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| The pronunciation of words, as per Jonathan North Washington
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| == [ʌ] ==
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| * strawberry - [ˈstʰɻʌbÆɹij] | | * strawberry - [ˈstɹʌbÆɹij] |
| * wash - [wʌʃ] | | * wash - [wʌʃ] |
| * Washington - [ˈwʌʃɪŋtɩn] | | * Washington - [ˈwʌʃɪŋtɪn] |
| * squash - [skwʌʃ] | | * squash - [skwʌʃ] |
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| == [wɔ] ==
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| * quarter - [ˈkʰɔɻɾɻ] (''but'' quarry - ['kwɔɻij])
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| * quartz, quarts, courts - [kʰɔɹts] ('''is there a difference in aspiration?''')
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|
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| == [ɛ] ==
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| * catch - [kʰɛʧ]
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| * that (conj) - [ðɛt]
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| * antenna - [ɛnˈtɛnə]
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|
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| == [ʌj] ==
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| * /ɑj/ before voiced consonants is [ɑj]
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| ** 'eyes' [ɑjz]
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| ** 'bide' [bɑjd]
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| * /ɑj/ before unvoiced consonants is [ʌj]
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| ** 'ice' [ʌjs]
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| ** 'bite' [bʌjt]
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| * there are "exceptions" (they ''could'' be rule-based, having something to do with what counts as syllable-coda, or maybe part-of-speech?)
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| ** Idaho [ʌj], Ida [ʌj]
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| ** cider [ʌj], spider [ʌj]
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| ** icon [ɑj], nikon [ʌj], daikon [ɑj]
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| ** cyclops [ʌj / ?ɑj], but psycho [ʌj / *ɑj]
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| ** irregular plurals:
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| *** life [ləi̯f] → lives [ləi̯vz], *[lai̯vz]
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| * interesting contrasts:
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| ** high [ɑj], high school [ʌj]
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| ** 'I scream' [ɑj], 'ice cream' [ʌj]
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| == [Æ] ==
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| See [[Æ]] for phonetic information on this vowel.
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| * /ej/ before /l,r/ is [Æ]
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| ** ail/ale - [Æl]
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| *** Al - [æl] (shows /æ/Æ/ contrast)
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| *** trailer (before a movie) - [ˈtˢɻʰÆlɻ]
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| *** trailer (behind a truck) - [ˈtˢɻʰejlɻ]
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| *** mailing / Maling (/Æ/ej/)
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| *** Beowulf (/Æ/)
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| **** tractor-trailer (the way I said it as a kid) - [ˈtˢɻʰæktɻ ˌtˢɻʰÆlɻ]
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| **** those two 'trailer's have recently merged to [ˈtˢɻʰejlɻ], but trail+er is still [ˈtˢɻʰÆlɻ]
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| *** nightmare - [ˈnʌjtmejɻ]
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| *** "night mare" - [ˈnʌjtmÆɻ]
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| ** air - [Ær]
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| * /æ/ before /m,n/ is [Æ]
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| ** an, hand - [Æn], [hÆnd]
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| *** Hannah - [ˈhænə]
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| * /æ/ before /ŋ,g/ is [æj]
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| ** wagon, hang - [wæjgɩn], [hæjŋ]
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| == /ɩ/ (vs. /ə/ & /ɪ/) ==
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| * Reduced vowels are typically realised as [ə] in English:
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| ** about — [ə ˈbau̯t]
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| ** beneath — [bə ˈniːθ]
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| ** Winnepesauki — [wɪ nə pə ˈsɒ ki]
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| ** onomatopœia — [ɑ nə mɑ ɾə ˈpiː ə]
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| * In closed syllalbes, reduced vowels are realised as [ɩ]:
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| ** This is visible in the application of several morphemes.
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| *** rose-s — /ˈɻɤo̯ zɩz/
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| *** test-ed — /ˈtʰɛ stɩd/
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| *** ox-en — /ˈɑk sɩn/
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| ** This can be seen in many other words.
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| *** Jonathan — /ˈʤɑ nə θɩn/
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| *** happen(ed) — /ˈhæ pɩn(d)/
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| ** This can also be demonstrated derivationally.
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| *** religion — /ɻə ˈlɪ ʤɩn/
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| *** religionise — /ɻə ˈlɪ ʤə nɑi̯z/ (some less morphemic parsings lend to /ɻə ˈlɪ ʤɩ nɑi̯z/, with an almost syllabic [ʤ̩] often
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| * In a closed syllable with a labial coda, reduced vowels are realised as [ə]:
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| ** This is visible in the application of several (clitical) morphemes.
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| *** he'll've — [ˈhɪl əv]
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| *** get 'em — [ˈgɛ ɾəm]
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| ** This is visible in some other words, though I can mostly only think of names and made-up words.
