • Proto-IE *mor(u) - to blacken, dark spot
  • *buŕ / *boŕ - to spoil, be damaged, destroyed
    • Proto-IE *merk - to rot
  • teŋ - equal
    • Proto-IE *tengʰ/tenk/tens - to extend, stretch, span
    • Proto-IE tenk - contract
    • Middle Chinese 等 tʌi/təŋ - equate, be equal; and similar; sort, kind
  • yāĺıl - green ← yāĺ young
    • Proto-IE *ǵʰel - shine; green
    • Proto-IE *dʰāl- blossom, be green
    • Proto-IE *iēlo- (only Celtic and Balto-Slavic) unripe, raw
    • Mongolian zalʊː ← yala'u young
  • *ağır - heavy
    • Proto-IE *gʷer - heavy
      • Sogdian ɣr’n = ɣərān - heavy
  • *bayram - festival (*badram?) (Perso-Arabic borrowing?)
    • Proto-IE *bʰăd- - good
  • *tȫr - seat of honour in home (across from door)
    • Proto-IE dʰwer - door
    • Japanese to (<two?) - door
  • *qır - edge
    • Proto-IE gʰer / gʰrØ- - stick out
    • Proto-IE (s)ker- - turn, bend
    • Proto-IE (s)ker- - cut
  • *sāɣ - thought; *sāq- - think
    • Proto-IE
      • Greek sopʰo-
      • Latin sabe-
      • Hittite sak/sek
  • *siŋ- - soak up
    • Proto-IE *sengʷ- - sink
  • *bata? - blessing
    • Proto-IE bʰād - good
  • *eşik - door
    • Hittite aska- - door
  • *burç (??) - corner
    • Proto-IE mereǵ/mərǵ- - border
      • Latin margō
      • Persian marz
      • OIr mruig
      • Germanic marka
    • IE
      • Germanic brink
  • tığız - tight, snug (< tıq- cram?)
    • IE ?
      • Germanic tight?, taut?
      • Slavic tug-?
  • *sarığ < *śarğa/sirga? - yellow
    • Mongolic *sira
    • Japanese siro - white
    • Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine (>yellow)
      • *ǵʰólh₃-i-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-éy-s
        • Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰárHiš
          • Sanskrit hari - yellow
        • Avestan ""zairi - yellow?
      • Iranian ?*zari - golden
        • Persian zard - yellow
        •  ? Middle Persian zargōn
          • Aramaic zrgwn (zargūn?) - golden
      • Indo-Iranian **źʰr̥Hanyam
        • Old Persian daraniya - gold
        • Avestan zarańiia - gold
        • Sanskrit híraṇya - gold
    • Mandan síre - yellow
    • Ossetian syrx - red
    • Proto-Slavic śěrŭ - grey ← *xoiro ← PIE *ḱHoy-ro
  • qara - black
    • Mongolic *qara
    • Japanese kuro
    • Proto-IE *ker-/ḱer-/**kr̥snós - black / dark colour
      • Balto-Slavic *kiršnas
        • Slavic *čer- / *čĭrnŭ
      • Indic *kr̥ṣnás
        • Sanskrit kṛṣṇá
    • Sanskrit kāla
  • sekin - slow, quiet (← Arabic?)
    • PIE *sēk- - quiet, lazy
  • yıraq - far
    • Iranian ?
      • Avestan dûra
      • Shughni, Sarikoli ðar
      • Wakhi ðir
      • Persian dur
  • sağ - healthy
    • Mongolic sayin - healthy
    • Proto-IE sāno-s - healthy (Italic, maybe Albanian)
    • Proto Tokharian śāw- - live (←PIE *gwyeh3-w-e/o-)
      • Tocharian (A) śo-, (B) śāw- ~ śāy-
  • iqma - method
    • Tokharian (A) wkäṃ - manner, type
  • qıl- - do, make
    • Tokharian (B) käl - endure
  • sekin - quiet, without force
    • Proto-IE sēk - quiet, lazy
  • kǖç - strength, power
    • Mongolic küči(n) - strength, power
    • Proto-IE *ǵheus- - spray, gush
      • Tokharian B kus - gush
    • Proto-IE *ǵéwstus - taste, vigour (←*ǵustéw-)
    • Finnish kyetä - be able to
    • Hebrew koaħ - strength
  • tār - narrow
    • Proto-IE *ten- - stretch, draw, *tenw- - pull
      • Latin tendere/tendō/tensus
        • English tense
