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− | | '''dʰ'''égʷʰ- → '''y'''aq- || ǵʰer-'''dʰ''' → yur'''t'''<br />bʰar'''dʰ''' → buru'''t''' || | + | | '''dʰ'''égʷʰ- → '''y'''aq-<br />'''dʰ'''wer → tȫr || ǵʰer-'''dʰ''' → yur'''t'''<br />bʰar'''dʰ''' → buru'''t''' || |
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| |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel | | |style="font-weight: bold;" | front vowel |
Revision as of 14:14, 8 September 2009
The orthography used to represent Turkic languages on this page is a phonemic system based on Turkish orthography.
This is done to avoid focusing on the phonetic differences between different languages used.
The IPA is used when describing the phonetics of Turkic languages.
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This is a collection of Turkic words which appear at least superficially similar to words in other language groups.
Technology
- altın - gold
- Proto-IE ǵʰel- - to shine
- bulat - steel, balta - axe
- Tokharian porat, peret axe
- Proto-IE pelk'- chop
- ara - saw
- Tokharian áre plough (n.)
- *yurt(ă?) - ring left when yurt is moved (homeland, yurt)
- PIE' ǵʰ—r(+dʰ) to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
- Germanic gard
- English yard
- German garten
- Tokharian warto, wärto garden, grove
- PIE er(+t) earth
- Germanic erθ
- Tokharian B yare gravel
- Semitic ˀarḍ earth
- Mongolian ger yurt
- Proto-IE *wer- defend, close
- *yan(+dir) - to burn v.i. (v.t.)
- Proto-Na-Dené *q’aˑn burn, ignite
- Ket -qan cook, burn, boil
- *köpür-üg - bridge
- Proto-IE *bʰruh- - bridge
- Tokharian pärwāṃ/pärwāne - eyebrow
- *yez - copper
- Proto-IE ??
- Tokharian *yäs → yasa/wäsa
- Latin aurum ← *ausum - gold
- *(y)igne - needle
- Proto-Uralic *äjmä - needle
- *tām - wall, hut
- Proto-IE *dṓm - house / *dema - build
Nature
- alma - apple
- Germanic *æpl
- Russian jablo-
- Latin/Romance pom-
- Greek melo-
- Proto-IE h₂ebl-o-
- kün - day, sun
- Germanic sun
- Tokharian B kaum̩/kon-/kaun- day
- yil - year
- English year
- Proto-IE yōr-
- ań - moon, month
- (Proto-Altaic *ā́ńu, most Turkic ay)
- Latin annus - year
- Gothic *aþni - year
- yer - earth, land
- PIE ġʰ—r(+dʰ) to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
- Germanic gard
- English yard
- German garten
- Tokharian warto, wärto garden, grove
- PIE er(+t) earth
- Germanic erθ
- Tokharian B yare gravel
- Semitic ˀarḍ earth
- Mongolian ger yurt
- Proto-IE *wer- defend, close
- ot - grass
- Tokharian āti grass
- Proto-IE ad- grain
- sub - water
- Proto-IE seu-, su- rain, flow
- Proto-IE *sūwe- to rain
- Tokharian su- / swāsā-
- Greek hǖei̯
- Albanian ši
- Proto-IE *h₂ep- water
- Mongolian us
- Mandarin shui3
- Cantonese seoi2
- yapraq - leaf
- Arabic varaq leaf?, page?
- Persian barg leaf?