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| *** item — [ˈʌi̯ ɾəm], victim — [ˈvɪk(t) təm]
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| *** Jacob — [ˈʤe kəp]
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| *** Caleb — [ˈkʰei̯ ləb]
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| *** *soroft — [ˈsɔɻ əft]
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| ** I take that back; I seem to've found some good examples
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| *** turnip — [ˈtɻnəp]
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| *** victim — [ˈvɪkt təm]
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| *** system — [ˈsɪs stəm]
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| *** bottom — [ˈbɑ ɾəm]
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| *** custom — [ˈkʌs stəm]
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| *** olive — [ˈɑləv]
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| *** exclusive — [ɛkˈsklusəv]
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| *** sheriff — [ˈʃᴁɻəf]
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| *** Phillip — [ˈfɪləp]
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| *** gossip — [ˈgɑsəp]
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| *** atom — [ˈæɾəm]
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| *** pilgrim — [ˈpɪlgɻɪm]
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| *** bottom — [ˈbɑɾəm]
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| *** interim — [ˈɪn.ɻ.əm]
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| *** tulip — [ˈtʉ.ləp]
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| * Words with "normal" reduced /ɪ/
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| ** culprit — ['kəlprɪt]
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|
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| * Data that still need to be considered:
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| ** words like:
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| *** confuse
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| *** condition
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| ** other words like:
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| *** civil, civilisation
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| *** get 'im vs. get 'em
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| **** get 'im [ˈkɛɾɪm] (unexpected}
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| **** get 'em [ˈkɛɾəm] (expected, but contrast unexpected)
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| *** presumably ('''how do I syllabify this??''')
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| ** the pair mistake [mɨ(s)ʼstejk] / mistook [mɪs'tʊk]
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| ** -tion /ʃɪn/ (expected)
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| ** -ive /ɪv/ (unexpected)
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| ** -ic /ɪk/ (unexpected)
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|
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| == [ɒ] as an allophone of /ɑ/ ==
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| * /ɑ/ → [ɒ] / _ {ɻ,l}
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| * Except before /l/ it seems to be only at the end of syllables (or morpheme boundaries):
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| ** collar / caller = [kɑlɻ̩] / [kɒlɻ̩]
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| ** holler / hauler = [hɑlɻ̩] / [hɒlɻ̩]
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| ** similar to Maling / mailing = [mei̯lɪŋ] / [mᴁlɪŋ] [[#.5B.C3.86.5D|above]]
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| ** collie [kɑli]
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| ** cauliflower [kɑləflawɻ̩]
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| ** also similar to /ə/ and /ʌ/ merging and then splitting again to [ə] and [ɨ] (the latter of which's merged with /ɪ/ now).
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|
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| == voicing ==
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| Some consonants are [un]voiced in a way that's unexpected:
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|
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| * Jacob — [ˈʤe kəp]
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| * Virginia — [ˈfɻʤɪnjə]
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| * ostrich, sandwich — [ˈɒstɻɪdʒ], [ˈsÆndwɪdʒ]
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| * congratulations — [kn̩gɻæʤəˈlei̯ʃɪndz]
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|
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| Also, it's interesting to look at stuff across syllable boundaries. Not sure what the phonetics are like, should investigate some time.
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|
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| * substitute — [ˈsʌpstətʉt]
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| * hubcap — [ˈhʌpkæp] (?)
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| * Presbyterian
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|
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| == other ==
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| * comfortable - [ˈkʰʌ̃ftʰɻb(ə)ɫ]
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| * Wednesday - [ˈwɛn(d)zdej]
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| * February - [ˈfɛbjʉwÆɻij]
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| * Adirondecks - [ædɻ̩ˈɑndæks]
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| * helicopter - [ˈhɪləkɑptɻ]
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|
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| == Deletion ==
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|
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| === /ə/ in first syllable ===
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| * p(o)tato
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| * p(a)thetic
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| * k(a)tana
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| * t(o)mato
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| * v(a)riety
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| * p(o)litical [plɪ.ɾə.kɨl]
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|
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| === /ə/ elsewhere ===
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| The generalisation here seems to be that after a stressed syllable, /ə/ is deleted when /ɻ̯/ or /l/ (or /n/) that can start a syllable follows. These are also all formerly penultimate /ə/s, making the stressed syllable now penultimate.
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|
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| ==== As a table ====
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| ! !! V !! j !! w !! r !! l !! m !! n !! ŋ !! vcd fric !! vcless fric !! vcd stop !! vcless stop
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| |-
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| ! V
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| | Be(o)wulf [ˈbei.wʊlf]
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| | the(o)ry [ˈθiɻ.i]
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| | vi(o)let [ˈvɑɪ̯lɪʔ]<br />vi(o)lent [ˈvɑɪ̯lɪ̃ʔ]<br />vi(o)lence [ˈvɑɪ̯.lɪns]<br />alve(o)lar [ælˈvi.lɻ]<br />Samuel [ˈsᴁm.jʊl] / [ˈsᴁm.jəl]<br />cas(u)alty [ˈkæʒ.əl.ti]<br />
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| jew(e)lry [ˈʤul.ɻi](~[ʤu.lɻ.i])<br />