      • Ancient Greek τείνω ‎(teínō)
      • Sanskrit तनोति ‎(tanóti) - stretch, spread
      • Germanic *þanjaną
        • Old English þennan - stretch, spread
  • ērte - early, morning, next day
    • Japanese asita - tomorrow
      • Ura Amami assja - tomorrow
      • Hateruma Yaeyama acca - tomorrow
  • *bi/bän- - I/me
    • Ura Amami wan
    • Hateruma Yaeyama ba
  • *uzun, *uzaq (Mongolic *urta) - long
    • IE (the following words may or may not be related to one another)
      • Tokharian A aryu - long(-lasting)
      • Tokharian B orotstse/wrotstse - great, big, large
      • Luvian ura- - great
  • qoyı- - be viscous/thick, qoyığ - viscous/thick
    • Japanese ko-i - viscous/thick
  • semiz, semir- - fat, be/get fat
    • Proto-IE *smer- - anoint
      • Proto-IE *smérus - grease
        • Tokharian B ṣmare - oil, grease
        • Proto-Germanic *smerwą - grease; (animal) fat
  • orun - place (sometimes connected to orta/ortu middle and ordu/orda ~palace)
    • Proto-Germanic *uzdaz - point, place
      • misc. older Germanic *ord
  • qurı- - dry up
    • Japanese hós- - dry, air out
    • Japanese kawák- - dry up
  • *teŋri (/*teŋir?) - God, sky, heaven
    • Sumerian diŋir - god
    • Mongolian teŋger
    • Middle Chinese *tʰen - sky, heavens, Heaven
      • Mandarin tiān
  • *qut - fortune
    • Proto-IE ǵʰutós - invoked; libated
      • Proto-Germanic *gudą - God, deity
    • Etruscan cath/catha - sun, sun God
  • Mongolic *qabirʁa - ribs
    • PMP *qabaRa - shoulder; carry on shoulder
  • *kir - dirt/dirty
    • Proto-IE *ker-/ḱer-/**kr̥snós - black / dark colour
      • Persian kersne - dirty
  • *yaŋı/yeŋi - new
    • see Turkic words for new and again
    • Proto-IE *h₂yéwHō - young
      • Balto-Slavic *jauˀnás ← *h₂yéw-Hn-o-s
        • Slavic *jȗnъ
          • Russian юн-ый
        • Germanic *jugunþiz ← *juwundiz ← *h₂yú-Hn̥-ti-s
          • English youth
        • Germanic *jungaz ← *h₂yuHn̥ḱós
          • Engish young
        • Proto Indo-Iranian *HyúHā ← *h₂yúh₁ō
          • Classical Persian ǰawān
  • *boz - grey
    • Proto-IE *bʰerH- - brown
    • Mongolic *boro - grey
  • *bultır/bıltur - last year (*bir yıl tur?)
    • Proto-IE *péruti - last year
  • *ır/yır - song
    • Proto-IE *h₁erkʷ - shine, praise (v.)
      • Classical Armenian երգ (erg) - song
      • Tokharian yärk/yarke - worship, veneration
      • Sanskrit अर्क (arká) - praise, hymn, song (among other definitions)
  • *küz - autumn
    • Proto-IE *(s)h₁es- - harvest/crop, fall (← *seh₁ - sow)
      • Proto-Finno-Ugric *kesä - summer
  • sız-ıq - line
    • Greek συζυγία - union, yoke (used to refer to alignment of celestial bodies)
  • açığ hot, sour, bitter, unpleasant tasting ← açı- hurt, be unpleasant
    • Abkhaz аџьыка ajika (supposedly from Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza *dž́ə́ 'salt')
    • Georgian აჯიკა ajika
  • *yış - dense (?)
    • Proto-Slavic *gǫstъ - dense (← PIE gem-)
  • *boş - empty, free
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic *paustas
      • Proto Slavic *pustъ - empty, desolate, void
      • Old Prussian pausto - wild
    • Ancient Greek παῦσις - pause
  • (Kazakh) lıpıl-da- palpatate (heart)"
    • Armenian ləpʰləpʰ- - palpatate (heart)
  • (Kyrgyz) tıp-tıp pitter-patter (rain)
    • Armenian tʰpʰ-tʰpʰ - pitter-patter (rain?)
  • *yıraq - far
    • Sanskrit dīrghá - long

