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| *** Beowulf (/Æ/) | | *** Beowulf (/Æ/) |
| **** tractor-trailer (the way I said it as a kid) - [ˈtˢɻʰæktɻ ˌtˢɻʰÆlɻ] | | **** tractor-trailer (the way I said it as a kid) - [ˈtˢɻʰæktɻ ˌtˢɻʰÆlɻ] |
| **** those two 'trailer's have recently merged to [ˈtˢɻʰejlɻ], but trail+er is still [ˈtˢɻʰÆlɻ] | | **** those two 'trailer's have recently merged to [ˈtˢɻʰejlɻ], but trail er is still [ˈtˢɻʰÆlɻ] |
| *** nightmare - [ˈnʌjtmejɻ] | | *** nightmare - [ˈnʌjtmejɻ] |
| *** "night mare" - [ˈnʌjtmÆɻ] | | *** "night mare" - [ˈnʌjtmÆɻ] |
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| ** wagon, hang - [wæjgɩn], [hæjŋ] | | ** wagon, hang - [wæjgɩn], [hæjŋ] |
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| == /ɩ/ (vs. /ə/ & /ɪ/) == | | == /ɩ/ (vs. /ə/ |
| * Reduced vowels are typically realised as [ə] in English:
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| ** about — [ə ˈbau̯t]
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| ** beneath — [bə ˈniːθ]
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| ** Winnepesauki — [wɪ nə pə ˈsɒ ki]
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| ** onomatopœia — [ɑ nə mɑ ɾə ˈpiː ə]
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| * In closed syllalbes, reduced vowels are realised as [ɩ]:
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| ** This is visible in the application of several morphemes.
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| *** rose-s — /ˈɻɤo̯ zɩz/
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| *** test-ed — /ˈtʰɛ stɩd/
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| *** ox-en — /ˈɑk sɩn/
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| ** This can be seen in many other words.
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| *** Jonathan — /ˈʤɑ nə θɩn/
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| *** happen(ed) — /ˈhæ pɩn(d)/
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| ** This can also be demonstrated derivationally.
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| *** religion — /ɻə ˈlɪ ʤɩn/
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| *** religionise — /ɻə ˈlɪ ʤə nɑi̯z/ (some less morphemic parsings lend to /ɻə ˈlɪ ʤɩ nɑi̯z/, with an almost syllabic [ʤ̩] often
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| * In a closed syllable with a labial coda, reduced vowels are realised as [ə]:
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| ** This is visible in the application of several (clitical) morphemes.
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| *** he'll've — [ˈhɪl əv]
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| *** get 'em — [ˈgɛ ɾəm]
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| ** This is visible in some other words, though I can mostly only think of names and made-up words.
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| *** item — [ˈʌi̯ ɾəm], victim — [ˈvɪk(t) təm]
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| *** Jacob — [ˈʤe kəp]
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| *** Caleb — [ˈkʰei̯ ləb]
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| *** *soroft — [ˈsɔɻ əft]
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| ** I take that back; I seem to've found some good examples
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| *** turnip — [ˈtɻnəp]
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| *** victim — [ˈvɪkt təm]
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| *** system — [ˈsɪs stəm]
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| *** bottom — [ˈbɑ ɾəm]
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| *** custom — [ˈkʌs stəm]
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| * Data that still need to be considered:
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| ** words like:
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| *** confuse
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| *** condition
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| ** other words like:
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| *** civil, civilisation
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| *** get 'im vs. get 'em
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| *** presumably ('''how do I syllabify this??''')
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| ** the pair mistake [mɨ(s)ʼstejk] / mistook [mɪs'tʊk]
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| == voicing ==
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| Some consonants are [un]voiced in a way that's unexpected:
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| | |
| * Jacob — [ˈʤe kəp]
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| * Virginia — [ˈfɻʤɪnjə]
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| * substitute — [ˈsʌpstɪtʉt]
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| * hubcap — [ˈhʌpkæp] (?)
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| * ostrich, sandwich — [ ˈɒstɻɪdʒ], [ˈsÆndwɪdʒ]
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| == other ==
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| * comfortable - [ˈkʰʌ̃ftʰɻb(ə)ɫ]
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| * Wednesday - [ˈwɛn(d)zdej]
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| * February - [ˈfɛbjʉwÆɻij]
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| == Elision ==
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| * fam(i)ly
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| * fav(ou)rite
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| * ast(e)roid
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| * priv(i)lege
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| * p(o)tato
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| * p(a)thetic
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| * k(a)tana
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| * t(o)mato
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| === of /r/?? ===
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| * su(r)prise
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| * rese(r)voir
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| * kinde(r)garten
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| * Feb(r)uary
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| * cate(r)piller
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| == Words I never got ==
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| Because of the loss of sarcasm in fixed expressions using these words (or something like that), I never could tell what they meant—the general idea was there, but as far as I could tell, their antonyms seemed as correct as they did, if not more.