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| jew(e)ler [ˈʤu.lɻ]
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| | di(a)mond [ˈdɑi̯.mɪnd]
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| | may(o)nnaise [ˈmᴁn.ei̯z]<br />Li(o)nel [ˈlɑi.nəl]<br />Ro(a)noke [ˈɻo.nok]
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| | valu(a)ble [ˈvæl.jʉ.bʊl](jʉ~jɨ~jə)
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| | di(a)per [ˈdəi̯.pɻ]<br />le(o)pard [ˈlɛ.pɻd]<br />je(o)pardy [ˈʤɛ.pɻ.ɾi]
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| |-
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| ! j
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| |-
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| ! w
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| |-
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| ! r
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| |temper(a)mental [ˌtɛmp.ɻˈmɛn.l]
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| |or(a)nge [ˈoɻnʤ]<br />
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| veter(i)narian [vɛɾ.ɻˈnᴁɻ.i.ɪn]<br />
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| col(o)nel [ˈkɻ.nəl]
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| |Dor(o)thy [ˈdɔɻ.θi]
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| |miser(a)ble [ˈmɪz.ɻ.bʊl]
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| |-
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| ! l
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| |-
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| ! m
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| | adm(i)ral [ˈædˌmɻɨl]<br />
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| cam(e)ra [ˈkᴁm.ɻə]<br />
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| num(e)ral [ˈnʉm.ɻəl]<br />
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| em(e)rald [ˈɛm.ɻəld]<br />
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| Cam(e)ron [ˈkᴁm.ɻɪn]<br />
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| hem(o)rrhage [ˈhɛm.ɻɪʤ]<br />
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| hem(o)rrhoid [ˈhɛm.ɻɔɪ̯d]<br />
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| adm(i)rable [ˈæd.mɻə.bɨl]
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| |fam(i)ly<br />
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| om(e)lette [ˈɑm.lɪʔ]
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| | nom(i)native [ˈnɑm.nə.ɾɪv]
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| |-
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| ! n
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| | gen(e)ral<br />
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| gen(e)ralise<br />
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| gen(e)ralisation<br />
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| fun(e)ral [ˈfɪu̯n.ɻʊl]<br />
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| min(e)ral [ˈmɪn.ɻəl] (cf. mineralogy [mɪn.ɻˈɑl.ə.ʤi])
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| |-
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| ! ŋ
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| |-
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| ! vcd fric
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| | fav(ou)rite<br />
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| sev(e)ral<br />
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| ev(e)ry [ˈɛvɻi]<br />
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| Ev(e)rette [ˈɛvrɪʔ]<br />
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| rev(e)rence [ˈɻɛv.ɻɪns]<br />
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| rev(e)rend [ˈɻɛv.ɻɪnd]<br />
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| sov(e)reign [ˈsɑv.ɻɪn]<br />
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| bev(e)rage [ˈbɛv.ɻɪʤ]<br />
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| av(e)rage [ˈæv.ɻɪʤ]<br />
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| Ev(e)rest [ˈɛv.ɻɪst]<br />
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| cov(e)rage [ˈkəv.ɻɪʤ]<br />
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| lev(e)rage [ˈlɛv.ɻɪʤ]<br />
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| mis(e)rable [ˈmɪz.ɻə.bʊl]<br />
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| Canav(e)ral [kəˈnæv.ɻəl]
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| |priv(i)lege<br />trav(e)ller [ˈtɻæv.lɻ]
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| |unfath(o)mable [ənˈfæð.mə.bʊl] (cf. fathom [ˈfæðəm])
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| |ev(e)ning [ˈiv.nɪŋ]<br />
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| reas(o)nable [ˈɻiz.nə.bʊl]<br />
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| bus(i)ness [ˈbɪz.nɪs]<br />
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| ~pris(o)ner [ˈpɻɪzn̩ɻ̩] / [ˈprɪznɻ̩]
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| |-
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| ! vcless fric
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| |? naus(e)ous [ˈnɒ.ʃɪs] (deletion of /i/??)<br />
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| | diff(e)rent [ˈdɪf.ɻɪ̃ʔ]<br />
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| diff(e)rence [ˈdɪf.ɻɪns]<br />
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| ref(e)rence [ˈɻɛf.ɻɪns]<br />
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| diff(e)rent [ˈdɪf.ɻɪ̃ʔ]<br />
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| conf(e)rence [ˈkɑn.fɻɪns]
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| | couns(e)lor [ˈkæu̯ns.lɻ]<br />Cath(o)lic
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| | math(e)maticians [mæθ.məˈtɪ.ʃɪns]
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| |-
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| ! vcd stop
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| |? outrag(e)ous [au̯ʔˈɻei̯.ʤɪs] (deletion of /i/??)
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| | lib(e)ral [ˈlɪb.ɻəl]<br />
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| callab(o)rative [kəˈlæ.bɻə.ɾɪv]<br />
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| Barb(a)ra [ˈbɒɻˌbɻə]<br />
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| delib(e)rate [dəˈlɪ.bɻɨʔ] (cf. deliberate (v.) [dəˈlɪ.bɻ.eiʔ])<br />
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| lab(o)ratory<br />
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| fed(e)ral<br />
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| Fred(e)rick [ˈfɻɛ.dɻɪk]<br />
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| bound(a)ry [ˈbau̯n.dɻi]<br />
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| considerable [kənˈsɪ.ɾɻ.ə.bɨl] (*consid(e)rable)<br />
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| collab(o)rative [kəˈlæ.bɻə.ɾɨv] (cf. collaborate [kəˈlæ.bɻ.eiʔ]
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| | resemblance [ɻəˈzɛm.blɪns] (cf. resemble [ɻəˈzɛm.bʊl]<br />
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| assembly [əˈsɛm.bli] (cf. assemble [əˈsɛm.bʊl], others' assembly [əˈsɛm.bʊl.i]
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| | cabinet */kʰæbənɪʔ/, */kʰæbnɪʔ/, √/kʰæbn̩ɪt/<br />
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| gard(e)ner [ˈgɒɻd.nɻ] (cf. garden [ˈgɒɻ.ɾɪn])<br />
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| card(i)nal [ˈkɒɻd.nəl] (cf. cardinality [ˌkɒɻ.ɾəˈnæl.ə.ɾi]<br />
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| ord(i)nance [ˈɔrd.nɪns] (cf. ordinality [ˌɔɻ.ɾəˈnæl.ə.ɾi]
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| |veg(e)table [ˈvɛʧtəbl̩] (not tʰ!)