Incorporate or not?

  • Tokharian sále, sályi - salt (IE *sal- - grey, dirty; salt)
    • Turkic tuz - salt
  • Tokharian salu, sol - whole (IE *salw- - whole, healthy)
    • Turkic tol- - full/fill
  • Tokharian särk, sark - an illness
    • Turkic ogr- - to hurt
  • IE *sú- - to be born
    • Turkic tuğ- - to be born
  • Tokharian káryap - harm
    • Turkic qab(a)- - to harm
  • IE weid- - to know
    • Turkic bil- (possible, due to sonority stuff)
  • IE (En will, Lt vol-, etc)
    • Turkic bil-
  • Germanic *sūmian- - to miss
    • Turkic *seb- - to love
  • IE *su̯ei- - to make a noise
    • Turkic *seb-le - to speak
  • IE *pel- - grey
    • Turkic boz - ~grey
  • IE *ḱas- - grey
    • Turkic çal- grey-haired
  • IE *tark- - to twist
    • Turkic tart- - to pull
  • IE *ǵʰés-ro- - hand
    • Turkic qol - hand
  • IE *kaput- - head
    • Turkic baş - head

Similarities to Russian

  • murç / burç - pepper
    • pérec - pepper
  • muz / buz - ice
    • moróz - frost (Slavic ?*morz-)
  • yarıq, yaruğ, yarqın - light, bright
    • jark-ij - bright
  • qara
    • čer- (Slavic ?*kr̩-)
  • beri - before, since
    • pered - before, in front of
  • boran - storm
    • burʲa - storm
    • purga, buran
  • seb+kil (?) - freckle(s)
    • sypʲ - rash
  • sep- - scatter/sow
    • ras-syp- scatter
  • sıdır- - to peel, strip, tear off
    • sdir-atʲ - "
  • taşı- - to overflow
    • taši-tʲ - to overflow
  • taşı- - to haul
    • toska-tʲ - to haul
  • bosoğo (Mongolic) - doorframe
    • porog
  • Lak stuff
    • barzu - eagle (bürküt)
    • čul - field, steppe (Mg. tala)
    • barc̣ (pl. burc̣i-l) - wolf (börü)
    • barḫ - back (arqa)

Not to incorporate

  • ?lağ - meadow
    • Balto-Slavic *plãka (?) pl:łąka, ru:lug

Notes

  • Tokharian (B?) /ä/ was probably [ɨ]
  • When two Tokharian words given, first is Tokharian A, second is Tokharian B
  • Tokharian /ç/ is probably [ɕ]
  • Tokharian /ts/ and /c/ are different?


PIE-to-Turkic correspondences

This is just for the sake of organising stuff, so I can see better what might be going on, if anything even is..

Labial stops

*p
beginning end other
back vowel ph₂tḗr → ∅ata
front vowel prih₁- → beri
prih₁- → bir
pénkʷe → bēş
pekʷ → biş-
pel → boz
pṓds → but

*b
beginning end other
back vowel
front vowel

*bʰ
beginning end other
back vowel bʰer- → ber gʰabʰ- → qap-
front vowel bʰardʰ → burut
bʰ◌ħd → ∅ad-aq
bʰili → ∅ēlʲ

Coronal stops

*t
beginning end other
back vowel
front vowel twék- → tǖk
tag- → teg-
tekʷ → tök

*d
beginning end other
back vowel dáḱru- → yāş
dṓm → tām		 pṓds → but bʰ◌ħd → pad-aq
front vowel digʰo → teke

*dʰ
beginning end other
back vowel dʰégʷʰ- → yaq-
dʰwer → tȫr		 ǵʰer-dʰ → yurt
bʰardʰ → burut
front vowel

Palatal stops

*ḱ
beginning end other
back vowel ḱórw-eh₂ → qarğa
ḱlew- → qul-aq 		dáḱru- → yaş
front vowel ḱel- → yıl
ḱḗr → yür-äk
ḱes- → kes-

*ǵ
beginning end other
back vowel h₂erǵ- → āq
front vowel ǵers → kers

*ǵʰ
beginning end other
back vowel ǵʰáns- → qāz
ǵʰer- → qar-ın
ǵʰel- → qula
front vowel ǵʰel- → ∅altın
ǵʰer-dʰ → yur-t

Velar stops

*k
beginning end other
back vowel ker- → qara
front vowel ked- → ket- twék- → tǖk uks → ökiz

*g
beginning end other
back vowel gerh₂- → qarı-
front vowel gal- → yal- tag- → teg-

*gʰ
beginning end other
back vowel gʰabʰ- → qap-
front vowel digʰo → teke

Labialised stops

*kʷ
beginning end other
back vowel kʷo → qāń
kʷer- → qur-		 sekʷ- → saqı
front vowel pekʷ → biş-
pénkʷe → bēş
tekʷ → tök-

*gʷ
beginning end other
back vowel gʷer → ağır
front vowel

*gʷʰ
beginning end other
back vowel dʰégʷʰ → yaq
front vowel gʷʰer- → yar- h₁egʷʰ → iç- lengʷʰ-◌ → yengü-l

Other

*n
_C]σ
back vowel ǵʰáns- → qā∅s → qā∅z
front vowel pénkʷe → bē∅ş
front vowel h₁dónts → tī∅ş
*w
beginning end other
back vowel ḱórw-eh₂ → qarğa ḱlew- → qulaq
front vowel
*m
beginning end other
back vowel
front vowel

Sources

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