- Tokharian pält, pilta
- Proto-IE bʰel
- bulaq - spring, well
- Latin flus- river
- Proto-IE bhleu-gʷ- overflow
- English flow, float
- teke - goat
- Proto-IE tek- - to flow, to run
- Proto-IE digʰ- - goat
- ?lağ - meadow
- Balto-Slavic *plãka (?) pl:łąka, ru:lug
- ökiz - bull
- Proto-IE *uks-en- - ox
- Germanic *uhsōn - ox
- Tokharian B okso - cow
- Mongolic *üker - cow
- balɯq - fish
- Proto-IE l—k salmon
- Proto-IE *pesk/*h₂p-isk- fish
- Germanic *bullaka-z a kind of fish - de: Bolch, nl: bolk
- *tal - willow
- Ket dɯˑl - willow
- Proto-Athabaskan *č’ʷətɬ’ - plant, shrub
- *köl - lake
- Proto-Yeniseian kʰul - water
- çaŋğır - sled
- Proto-Yeniseian *tsehʷəl - snowsled
- yıl- - warm
- Proto-IE *ḱel- - warm/cool
- Proto-IE *gel- - cold
- Proto-IE *gʷʰer- - hot, warm
- *qarğa - crow
- Proto-IE *ḱórw-eh₂- - crow
- *qar(ı)şqır - wolf
- Proto-IE *h₂ŕ̥tḱos - bear
- *sāban (?*-m-) - straw
- Proto-IE *sop-/*sep-? - needle, reed
- *(h?)ayāŕ < *(p?)ańāŕ - frost
- *bulut - cloud
- Proto-IE *melōdʰ - elevation, head
- *yibi- - become wet, soak
- Proto-IE *nebʰ - damp, water, clouds
- *yar- - cliff ([early] Iranian borrowing?)
- Proto-IE *ner - to conceal, cover, hiding place, hollow
- ?badam (Iranic borrowing?) - almond
- *may(?) - fat
- Finno-Ugrian *vaj/voj - butter
- *qadɯŋ - birch
- Proto-Uralic *koxji - birch
- *yal- - to burn, *yalın - flame, *yaş- (yalʲ-) - to blaze, *yalqı- - to glitter
- Proto-IE *dʰel- - light
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine
- ?
- Proto-IE *dʰuH₁-mo- - smoke
- *balır - algae, muck, swamp; *balqaş - swamp
- Proto-IE *bʰ◌lt-?
- Illyrian balta ‘swamp, marsh, white clay’
- Latin blatea f., ‘excrement lump’, adalm. balta ‘sea swamp´
- Ligurian *bolü - ‘swamp, marsh’
- Slavic *bolto- (*bholǝto-) - ‘swamp, marsh, pond, pool, sea’
- O.C.S. blato - ‘sea’
- Ser.-Cr. blȁto - ‘sea, ordure”,
- Russian boloto - swamp, bog; dial. bil - ‘swamp, marsh’; bala (*bhōlü): balaružina - ‘puddle, slop’
- Polish dial. biel f. - ‘marshy wood, forest;
- Clr. balka “ marsh “;
- Lithuanian balà m. - ‘swamp, marsh, moor, fen, pool’
- Albanian baltë f., balt m. - ‘slime, mud, swamp, marsh, white clay’
- English pool
Verbs
- ber - give
- Proto-IE bʰer - carry, bear
- Proto-IE per - go over, carry over, bring
- biş-ir - cook
- Proto-IE pekʷ-
- Russian печь
- Tokharian päk-
- tur - stand, stay
- Germanic en: dare, yi: tor
- Proto-IE ter - to cross, transgress, to stay
- çab- - cut
- English chop
- Spanish zapatas - shoes
- French sabotage
- *iç- - drink
- Proto-IE *h₁egʰʷ (*ekʷ-?) - drink
- Proto-IE *aḱ
- gäp-ir - something said, speak
- English jabber, gab
- Russian говорить - speak
- Proto-IE gebh- - jaw, mouth
- öl - die
- Tokharian wäl
- Germanic (OE) wæl / (ON) val - slain person
- *teg-/*tek- - touch
- Proto-IE *tag- - to touch
- Gothic tēkan
- English touch
- Tokharian B tek/tak
- Latin tangō ??
- öö(j?)- - to think, understand
- yaq- - to light, make burn
- Proto-IE *dʰégʷʰ - to burn (v.t.?)
