Difference between revisions of "Turkic sound changes"

From FireSpeakerWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
(→‎Old Turkic phonology)
(→‎Kazakh phonology: interwiki)
Line 76: Line 76:
 
|-
 
|-
 
!
 
!
−
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial]]
+
! colspan="2" | [[w:Bilabial|Bilabial]]
−
! colspan="2" | [[Labiodental|Labio]]-<br/>[[labiodental|dental]]
+
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labiodental|Labio]]-<br/>[[w:labiodental|dental]]
−
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
+
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
−
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar|Post]]-<br/>[[Postalveolar|alveolar]]
+
! colspan="2" | [[w:Postalveolar|Post]]-<br/>[[w:Postalveolar|alveolar]]
−
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal]]
+
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal|Palatal]]
−
! colspan="2" | [[Velar]]/<br/>[[Uvular]]
+
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar|Velar]]/<br/>[[w:Uvular|Uvular]]
−
! colspan="2" | [[Glottal]]
+
! colspan="2" | [[w:Glottal|Glottal]]
 
|- align=center
 
|- align=center
−
|[[Plosive]]s
+
|[[w:Plosive|Plosives]]
 
| '''{{IPA|p}}'''
 
| '''{{IPA|p}}'''
 
| '''{{IPA|b}}'''
 
| '''{{IPA|b}}'''
Line 96: Line 96:
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| colspan="2" |
 
|- align=center
 
|- align=center
−
|[[Nasal consonant|Nasals]]
+
|[[w:Nasal consonant|Nasals]]
 
| colspan="2" | '''{{IPA|m}}'''
 
| colspan="2" | '''{{IPA|m}}'''
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| colspan="2" |
Line 105: Line 105:
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| colspan="2" |
 
|- align=center
 
|- align=center
−
|[[Fricative]]s
+
|[[w:Fricative|Fricatives]]
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| {{IPA|(f)}}
 
| {{IPA|(f)}}
Line 120: Line 120:
 
|
 
|
 
|- align=center
 
|- align=center
−
|[[Affricates]]
+
|[[w:Affricates|Affricates]]
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| colspan="2" |
Line 130: Line 130:
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| colspan="2" |
 
|- align=center
 
|- align=center
−
|[[Flap consonant|Tap]]
+
|[[w:Flap consonant|Tap]]
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| colspan="2" |
Line 139: Line 139:
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| colspan="2" |
 
|- align=center
 
|- align=center
−
|[[Approximant]]
+
|[[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
 
| colspan="2" | '''{{IPA|w}}'''
 
| colspan="2" | '''{{IPA|w}}'''
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| colspan="2" |
Line 148: Line 148:
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| colspan="2" |
 
|- align=center
 
|- align=center
−
| [[Lateral approximant|Lateral<br/>approximants]]
+
| [[w:Lateral approximant|Lateral<br/>approximants]]
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| colspan="2" |
 
| colspan="2" |

Revision as of 05:06, 9 May 2007

Also see Turkic Sonority Constraints#Words that changed due to sonority

proto-Altaic to pre-proto-Turkic:

  • ʒ, dʒ, d?, n? > j / #_ (?)

pre-proto-Turkic to proto-Turkic:

  • no n, m, ŋ, l, r, z, š / #_
  • p > ɸ > h / #_
  • lenis/fortis merger
    • g > k
    • d > t
  • j, di, nʲ > j / #_
  • si > š / #_

Old Turkic phonology

Old Turkic has nine vowel qualities—a /a/, e /æ/, ė /e/, i /i/, ï /ɯ/, o /o/, ö /ø/, u /u/, ü /y/—distinct only in the first syllable of a word, collapsed into four classes elsewhere—a, e, ï, i.

The consonantal system distinguishes between unvoiced, voiced (with fricative variants) and nasal:

labial: p, v (β), m;
dental: t, d (δ), n;
palatal: č, y, ń;
velar: k (q, χ), g (γ), ŋ;
sibilant: s, š, z;
liquid: r, l.

General Persian Phonology

This should be here too, since early Kypchak saw the beginnings of heavy borrowings

proto-Turkic to proto-Kypchak:

  • nʲ > j
  • G > K / _#
  • d > t / _#
  • d > t / #_ (kind of, since most later borrowings did this, but later ones from Mongolic, esp. in Kazakh; proto-Tc didn't have #d)
  • V > [-rd] / []σ_
  • b > v / V _
  • v > w
  • gm > mg
  • Vg/b changes:
    • aG > aw
    • ub > uw
    • ɯG > ɯ(? sometimes uː in Kg)
    • oG > uw
    • eb/æb > yj
  • æ > e (more æ added by Persian loans)
  • d > ð > j / V_
  • øg > øj
  • s > tʃ / _Vtʃ
  • a > æ / _ X V[-back]
  • f > p

proto-Kypchak to Kazakh:

Shared with Nogay and Karakalpak, known, inclusive

  • ʃ > s
  • tʃ > ʃ

Remainder

  • j > dʒ / #_
  • dʒ > ʒ
  • æ > e / #[]σ_
  • æ > a / _{x,q}
  • æw > ew (?)
  • mg > ŋb
  • rd > jr
  • ʕ > G
  • f > w / _]σ
  • CC > CIC / _]σ (sometimes)
  • h,x > q / σ[_
  • (q > x / _]σ)
  • h > ∅ / _]σ
  • K > G / l_
  • ∅ > O / #_{r}

Kazakh phonology

Kazakh consonant phonemes
Bilabial Labio-
dental 		Dental/
Alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar/
Uvular 		Glottal
Plosives p b t d k ɡ
Nasals m n ŋ
Fricatives (f) (v) s z ʃ ʒ (ɕ) (x) h
Affricates (ʨ)
Tap ɾ
Approximant w j
Lateral
approximants 		l
Kazakh vowel phonemes
Front Back
Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded
High ɪ ʉ ə ʊ
Diphthongal i̯ɪ u̯ʉ u̯ʊ
Low æ ɑ

proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz:

  • jI > I (sometimes?)
  • b > m / V_V (sometimes?)
  • monophthongisation
    • ɯw/uw > uː
    • iw/yw > yː
    • aw > oː
    • ew, æw > øː
  • æ > Aː
  • j > dʒ / #_
  • Vh > Vː
  • h > ∅
  • x > q
  • ʕ > ∅
  • G > ∅ / V_V
  • nj > jn
  • ∅ > U / #_{l,r}
  • eg > ig

Kyrgyz phonology

Vowels

front central1 back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close и [i] ү [y] ы [ɯ] у [u] ю [ju]
mid э [e] е [je] ө [ø] о [o] ё [jo]
open а [ɑ] я [jɑ]

Consonants

Kirghiz consonant phonemes:

Bilabial Dental/
alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar/
uvular
plosive п б
[p] [b] 		т д
[t] [d] 		к г
[k]/[q] [g]/[ʁ]
nasal м
[m] 		н
[n] 		ң
[ŋ]
trill р
[r]
fricative (ф) (в)
([f]) ([v]) 		с з
[s] [z] 		ш
[ʃ] 		х
[χ]
affricate
ч ж
[t​͡ʃ] [d​͡ʒ]
approximant л
[l] 		й
[j]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.firespeaker.org/index.php?title=Turkic_sound_changes&oldid=4555"