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| |-
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| ! vcless stop
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| |asp(i)rin /ˈæs.pɻɪn/<br />
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| prep(a)ratory?<br />
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| resp(i)ratory<br />
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| temp(e)rature<br />
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| sep(a)rate (adj.)<br />
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| desp(e)rate [ˈdɛs.pɻɪʔ]<br />
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| amp(e)rage [ˈᴁmpɻɪʤ] (syllabification?)<br />
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| temp(o)ral [ˈtɛmp.ɻəl] (syllabicity? but compare temporary [ˈtɛmp.ɻ.ᴁɻ.i]<br />
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| desp(e)rate [ˈdɛs.pɻɪʔ]<br />
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| op(e)rative [ˈɑp.ɻə.ɾɪv] (cf. operate [ˈɑ.pɻ.ei̯ʔ]<br />
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| corp(o)rate [ˈkɔɻ.pɻɪʔ]<br />
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| op(e)ra [ˈɑp.ɻə]<br />
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| laˈp(a)roscopy / ˌlap(a)roˈscopic<br />
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| diasp(o)ra [dɑɪ̯ˈæ.spɻə]<br />
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| corp(o)ra [ˈkɔɻ.pɻə]<br />
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| ast(e)roid<br />
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| int(e)rest [ˈɪn.tɻɪst]<br />
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| element(a)ry [ɛl.əˈmɛn.tɻi]<br />
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| dext(e)rous [ˈdɛks.tɻɪs]<br />
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| complement(a)ry [kɑmp.ləˈmɛn.tɻi] / ??[kɑmp.ləˈmɛ.nɻ.i]<br />
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| entrance [ˈɛn.tɻɪns] (cf. enter [ˈɛnɻ])
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| |Zepp(e)lin [ˈzɛp.lɪn]
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| | short(e)ning (noun) [ˈʃɔɻʔnɪŋ]<br />
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| plat(i)num [ˈplæʔ.nəm]<br />
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| fright(e)ning [ˈfɻəɪ̯ʔ.nɪŋ]<br />
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| light(e)ning [ˈləɪ̯ʔnɪŋ]<br />
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| Nitt(a)ny [ˈnɪʔni]<br />
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| Britt(a)ny [ˈbɻɪʔni]<br />
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| tet(a)nus [ˈtɛʔnɪs]<br />
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| ret(i)na [ˈɻɛʔnə]
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| |-
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| | affricate
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| | imag(e)ry [ˈɪ.mɪ.ʤɻi]/[ˈɪ.mɪʤ.ɻi]
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| | bach(e)lor [ˈbæʧ.lɻ]
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| |}
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|
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| <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
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|
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| ==== Immediately following a stressed vowel ====
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| * vi(o)let [ˈvɑɪ̯lɪʔ]
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| * vi(o)lent [ˈvɑɪ̯lɪ̃ʔ]
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| * vi(o)lence [ˈvɑɪ̯.lɪns]
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| * the(o)ry [ˈθiɻ.i]
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| * alve(o)lar [ælˈvi.lɻ]
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| * valu(a)ble [ˈvæl.jʉ.bʊl](jʉ~jɨ~jə)
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| * di(a)mond [ˈdɑi̯.mɪnd]
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| * di(a)per [ˈdəi̯.pɻ]
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| * Samuel [ˈsᴁm.jʊl] / [ˈsᴁm.jəl]
| |
| * may(o)nnaise [ˈmᴁn.ei̯z]
| |
| * cas(u)alty [ˈkæʒ.əl.ti]
| |
| * Be(o)wulf [ˈbei.wʊlf]
| |
| * le(o)pard [ˈlɛ.pɻd]
| |
| * je(o)pardy [ˈʤɛ.pɻ.ɾi]
| |
| * Ro(a)noke [ˈɻo.nok]
| |
|
| |
| ==== V́C[labial]_C[liquid] ====
| |
| ===== V́v_r =====
| |
| * fav(ou)rite
| |
| * sev(e)ral
| |
| * ev(e)ry [ˈɛvɻi]
| |
| * Ev(e)rette [ˈɛvrɪʔ]
| |
| * rev(e)rence [ˈɻɛv.ɻɪns]
| |
| * rev(e)rend [ˈɻɛv.ɻɪnd]
| |
| * sov(e)reign [ˈsɑv.ɻɪn]
| |
| * bev(e)rage [ˈbɛv.ɻɪʤ]
| |
| * av(e)rage [ˈæv.ɻɪʤ]
| |
| * Ev(e)rest [ˈɛv.ɻɪst]
| |
| * cov(e)rage [ˈkəv.ɻɪʤ]
| |
| * lev(e)rage [ˈlɛv.ɻɪʤ]
| |
| * Canav(e)ral [kəˈnæv.ɻəl]
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́v_l =====
| |
| * priv(i)lege
| |
| * trav(e)ller [ˈtɻæv.lɻ]
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́m_r =====
| |
| * adm(i)ral [ˈædˌmɻɨl]
| |
| * cam(e)ra [ˈkᴁm.ɻə]
| |
| * num(e)ral [ˈnʉm.ɻəl]
| |
| * em(e)rald [ˈɛm.ɻəld]
| |
| * Cam(e)ron [ˈkᴁm.ɻɪn]
| |
| * hem(o)rrhage [ˈhɛm.ɻɪʤ]
| |
| * hem(o)rrhoid [ˈhɛm.ɻɔɪ̯d]
| |
| * adm(i)rable [ˈæd.mɻə.bɨl]
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́m_l =====
| |
| * fam(i)ly
| |
| * om(e)lette [ˈɑm.lɪʔ]
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́p_r =====
| |
| * asp(i)rin /ˈæs.pɻɪn/
| |
| * prep(a)ratory?