- *qap- - to snatch
- Proto-IE *gʰabʰ- - to take
- *ket- - to go away, leave
- Proto-IE *ked- - to go, yield
- *qarı- - to grow old
- Proto-IE *gerh₂- - to grow old
- *tug-ur - tent covering
- Proto-IE *tog- - to cover
- *yorı-/yür(i)- - walk / *yügür- - run
- Proto-IE *dʰor- - to jump (at)
- Proto-IE *gʷʰðer- - to run, flow
- *siŋ- - sink into (get soaked up?)
- Proto-IE *teng - to soak, wet
- Proto-IE *sengʷ - to fall, to sink
- *yet- - reach
- Proto-IE *yet - to set out for, to strive
- *tök- - pour out, flow
- Proto-IE tekʷ - to run, flow
- *bar- - to go, walk (away)
- Proto-IE per - go over, carry over, bring
- *bat- - to sink; to fit into, get into
- Proto-IE pet - open [arms] wide; to fall, to fly
- *saĺ- - to untie, loosen, solve
- Proto-IE slab- - loose, weak
- *em- - to suck
- Proto-Uralic *imi- - suck
- *tep- - to step on, trample
- Proto-IE *trep- - to trample, tread
- *türt- - to push
- Proto-IE *tr-eu-d- - to press, push
- *qur- - to build, erect, establish
- Proto-IE *kʷer- - to make (Baltic: erect, build)
- *ögrän- - to learn
- Proto-IE *gʷʰren- - "phrenic"; soul, mind
- *uq- - understand, hear
- Proto-IE *ok- - understand, see
- (only attested in Greek and Germanic)
- Proto-IE *okʷ- - see, eye
- Mongolic *uka - understand, think
- *ös- - grow
- Proto-IE *u̯eis- - sprout, grow
- Proto-IE *u̯og-s- - magnify, increase
- Proto-Germanic *vaks- - grow
- Tokharian A *oks- - grow
Body parts
- Pre-PrTk. *padaq - foot
- Proto-IE *bʰad (*bʰ—ħd) - boot
- el - hand, alaqan - palm of hand, al- - take
- Proto-IE *h₁el- elbow, forearm
- *jajŋaq (jāq) - jaw
- Proto-IE *ǵebʰ- - jaw, mouth
- English jaw
- qulaq - ear
- 'Proto-IE *ḱlew- - to hear
- Tokharian B klautso ?, kl̄aw - to hear
- meŋä / miy (*bejŋi?) - brain
- Russian мозг brain
- Hebrew MWX brain
- Sogdian m'g
- Proto-IE *men- mind
- *burut - mustache
- Proto-IE *bʰardʰ- - beard
- bel - waist
- Latin balteus belt (of Etruscan origin?)
- *bod - body (Kg boy - height, length)
- OE bodig - trunk, chest (of a man or animal), originally "cask;"
- OHG botah
- *yür-ek - heart (but Chuvash çəre)
- *tīş - tooth
- Proto-IE *ǵeus- - to taste
- Proto-IE *h₁dónts - tooth
- *bʲağır - liver
- Proto-IE *yeh₁kwr̥- - liver (maybe *by- or *py-?)
- *beŋ - mole
- Proto-IE *meng- - pretty, beautiful
Numerals
- bīr - one
- English first, fore
- Romance prim-
- Proto-IE prHuo-, pro-wo-, perǝ, pro first, fore, ahead
- Tokharian parwe
- ek(k)i - two
- English second
- Proto-IE sekʷ follow
- Finnish kaksi (?)
- tȫrt - four
- Tokharian çtwar, çtwer
- Proto-IE kwetwores
- bēş - five
- Proto-IE penkwe
- Tokharian pañä, piç, piś
- jet(t)i - seven
- Tokharian s.pät, sukt
- Proto-IE septom
- sek(k)iz - eight
- Tokharian okat, okt
- Proto-IE októ
- yigirmä - twenty
- Tokharian wiki, ikäṃ (PTn *w'īkän)
- tümän - ten thousand
- Tokharian tmām; tumane, tmāne; tumám
People
- er - male, man (?*her (Halaj hir-) ← ?*per)
- Proto-IE *er - bull, male
- Germanic *ærgi (?) - unmasculine?
