Similarities to Turkic

The orthography used to represent Turkic languages on this page is a phonemic system based on Turkish orthography. This is done to avoid focusing on the phonetic differences between different languages used. The IPA is used when describing the phonetics of Turkic languages.

This is a collection of Turkic words which appear at least superficially similar to words in other language groups.

Technology

• altın - gold
  • Finnish kulta gold
  • Germanic gold

• bulat - steel, balta - axe
  • Tokharian porat, peret axe
  • Proto-IE pelk'- chop

• ara - saw
  • Tokharian áre plough (n.)

• *yurt(ă?) - homeland, yurt
  • PIE ġʰ—r(+dʰ) to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
    • Germanic gard
      • English yard
      • German garten
    • Tokharian warto, wärto garden, grove
  • PIE er(+t) earth
    • Germanic erθ
      • English earth
      • German erd
    • Tokharian B yare gravel
  • Semitic ˀarḍ earth
  • Mongolian ger yurt
  • Proto-IE *wer- defend, close

Nature

• alma - apple
  • Germanic *æpl
  • Russian jablo-
  • Latin/Romance pom-
  • Greek melo-
  • Proto-IE HebOl-

• kün - day, sun
  • Germanic sun

• yil - year
  • English year
  • Proto-IE yōr-

• yaz (*yaaŕ) - spring
  • Proto-IE yōr- year

• ań - moon, month
  • (Proto-Altaic *ā́ńu, most Turkic ay)
  • Latin annus - year
  • Gothic *aþni - year

• yer - earth, land
  • PIE ġʰ—r(+dʰ) to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
    • Germanic gard
      • English yard
      • German garten
    • Tokharian warto, wärto garden, grove
  • PIE er(+t) earth
    • Germanic erθ
      • English earth
      • German erd
    • Tokharian B yare gravel
  • Semitic ˀarḍ earth
  • Mongolian ger yurt
  • Proto-IE *wer- defend, close

• ot - grass
  • Tokharian āti grass
  • Proto-IE ad- grain

• sub - water
  • Proto-IE seu-, su- rain, flow
  • Proto-IE *sūwe- to rain
    • Tokharian su- / swāsā-
    • Greek hǖei̯
    • Albanian ši
  • Mongolian (?forgot)
  • Chinese (?forgot)

• yapraq - leaf
  • Arabic varaq leaf?, page?
  • Persian barg leaf?
  • Tokharian pält, pilta
  • Proto-IE bʰel

• bulaq - spring, well
  • Latin flus- river
  • Proto-IE bhleu-gʷ- overflow
  • English flow, float

• teke - goat
  • Proto-IE tek- to flow, to run

• lağ - meadow
  • Balto-Slavic *plãka (?) pl:łąka, ru:lug

• ögiz - bull↕
  • Germanic - en: ox

• bal - honey
  • IE - mel

• balɯq - fish
  • IE l—k salmon

Verbs

• qal - stay
  • Germanic halt, hold

• ber - give
  • Proto-IE bher - carry, bear
  • Russian брать - take

• piç-ir - cook
  • Proto-IE pekw-
  • Russian печь
  • Tokharian päk-

• tur - stand
  • Germanic en: dare, yi: tor

• je - eat
  • Proto-IE ed- - eat

• çab- - cut
  • English chop
  • Spanish zapatas - shoes
  • French sabotage

• ekʷ- - drink
  • Proto-IE *ekʷ- - drink
  • Turkic iç - drink
  • Tokharian yok

• gäp-ir - something said, speak
  • English jabber, gab
  • Russian говорить - speak
  • Proto-IE gebh- - jaw, mouth

• öl - die
  • Tokharian wäl

• teg - touch
  • English touch
  • Tokharian tek

Body parts

• Pre-PrTk. *padaq - foot
  • Proto-IE *ped, pod (*p—d) - foot
  • Proto-IE *bʰad (*bʰ—ħd) - boot

• PrTk. *but - foot
  • Proto-IE *ped, pod (*p—d) - foot
  • Proto-IE *bʰad (*bʰ—ħd) - boot

• el - hand
  • English ell, elbow
  • Proto-IE el- elbow, forearm

• qol - hand, arm
  • Germanic hand, hold

• caq / cağ - jaw
  • English jaw
  • Proto-IE gebh- - jaw, mouth (?)