| |
| * resp(i)ratory
| |
| * temp(e)rature
| |
| * sep(a)rate (adj.)
| |
| * desp(e)rate [ˈdɛs.pɻɪʔ]
| |
| * amp(e)rage [ˈᴁmpɻɪʤ] (syllabification?)
| |
| * temp(o)ral [ˈtɛmp.ɻəl] (syllabicity? but compare temporary [ˈtɛmp.ɻ.ᴁɻ.i]
| |
| * desp(e)rate [ˈdɛs.pɻɪʔ]
| |
| * op(e)rative [ˈɑp.ɻə.ɾɪv] (cf. operate [ˈɑ.pɻ.ei̯ʔ]
| |
| * corp(o)rate [ˈkɔɻ.pɻɪʔ]
| |
| * op(e)ra [ˈɑp.ɻə]
| |
| * ? naus(e)ous [ˈnɒ.ʃɪs] (deletion of /i/??)
| |
| * ? outrag(e)ous [au̯ʔˈɻei̯.ʤɪs] (deletion of /i/??)
| |
| * laˈp(a)roscopy / ˌlap(a)roˈscopic
| |
| * diasp(o)ra [dɑɪ̯ˈæ.spɻə]
| |
| * corp(o)ra [ˈkɔɻ.pɻə]
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́p_l =====
| |
| * Zepp(e)lin [ˈzɛp.lɪn]
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́b_r =====
| |
| * lib(e)ral [ˈlɪb.ɻəl]
| |
| * callab(o)rative [kəˈlæ.bɻə.ɾɪv]
| |
| * Barb(a)ra [ˈbɒɻˌbɻə]
| |
| * delib(e)rate [dəˈlɪ.bɻɨʔ] (cf. deliberate (v.) [dəˈlɪ.bɻ.eiʔ])
| |
| * lab(o)ratory
| |
| * collab(o)rative [kəˈlæ.bɻə.ɾɨv] (cf. collaborate [kəˈlæ.bɻ.eiʔ]
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́b_l =====
| |
| * resemblance [ɻəˈzɛm.blɪns] (cf. resemble [ɻəˈzɛm.bʊl]
| |
| * assembly [əˈsɛm.bli] (cf. assemble [əˈsɛm.bʊl], others' assembly [əˈsɛm.bʊl.i]
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́f_r =====
| |
| * diff(e)rent [ˈdɪf.ɻɪ̃ʔ]
| |
| * diff(e)rence [ˈdɪf.ɻɪns]
| |
| * ref(e)rence [ˈɻɛf.ɻɪns]
| |
| * diff(e)rent [ˈdɪf.ɻɪ̃ʔ]
| |
| * conf(e)rence [ˈkɑn.fɻɪns]
| |
|
| |
| ==== other ====
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́t_r =====
| |
| * ast(e)roid
| |
| * int(e)rest [ˈɪn.tɻɪst]
| |
| * element(a)ry [ɛl.əˈmɛn.tɻi]
| |
| * dext(e)rous [ˈdɛks.tɻɪs]
| |
| * complement(a)ry [kɑmp.ləˈmɛn.tɻi] / ??[kɑmp.ləˈmɛ.nɻ.i]
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́n_r =====
| |
| * gen(e)ral
| |
| * gen(e)ralise
| |
| * gen(e)ralisation
| |
| * fun(e)ral [ˈfɪu̯n.ɻʊl]
| |
| * min(e)ral [ˈmɪn.ɻəl] (cf. mineralogy [mɪn.ɻˈɑl.ə.ʤi])
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́s_l =====
| |
| * couns(e)lor [ˈkæu̯ns.lɻ]
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́d_r =====
| |
| * fed(e)ral
| |
| * Fred(e)rick [ˈfɻɛ.dɻɪk]
| |
| * bound(a)ry [ˈbau̯n.dɻi]
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́θ_l =====
| |
| * Cath(o)lic
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́ʧ_l =====
| |
| * bach(e)lor [ˈbæʧ.lɻ]
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́..ʤ_r =====
| |
| * imag(e)ry [ˈɪ.mɪ.ʤɻi]/[ˈɪ.mɪʤ.ɻi]
| |
|
| |
| ==== V́C[dorsal]_C[liquid] ====
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́k_l =====
| |
| * choc(o)late [ˈʧɒk.lɪʔ]
| |
| * -ic(a)lly words:
| |
| ** basic(a)lly [ˈbei̯sɪkli]
| |
| ** technic(a)lly [ˈtɛknɪkli]
| |
| ** etc.
| |
| * Berk(e)ley [ˈbɻk.li]
| |
| * Jacq(ue)line [ˈʤæklɪn]
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́k_r =====
| |
| * dec(o)rative [ˈdɛkɻərɪv] -[tʰɪv]?