- Proto-IE *wiro- - man; warrior
- Scythian oior - man (Herodotus)
- Proto-IE *ario-? - master, lord
- ayal - woman, wife
- Tokharian ckácar, tkácer daughter
Grammatical
- qāń - (qaysı - which, qayda - where, qana - where (to), (kim - who,) etc)
- Proto-IE *kʷo
- Proto-Uralic *ke- who
- -mA - verbal negative morpheme
- Tokharian má - not
- Greek má, mé - not
- Sanskrit má - don't
- Mandarin mei2, bu1 - NEG
- Cantonese mo5, ng4 - NEG
- beri - before, since
- IE *prih₁-mó- / *prō-to- foremost
- Russian p(e)red - before, in front of
- English fore
- Latin pre-
Other
- aul - village (field?) (awla - yard)
- āq - white
- Proto-IE *h₂erǵ- - white, shine
- Tokharian árki , árkwi- white
- ant+ar - turn over
- Proto-IE ant front
- Tokharian ánt through, across, ánt, ánte forehead
- Germanic anðar other
- süːt - milk
- Proto-IE *sweh₂d-u- sweet
- Proto-IE *ksweid- milk
- *bek - fast (as in solid/stable)
- man - great
- Proto-IE *meǵ- - great?
- Phrygian meka great
- Greek megas great
- Latin magna ?
- Proto-IE *magʰ- - able/power
- māl - time, moment
- Germanic *mēl time of meal
- en: meal
- yi: mol time
- de: Mahl, Mal
- ters - reverse, backwards
- Proto-IE *ter- - cross over
- Proto-IE *ter / *tero - over/through
- kers - reverse, backwards
- Proto-IE *ǵers - to turn, to bend
- *yal-aŋ/-ŋuz - naked/lone
- *yar-ıq/-qın//-ıl - light, bright//explode
- Kg. ubada- - promise (origin?)
- Proto-IE *wadʰ- - promise
- alıs - far, distant
- Proto-IE *h₂el-yó- - beyond; other
- äli - still (Iranian borrowing?)
- Proto-IE *h₂el-yó- - beyond; other
- *yeŋgü-l - lightweight
- Proto-IE *lengʷʰ- - lightweight
- *ōçuz - thin/light/easy/worthless
- *qula - light yellow, brown
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine (>yellow)
- *boŕ / *bōŕ - grey
- Proto-IE *mor(u) - to blacken, dark spot
- *buŕ / *boŕ - to spoil, be damaged, destroyed
- teŋ - equal
- Proto-IE *tengʰ/tenk/tens - to extend, stretch, span
- Proto-IE tenk - contract
- yāĺıl - green ← yāĺ young
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel - shine; green
- Proto-IE *dʰāl- blossom, be green
- Proto-IE *iēlo- (only Celtic and Balto-Slavic) unripe, raw
- Mongolian zalʊː young
- *bayram - festival (*badram?)
- *tȫr - place of honour in home
Incorporate or not?
- Tokharian sále, sályi - salt (IE *sal- - grey, dirty; salt)
- Tokharian salu, sol - whole (IE *salw- - whole, healthy)
- Tokharian särk, sark - an illness
- IE *sú- - to be born
- Tokharian káryap - harm
- IE weid- - to know
- Turkic bil- (possible, due to sonority stuff)
- IE (En will, Lt vol-, etc)
- Germanic *sūmian- - to miss
- IE *su̯ei- - to make a noise
- Turkic *seb-le - to speak
- IE *h₂eiǵ- - goat
- IE *pel- - grey
- IE *ḱas- - grey
- IE *tark- - to twist
- IE *ǵʰés-ro- - hand
- IE *kaput- - head
- IE *knid- - louse
- IE *plōu- - flea (Pashto vrāž.a)
- Turkic *bürče / *bürge - flea
Cognates with Russian
- murç / burç - pepper
- muz / buz - ice
- moróz - frost (Slavic ?*morz-)
- yarıq, yaruğ, yarqın - light, bright
- qara
- beri - before, since
- pered - before, in front of
- boran - storm
- seb+kil (?) - freckle(s)
- sep- - scatter/sow
- sıdır- - to peel, strip, tear off
Notes
- Tokharian (B?) /ä/ was probably [ɨ]
- When two Tokharian words given, first is Tokharian A, second is Tokharian B
- Tokharian /ç/ is probably [ɕ]
- Tokharian /ts/ and /c/ are different?
