Turkic sound changes

Also see Turkic Sonority Constraints#Words that changed due to sonority

proto-Altaic to pre-proto-Turkic:

• ʒ, dʒ, d?, n? > j / #_ (?)

pre-proto-Turkic to proto-Turkic:

• no n, m, ŋ, l, r, z, š / #_
• p > ɸ > h / #_
• lenis/fortis merger
  • g > k
  • d > t
• sʲ → š / #_
• rʲ → z
• nʲ → nʲ
• j, dʲ, nʲ → j / #_

proto-Turkic to Sakha

• aa > aa (qaan > xaan "khan", aaç > aas "open", taaş > taas "stone")
• ėė / ee > ie (kėėçe > kiehe "night", keep > kiep "kip, şekil", bėėr- > bier- "give", yėė- > sie- "eat", yėėl > siel "rüzgâr")
• ıı > ıı (ııð > ııt, tııð > tııt- kıız > qııs, qıın > kıın)
• ii > ii (biir > biir, tiiş > tiis, kiir- > kiir- "enter", iil > iil)
• oo > uo (bool- > buol- "be", yool > suol "road", yook > suox "not", oon > uon "ten")
• öö > üö (söök- > üöx- "swear", öögren- > üören- "learn", köök > küök "sky", töört > tüört "four")
• uu > uu (suun- > uun- "sunmak", uur- > uur- "vurmak", buuz > buus (muus) "ice", suub > uu "water")
• üü > üü (küüð- > küüt- "wait", süüt > üüt "milk", küüç > küüs "strength", yüüz > süüs "100")
• ağ / ab > ıa (tağ > tıa "forest", yağ > sıa, ağrığ > ıarıı "ağrı", yaðağ > satı "yayan")
• ağı > ıa (bağır > bıar, sağız > ıas)
• ağu > uo (ağuz > uosax "fresh milk", ağız > uos "lip")
• oğ / ob > uo (toburğaq > tuorax "toprak", oğul > uol "son", boğuz > buos "boğaz")
• uğ / ub > uu (uruğ > uruu "nesil, soy", sub > uu "water")
• iğ > ıı [> ii] (sarığ > arıı "fat", ağrığ > ıarıı, qıðığ > kıtıı "kıyı", kığ > kıı > kii "pislik, gübre")
• eg > ie (tegir- > tier "çevirmek, döndürmek", yegen > sien "yeğen")
• eg > ii / iy (beg > bii, teg- > tiy- "touch")
• ög > öö (tögen > tüön "döven")
• üg > üü (yügen > ügün > üün "dizgin", tüg > tüü (tüy), külüg > külüü "famous")
• ig > ii (elig > ilii "hand", tirilig > tirlig > tillii "living", sigik (<sigdik)> iik "sidik")

Old Turkic phonology

Old Turkic has nine vowel qualities—a /a/, e /æ/, ė /e/, i /i/, ï /ɯ/, o /o/, ö /ø/, u /u/, ü /y/—distinct only in the first syllable of a word, collapsed into four classes elsewhere—a, e, ï, i.

The consonantal system distinguishes between unvoiced, voiced (with fricative variants) and nasal:

labial: p, v (β), m;

dental: t, d (δ), n;

palatal: č, y, ń;

velar: k (q, χ), g (γ), ŋ;

sibilant: s, š, z;

liquid: r, l.

General Persian Phonology

This should be here too, since early Kypchak saw the beginnings of heavy borrowings

proto-Turkic to proto-Kypchak:

Shared with Old Turkic

• V̆ > ∅
• h > ∅ / #_

Not shared with Old Turkic

• nʲ > j
• b > m / #_…n
• G > K / _#
• d > t / _#
• d > t / #_ (kind of, since most later borrowings did this, but later ones from Mongolic, esp. in Kazakh; proto-Tc didn't have #d)
• V > [-rd] / []σ_
• b > v / V _
• v > w
• gm > mg
• rg > rg
• rd > dr (sometimes? just Kazakh?)
• Vg/b/d changes:
  • aG > aw
  • ub > uw
  • ɯG > ɯw
  • oG > uw
  • eb/æb > yj
  • øg > øj
  • ød > øj
  • (d > ð > j / V_)
• æ > e (more æ added by Persian loans)
• s > tʃ / _Vtʃ
• a > æ / _ X V[-back]
• f > w / V _
• f > p
• ŋ > g / σ[_

proto-Kypchak to Kazakh:

Shared with Nogay and Karakalpak, known, inclusive

• ʃ > s
• tʃ > ʃ
• j > dʒ / #_ (not Qara Nogay)
• dʒ > ʒ (not Qara Nogay or Central Nogay)
• ɯw > ɯ / _# (not when morpheme boundary between; i.e., never with -(u)w)

Remainder

• æ > e / #[]σ_
• æ > a / _{x,q}
• æw > ew (?)
• mg > ŋb
• rd > jr
• ʕ > G
• f > w / _]σ
• CC > CIC / _]σ (sometimes)
• h,x > q / σ[_
• (q > x / _]σ)
• h > ∅ / _]σ
• K > G / l_
• ∅ > O / #_{r}
• i → ij / #_]σ (insan → ijnsan, it → ijt)

Kazakh phonology

Kazakh consonant phonemes

	Bilabial		Labio- dental		Dental/ Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal		Velar/ Uvular		Glottal
Plosives	p	b			t	d					k	ɡ
Nasals	m				n						ŋ
Fricatives			(f)	(v)	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	(ɕ)		(x)		h
Affricates									(ʨ)
Tap					ɾ
Approximant	w								j
Lateral approximants					l

Kazakh vowel phonemes

	Front		Back
	Unrounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded
High	ɪ	ʉ	ə	ʊ
Diphthongal	i̯ɪ	u̯ʉ		u̯ʊ
Low	æ		ɑ

proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz:

• jI > I (sometimes?)
• b > m / V_V (sometimes?)
• resulting in long vowels
  • ɯw/uw > uː
  • iw/yw > yː
  • aw > oː
  • ew, æw > øː
  • G > ∅ / V_V
• affecting mostly persian borrowings
  • æ > Aː
  • Vh > Vː
  • h > ∅
  • ʕ > ∅
• j > dʒ / #_
• x > q
• nj > jn
• ∅ > U / #_{l,r}
• eg > ig
• key > kiy

Kyrgyz phonology

Vowels

	front		central1	back
	unrounded	rounded		unrounded	rounded
Close	и [i]	ү [y]		ы [ɯ]	у [u] ю [ju]
mid	э [e] е [je]	ө [ø]			о [o] ё [jo]
open				а [ɑ] я [jɑ]

Consonants

Kirghiz consonant phonemes:

	Bilabial	Dental/ alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar/ uvular
plosive	п б [p] [b]	т д [t] [d]			к г [k]/[q] [g]/[ʁ]
nasal	м [m]	н [n]			ң [ŋ]
trill		р [r]
fricative	(ф) (в) ([f]) ([v])	с з [s] [z]	ш [ʃ]		х [χ]
affricate			ч ж [t​͡ʃ] [d​͡ʒ]
approximant		л [l]		й [j]

Scratch

/m/ vs. /b/

gloss	Kyrgyz	Kazakh	Uzbek	Tatar	Turkish
ago	murun	burun
nose	murun	murun
pistachio	miste	piste
ice	muz	muz		boz
pepper	murç	burış
mustache	murut	murt
1000	miŋ	mıŋ
neck	moyun	moyın
height, shore	boy	boy }} /l/ vs /n/ gloss Kyrgyz Kazakh Uzbek Tatar Turkish responsibility mildet mindet shirt köynök köylek }}