| |
| ===== V́g_l =====
| |
| ===== V́g_r =====
| |
| * Marg(a)ret [ˈmɒɻ.gɻɪʔ]
| |
| * Niag(a)ra [nɑi̯ˈæi̯.gɻə]
| |
|
| |
| ==== n ====
| |
| ===== V́v_n =====
| |
| * ev(e)ning [ˈiv.nɪŋ] (otherwise expected, but newscasters have been saying [ˈiv.ə.nɪŋ] recently)
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́b_n =====
| |
| * cabinet */kʰæbənɪʔ/, */kʰæbnɪʔ/, √/kʰæbn̩ɪt/
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́t_n =====
| |
| * short(e)ning (noun) [ˈʃɔɻʔnɪŋ]
| |
| * plat(i)num [ˈplæʔ.nəm]
| |
| * fright(e)ning [ˈfɻəɪ̯ʔ.nɪŋ]
| |
| * light(e)ning [ˈləɪ̯ʔnɪŋ]
| |
| * Nitt(a)ny [ˈnɪʔni]
| |
| * Britt(a)ny [ˈbɻɪʔni]
| |
| * tet(a)nus [ˈtɛʔnɪs]
| |
| * ret(i)na [ˈɻɛʔnə]
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́d_n =====
| |
| * gard(e)ner [ˈgɒɻd.nɻ] (cf. garden [ˈgɒɻ.ɾɪn])
| |
| * card(i)nal [ˈkɒɻd.nəl] (cf. cardinality [ˌkɒɻ.ɾəˈnæl.ə.ɾi]
| |
| * ord(i)nance [ˈɔrd.nɪns] (cf. ordinality [ˌɔɻ.ɾəˈnæl.ə.ɾi]
| |
|
| |
| ===== V́z_n =====
| |
| * reas(o)nable [ˈɻiz.nə.bʊl]
| |
| * bus(i)ness [ˈbɪz.nɪs]
| |
|
| |
| ===== other n =====
| |
| * or(a)nge [ˈoɻnʤ]
| |
| * nom(i)native [ˈnɑm.nə.ɾɪv]
| |
|
| |
| ==== variation ====
| |
| * miser(a)ble [ˈmɪz.ɻ.bʊl] / mis(e)rable [ˈmɪz.ɻə.bʊl]
| |
| * veter(i)narian [vɛɾ.ɻˈnᴁɻ.i.ɪn] / ?vet(e)rinarian ??[ˌvɛ.tɻəˈnᴁɻ.i.ɪn]
| |
| * ?Li(o)nel [ˈlɑi.nəl] / Lionel [ˈlɑi.ə.nʊl]
| |
|
| |
| ==== other ====
| |
| * col(o)nel [ˈkɻ.nəl]
| |
| * math(e)maticians [mæθ.məˈtɪ.ʃɪns]
| |
| * Dor(o)thy [ˈdɔɻ.θi]
| |
| * veg(e)table [ˈvɛʧtəbl̩] (not tʰ!)
| |
| * entrance [ˈɛn.tɻɪns] (cf. enter [ˈɛnɻ])
| |
| * unfathomable [ənˈfæð.mə.bʊl] (cf. fathom [ˈfæðəm])
| |
| * jew(e)lry [ˈʤul.ɻi](~[ʤu.lɻ.i])
| |
| * jew(e)ler [ˈʤu.lɻ]
| |
| * temper(a)mental [ˌtɛmp.ɻˈmɛn.l]
| |
| * Zor(o)astrian
| |
|
| |
| ==== But no deletion: ====
| |
| * finalize
| |
| * separate (v.t.)
| |
| * shortening (verb)
| |
| * celery [ˈsɛl.ɻ.i]
| |
| * colony [ˈkɑl.ə.ni]
| |
| * dynamite [ˈdɑɪ.nə.məɪʔ]
| |
| * analyse [ˈᴁn.ə.lɑɪz]
| |
| * Nicholas [ˈnɪk.ə.lɪs]
| |
| * vinegar [ˈvɪn.ə.gɻ]
| |
| * calorie [ˈkæl.ɻ.i]
| |
| * limerick [ˈlɪm.ɻ.ɪk]
| |
| * operation [̩ɑp.ɻˈei̯.ʃɪn]
| |
| * filament [ˈfɪl.ə.mɪ̃ʔ]
| |
| * licorice [ˈlɪk.ɻ.ɪs]/[ˈlɪk.ɻ.ɪʃ]
| |
| * decorate [ˈdɛk.ɻ.eiʔ]
| |
| * interim [ˈɪn.ɻ.əm] ?*[ˈɪn.(t)ɻəm]
| |
| * generous [ˈʤɛn.ɻ.ɪs]
| |
| * generate [ˈʤɛn.ɻ.eiʔ]
| |
| * maintenance [ˈmẽi̯ʔ.n̩.ɪns]
| |
| * enumerate [əˈnʉ.mɻ.ei̯ʔ]
| |
| * summary [ˈsəm.ɻ.i]
| |
| * collaborate [kəˈlæ.bɻˌei̯ʔ]
| |
| * corporation [ˌkɔɻp.ɻˈei.ʃɪn]
| |
| * genitive [ˈʤɛn.ə.ɾɪv]
| |
| * Jonathan [ˈʤɑn.ə.θɪn]
| |
| * Bethany [ˈbɛθ.ɨ.ni]
| |
| * quality [ˈkwɒl.ə.ɾi]
| |
| * qualify [ˈkwɒl.ə.fɑɪ]
| |
| * quanity [ˈkwɑn.ə.ɾi]
| |
| * diadem [ˈdɑɪ.əˌdɛm]
| |
| * Jeremey [ˈʤᴁɻ.ə.mi]
| |
| * victory [ˈvɪk.tɻ.i]
| |
| * Emory [ˈɛm.ɻ.i]
| |
| * considerable [kənˈsɪ.ɾɻ.ə.bɨl]
| |
| * cinema [ˈsɪnəmə]
| |
| * Pamela [ˈpᴁmələ]
| |
| * prosecutor
| |
|
| |
| ==== Acceptable variation? ====
| |
| * veteran/vet(e)ran
| |
| * sal(a)ry?