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| * immaculate
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| * impeccable
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| * trivial
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| == Other People ==
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| === My Family ===
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| Some family members have "weird" pronunciations:
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| * [ˈdɑjəpɹ] for [ˈdʌjpɹ] ("diaper")
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| * [ˈdɑjəmənd] for [ˈdɑjmɩnd] ("diamond")
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| * [hɒp] for [hɑp] ("hop")
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| * [ˈrɛs.stɻ.ənt] for [ˈrɛs.stɻ.ɑnt] ("restaurant")
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| * [wɪð] for [wɪθ]
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| * [bə ˈkʌs] for [bə ˈkʌz]
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| * [ə sow ʃij ˈej ʃɩn] for [ə sow sij ˈej ʃɩn] ("association")
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| * [mə ˈtɻ jəl] for [mə ˈtijɻ ij əl] ("material")
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| === Media ===
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| Some media (music, commercials) have objectionable rhymes:
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| * pauper/copper/whopper
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| * choclate/pocket
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| * ‘ooh and aah’ where ‘aah’ == ‘aww’
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| * see also: [[Other People's English]]
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| == Overall vowel system ==
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| {|style="text-align: center";
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| |+ JNW's Vowels
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| ! location !! tense !! lax !! diphthong !! before ɻ !! examples
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| |-
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| | high front || i¹ || ɪ,ɨ || ɪw || i (j ← ɪw) || heed, hid, hued, hear/pure
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| |-
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| | mid front || e¹ || ɛ || || ᴁ || hayed, head, hair
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| |-
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| | low front || ᴁ || æ¹ || aw || — (aw ← aw) || hand/hail, had, how, —
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| |-
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| | low back || ɒ || ɑ || ɑj || ɒ (aj ← aj) || hawed, odd, high, hard
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| |-
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| | mid back || o¹ || ə,ʌ || ʌj || ɔ || hoed, hut, height, hoard/horde/whore
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| |-
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| | high back || ʉ¹ || ʊ || ɔj || ɔ || hoot, hood, Hoyt, tour
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| |}
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| Notes:
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| * ¹ Long or diphthongal
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| * ² Can be nucleus of heavy syllable
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| Back to [[Linguistic Musings]]
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| [[Category:Linguistics]]
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| [[Category:Phonology]]
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| [[Category:Phonetics]]
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The pronunciation of words, as per Jonathan North Washington
[ʌ]
- strawberry - [ˈstʰɻʌbÆɹij]
- wash - [wʌʃ]
- Washington - [ˈwʌʃɪŋtɩn]
- squash - [skwʌʃ]
[wɔ]
- quarter - [ˈkʰɔɹɾɻ] (but quarry - ['kwɔɻij])
- quartz, quarts, courts - [kʰɔɹts] (is there a difference in aspiration?)
[ɛ]
- catch - [kʰɛʧ]
- that (conj) - [ðɛt]
[ʌj]
- /ɑj/ before voiced consonants is [ɑj]
- 'eyes' [ɑjz]
- 'bide' [bɑjd]
- /ɑj/ before unvoiced consonants is [ʌj]
- 'ice' [ʌjs]
- 'bite' [bʌjt]
- there are "exceptions" (they could be rule-based, having something to do with what counts as syllable-coda)
- Idaho [ʌj], Ida [ʌj]
- cider [ʌj], spider [ʌj]
- icon [ɑj], nikon [ʌj], daikon [ɑj]
- cyclops [ʌj / ?ɑj], but psycho [ʌj / *ɑj]
- interesting contrasts:
- high [ɑj], high school [ʌj]
- 'I scream' [ɑj], 'ice cream' [ʌj]
[Æ]
See Æ for phonetic information on this vowel.
- /ej/ before /l,r/ is [Æ]
- ail/ale - [Æl]
- Al - [æl] (shows /æ/Æ/ contrast)
- trailer (before a movie) - [ˈtˢɻʰÆlɻ]
- trailer (behind a truck) - [ˈtˢɻʰejlɻ]
- mailing / Maling (/Æ/ej/)
- Beowulf (/Æ/)
- tractor-trailer (the way I said it as a kid) - [ˈtˢɻʰæktɻ ˌtˢɻʰÆlɻ]
- those two 'trailer's have recently merged to [ˈtˢɻʰejlɻ], but trail er is still [ˈtˢɻʰÆlɻ]
- nightmare - [ˈnʌjtmejɻ]
- "night mare" - [ˈnʌjtmÆɻ]
- air - [Ær]
- /æ/ before /m,n/ is [Æ]
- /æ/ before /ŋ,g/ is [æj]
- wagon, hang - [wæjgɩn], [hæjŋ]
== /ɩ/ (vs. /ə/