PIE-to-Turkic correspondences
This is just for the sake of organising stuff, so I can see better what might be going on, if anything even is..
Labial stops
*p
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
back vowel
|
ph₂tḗr → ∅äke |
|
|
front vowel
|
prih₁- → beri prih₁- → bir pénkʷe → bēş pekʷ → biş- pel → boz pṓds → but
|
|
|
|
*b
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
back vowel
|
|
|
|
front vowel
|
|
|
|
|
*bʰ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
back vowel
|
bʰer- → ber |
gʰabʰ- → qap- |
|
front vowel
|
bʰardʰ → burut bʰ◌ħd → pad-aq |
|
|
|
Coronal stops
*t
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
back vowel
|
|
|
|
front vowel
|
twék- → tǖk tag- → teg- tekʷ → tök |
|
|
|
*d
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
back vowel
|
dáḱru- → yāş dṓm → tām |
pṓds → but |
bʰ◌ħd → pad-aq
|
front vowel
|
digʰo → teke |
|
|
|
*dʰ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
back vowel
|
dʰégʷʰ- → yaq- dʰwer → tȫr |
ǵʰer-dʰ → yurt bʰardʰ → burut |
|
front vowel
|
|
|
|
|
Palatal stops
*ḱ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
back vowel
|
ḱórw-eh₂ → qarğa ḱlew- → qul-aq
|
dáḱru- → yaş
|
|
front vowel
|
ḱel- → yıl ḱḗr → yür-äk ḱes- → kes-
|
|
|
|
*ǵ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
back vowel
|
|
h₂erǵ- → āq |
|
front vowel
|
ǵers → kers |
|
|
|
*ǵʰ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
back vowel
|
ǵʰáns- → qāz ǵʰer- → qar-ın ǵʰel- → qula
|
|
|
front vowel
|
ǵʰel- → ∅altın ǵʰer-dʰ → yur-t
|
|
|
|
Velar stops
*k
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
back vowel
|
|
|
|
front vowel
|
ked- → ket- |
twék- → tǖk |
uks → ökiz
|
|
*g
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
back vowel
|
gerh₂- → qarı- |
|
|
front vowel
|
gal- → yal- |
tag- → teg- |
|
|
*gʰ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
back vowel
|
gʰabʰ- → qap- |
|
|
front vowel
|
|
|
digʰo → teke
|
|
Labialised stops
*kʷ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
back vowel
|
kʷo → qāń kʷer- → qur- |
sekʷ- → saqı |
|
front vowel
|
|
pekʷ → biş- pénkʷe → bēş tekʷ → tök- |
|
|
*gʷ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
back vowel
|
gʷer → ağır |
|
|
front vowel
|
|
|
|
|
*gʷʰ
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
back vowel
|
|
dʰégʷʰ → yaq |
|
front vowel
|
gʷʰer- → yar- |
h₁egʷʰ → iç- |
lengʷʰ-◌ → yengü-l
|
|
Other
*n
|
_C]σ
|
back vowel
|
|
ǵʰáns- → qā∅s → qā∅z
|
front vowel
|
|
pénkʷe → bē∅ş
|
front vowel
|
|
h₁dónts → tī∅ş
|
*w
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
back vowel
|
|
ḱórw-eh₂ → qarğa |
ḱlew- → qulaq
|
front vowel
|
|
|
*m
|
beginning |
end |
other
|
back vowel
|
|
|
|
front vowel
|
|
|
Sources