| |
| * mem(o)ry/mem(o)ries? (latter dialectal?)
| |
| * interested/int(e)rested [ˈɪn.tɻə.stɪd]/[ˈɪn.ɻˌɛs.tɪd]
| |
| * mystery/myst(e)ry?
| |
| * warran(t)y [ˈwɒɻ.ə.ni] / warr(a)n(t)y [ˈwɒɻ.ni]
| |
| * literature/lit(e)rature/liter(a)ture (second British, third American?)
| |
| * sentence/sent(e)nce [ˈsɛnɪns]/[ˈsɛ̃ʔ.n̩s]/?[ˈsɛn.tn̩s]
| |
| * severance/sev(e)rance [ˈsɛv.ɻ.ɪns]/[ˈsɛv.ɻɪns]
| |
| * math(e)matics/mathematics [mæθˈmæ.ɾɪks]/[mæθ.əˈmæ.ɾɪks]
| |
| </div>
| |
|
| |
| === /ɻ/, apparently ===
| |
|
| |
| Nancy Hall seems to've made a career out of this:
| |
| * [http://camba.ucsd.edu/blog/phonoloblog/2006/07/20/english-liquid-dissimilation/ phonoloblog]
| |
| * [http://linguistlist.org/issues/17/17-2235.html linguist list post]
| |
| * [http://www.csulb.edu/~nhall2/dissimilation_draft.pdf full-blown paper]
| |
|
| |
| Never pronounced:
| |
| * Feb(r)uary — [ˈfɛbjʉwᴁɻ̯i]
| |
| * tu(r)meric — [ˈtʰʉmɻɪk]
| |
| * Swa(r)thmore — [ˈswɑθmɔɻ̯]
| |
| * Albu(r)querque
| |
| * bomba(r)dier
| |
|
| |
| Many of these /ɻ/s are pronounced in cases hyperarticulation or careful speech, but even then not always.
| |
| * su(r)prise — [səˈpɻɑi̯z]
| |
| * rese(r)voir — [ˈɻ̯ɛzəvwɒɻ̯]
| |
| * kinde(r)garten — [ˈkʰɪndəgɒɻ̯dn̩]
| |
| * cate(r)piller — [ˈkʰæɾəpɪlɻ]
| |
| * adve(r)sary — [ˈædvəsᴁɻ̯i]
| |
| * vet(er)inarian — [vɛdn̩ˈᴁɻiɪn]~[vɛɾəˈnᴁɻiɪn]
| |
| * be(r)serk
| |
| * paraphe(r)nalia — [̩pᴁɻ.ə.fəˈnɛl.jə]
| |
| * repe(r)toir
| |
| * p(r)erogative
| |
| * Pache(l)bel
| |
| * def'''r'''ib(r)ulator — [dəfɻɪbjəlei̯ɾɻ̩]
| |
| * inf(r)ared
| |
| * gove(r)nor
| |
|
| |
| Kind of [not] pronounced, or unsure:
| |
| * fo(r)ward — ['fɔ(ɻ̯)wɻd]
| |
| * inf(r)astructure
| |
| * ap(er)ture
| |
| * pa(r)ticular
| |
| * southe(r)ner
| |
| * pe(r)turbed
| |
| * fo(r)lorn
| |
| * Be(r)nard
| |
| * No(r)thrup
| |
| * Cante(r)bury
| |
| * the(r)mometer
| |
| * cereb(r)al palsy
| |
| * elde(r)berry
| |
|
| |
| Seems natural not to pronounce /r/, but I do anyway [most of the time]:
| |
| * spect(r)ogram
| |
| * ve(r)nacular
| |
| * Wate(r)bury
| |
| * Otte(r)burn
| |
| * ente(r)prise
| |
| * comfo(r)ter
| |
|
| |
| Always pronounced:
| |
| * laboratory
| |
| * preparatory
| |
| * respiratory
| |
| * temperature
| |
| * literature
| |
| * photographer
| |
| * stenographer
| |
| * secretary
| |
| * proprietress
| |
| * fratricide
| |
| * entrepreneur
| |
| * proliferate
| |
| * Labrador
| |
| * interpret
| |
| * frustration
| |
| * celebratory
| |
| * professor
| |
| * impropriety
| |
| * northerner
| |
| * afterwards
| |
| * hamburger
| |
| * offertory
| |
| * forward?
