Turkic *z

Turkic-internal evidence

• Non-productive morphemes in Turkic#r/z and l/ş alternations
• Non-productive morphemes in Turkic#Causatives
• Turkic words that shouldn't be as they are#!!!
• Turkic words that shouldn't be as they are#Tuvan (see ergi)
• The pronouns

Turkic-external evidence

*s → s/z/r/r

• *qās (← PIE *ǵʰáns?)
  • *qās — sah: xās, kjh: xas, tyv/alt/cjs: qas
  • *qāz — kaz/kir: qaz, gag: qāz, tuk: ğāz
  • *qār — chv: xur

• *sese- (← PIE *sent-?)
  • *ses-
  • *sez-
  • *sere-

• *yes (← PIE *ai̯os / Tokh. *yäs / Tokh. A. yasa ?)
  • *jes/*çes
  • *yez/*jez

• *yās (← PIE *i̯ōr-?)
  • *jās/*çās
  • *yāz/jāz
  • *jār/*çār chv: śur

• *hökiz (← PIE *uks-en-, *pek-u- ?)
  • *ökis/*öküs — sah: oğus
  • *ökiz/*öküz
  • *ökür — chv: wåkår
  • *hüker/*hükür

• *busağu/bısağu (← PIE *mozǵʰo-s ?)
  • *bısağ(u)/*busağ(u) — tyv: bızā, alt: bıza, cjs: puza, kjs: pızo
  • *buzağ(u)/*bısağ(u) — kaz: buzaw, tat: bızaw, kir: muzō, uzb: buzåq, uig: mozaj, tur: buzağu, gag: buzā, aze: bızov
  • *burağ(u) — chv: påru
  • *birağu/*burağu

• *sira(?) ‘marsh, dirt’
  • *sas — alt/khj/: sas
  • *saz/*sāz — kaz/kir/tat/nog/uig: saz, bak: hað, uzb: såz
  • *şār(?) — chv: şur/şur(ə), hun: šār
  • *sira-ğu — mng: širağu

*s → r/r/r/r

just a list to sort for now

• *semis, *semis- → semis/semiz, semir-
• *kör
• *bilek+*yüzük → bilezik/bilerik
• (är-)
• *as, *asaŋ → as/az, araŋ

*s → s/s/s/s

• *kes(?)-
  • *kes-/*ke's-
  • *kes-/*käs-
  • *kas-
  • *kasu-