• qulaq - ear
  • Tokharian B klautso

• meŋä / miy - brain
  • Russian мозг brain
  • Hebrew MWX brain
    • Yiddish moyex brain
  • Sogdian m'g

• murt - mustache
  • Proto-IE *bʰardʰ- beard

• bel - waist
  • Latin balteus belt (of Etruscan origin?)

Numerals

• bir - one
  • English first, fore
  • Romance prim-
  • Proto-IE prHuo-, pro-wo-, perǝ, pro first, fore, ahead
  • Tokharian parwe

• ek(k)i - two
  • English second
  • Proto-IE sekʷ follow
  • Finnish kaksi (?)

• tört - four
  • Tokharian çtwar, çtwer
  • Proto-IE kwetwores

• beş - five
  • Proto-IE penkwe
  • Tokharian pañä, piç, piś

• jet(t)i - seven
  • Tokharian s.pät, sukt
  • Proto-IE septom

• sekiz - eight
  • Tokharian okat, okt
  • Proto-IE októ

• yigirmä - twenty
  • Tokharian wiki, ikäṃ (PT *w'īkän)

• tümen - ten thousand
  • Tokharian tmām; tumane, tmāne; tumám

People

• qağan - ruler, khan
  • Hebrew kohen

• qız - girl, daughter
  • English kid, kith

• er - male, man
  • Proto-IE *er - bull, male

• äke - father
  • Tokharian pácar, pacer

• ayal - woman, wife
  • Tokharian ckácar, tkácer daughter

Grammatical

• qay - (qaysı - which, qayda - where, (kim - who,) etc)
  • Proto-IE kʷo

• orta - middle, centre
  • Tokharian orto up

• oqşa- - like, similar
  • Tokharian oki like

• oq - emphatic particle
  • Tokarian ats exactly

• -mA - verbal negative morpheme
  • Tokharian má not
  • Greek má, mé not
  • Sanskrit má don't
  • Chinese (?forgot)

Other

• yaxşı - good
  • Proto-IE meH-, wEsu- (?)

• aul - village (field?) (awla - yard)
  • English hall

• aq - "white"
  • Proto-IE arg'- - white, shine
  • Tokharian árki , árkwi- white

• qut - fortune
  • Germanic en: good

• antar - turn over
  • Proto-IE ant front
  • Tokharian ánt through, across, ánt, ánte forehead
  • Germanic anðar other

• tın+ıç - peace
  • Tokharian tunk love

• süt - milk
  • Proto-IE swād sweet

• ülkän - big
  • Tokharian walke long

• beg, büyük, biyik (?)
  • IE *mag- large, many
    • Tokharian makí much

• töbe - hill, peak, crest
  • English top

Incorporate or not?

• sále, sályi - salt (IE *sal- - grey, dirty; salt)
  • tuz
• salu, sol - whole (IE *salw- - whole, healthy)
  • tol-
• särk, sark - an illness
  • ogr-
• IE *sú- - to be born
  • tuğ-
• káryap - harm
  • qab(a)-

Notes

• Tokharian (B?) /ä/ was probably [ɨ]
• When two Tokharian words given, first is Tokharian A, second is Tokharian B
• Tokharian /ç/ is probably [ɕ]
• Tokharian /ts/ and /c/ are different?

Sources

• IE: http://www.bartleby.com/61/
• Tokharian: http://www.wordgumbo.com/ie/cmp/toch.htm
• Altaic: http://starling.rinet.ru/