| |
| * formerly
| |
| * perform
| |
| * perfumery
| |
| * corporation
| |
| * dormitory
| |
| * formerly
| |
| * incorporate
| |
| * corner
| |
| * extraordinary
| |
| * Forster's turn
| |
| * order
| |
| * ordinary
| |
| * ornery
| |
| * orthography
| |
| * portrait
| |
| * quarter
| |
| * warrior
| |
| * farmer
| |
| * farther
| |
| * Girard
| |
| * parliamentary
| |
| * parlor
| |
| * further
| |
| * murder(er)
| |
| * itinerary
| |
| * furniture
| |
|
| |
| Insertion
| |
| * perse(r)vere
| |
| * inte(r)gral
| |
| * fa(r)miliar
| |
| * cate(r)gorise
| |
| * sherbe(r)t
| |
| * barbe(r)cue
| |
|
| |
| Unsure
| |
| * pho(r)tographer
| |
| * lava(r)tory
| |
| * au(r)thor
| |
|
| |
| No insertion
| |
| * pe(r)jorative
| |
| * ce(r)lebrity
| |
| * ele(r)vator
| |
| * benefici(r)ary
| |
| * contractu(r)al
| |
| * ferv(r)ent
| |
| * heart-rend(r)ing
| |
| * f(r)uneral
| |
|
| |
| Long /r/:
| |
| * error
| |
| * juror
| |
| * mirror
| |
| * terror
| |
| * sufferer
| |
| * there're
| |
| * for her
| |
|
| |
| Syllabic /r/s:
| |
| * deteriorate
| |
| * interior
| |
|
| |
| == Clitics ==
| |
|
| |
| === Object pronouns ===
| |
|
| |
| * Notes:
| |
| ** vowels in cliticised forms are shorter than in full forms (e.g. mi, jʉu̯, etc are shortened)
| |
|
| |
| {|class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Object pronouns
| |
| ! !! example !! me !! you !! him !! her !! it !! us !! them
| |
| |-
| |
| ! full forms
| |
| | — || [mi] || [jʉu̯] || [hɪm] || [hɻ] || [ɪʔ] (/ɪt/) || [əs] || [ðɛm]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! i_
| |
| | see || [simi] || [si.ʉu̯] || [si.ɪm] || [si.ɻ] || [si.ɪʔ] || [si.əs] || [si.əm]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! u_
| |
| | sue || [sʉmi] || [sʉjʉu̯] || [sʉ.ɪm]/[sʉwɪm] || [sʉ.ɻ]/[sʉwɻ] || [sʉ.ɪʔ]/[sʉwɪʔ] || [sʉ.əs]/[sʉwəs] || [sʉ.əm]/[sʉwəm]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! t_
| |
| | hate || [heʔmi]/[hei̯mmi] || [heʔjʉu̯]/[hei̯ʧə] || [hei̯ɾɪm] || [hei̯ɾɻ] || [hei̯ɾɪʔ] || [hei̯ɾəs] || [hei̯ɾəm]
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| === Other ===
| |
|
| |
| * I don't [ai̯ə̃u̯ʔ]
| |
|
| |
| === Subject pronouns ===
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|
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| This page illustrates some (synchronic) irregularities in English pronoun+clitic combinations. This focusses mainly on cliticised forms of "to be" and "to have" in JNW English.
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|
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| An ''E'' in the Actual column means the Expected forms are also found, but only in hypercorrect speech.
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|
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| {| class="wikitable" width="100%"
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| ! Orthography !! Pronoun !! Clitic !! Expected !! Actual !! Reduced
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| |-
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| | I'll || ɑi̯ || l || || (E) ɑl || ɑl
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| |-
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| | he'll || hi(i̯) || l || || (E) hɪl || hlˌ
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| |-
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| | she'll || ʃi(i̯) || l || || (E) ʃɪl || ʃlˌ
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| |-
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| | we're || wi(i̯) || ɻ || 'wijɻ || (E) wᴁɻ̯ || wɻ
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| |-
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| | we've || wi(i̯) || əv || 'wi(jə)v || wi(i̯)v || wɨv¹
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| |-
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| | we'll || wi(i̯) || l || || wɪl || wʊl
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| |-
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| | you're || jʉ(u̯) || ɻ || 'jʉwɻ || (E) jɔɻ̯ || jɻ
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| |-
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| | you've || jʉ(u̯) || əv || 'jʉ(wə)v || jʉ(u̯)v || jɨv¹
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| |-
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| | you'll || jʉ(u̯) || l || || jʊl || jɪl [jɯl]
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| |-
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| | they're || ðe(i̯) || ɻ || ˈðejɻ || ðᴁɻ̯ || ðɻ
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| |-
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| | they've || ðe(i̯) || əv || || ðe(i̯)v || ðev?
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| |-
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| | they'll || ðe(i̯) || l || || ðɛl | ðɪl [ðɯl]
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| |}
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|
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| * ¹ Note that /ɨ/ is [[#/ɩ/ (vs. /ə/ & /ɪ/)|not otherwise permitted before a closed syllable ending in a labial]]
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|
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| == Words I never got ==
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| Because of the loss of sarcasm in fixed expressions using these words (or something like that), I never could tell what they meant—the general idea was there, but as far as I could tell, their antonyms seemed as correct as they did, if not more.
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| * immaculate
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| * impeccable
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| * trivial
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| * vicariously
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|
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| == Family-specific vocabulary ==
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| * glurpy
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| * heffle
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| * zitis
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| * scrumfle
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| * ring-ding
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| * mitcher
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|
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| == Other People ==
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|
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| === My Family ===
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| Some family members have "weird" pronunciations:
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| * [ˈdɑjəpɹ] for [ˈdʌjpɹ] ("diaper")
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| * [ˈdɑjəmənd] for [ˈdɑjmɩnd] ("diamond")
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| * [hɒp] for [hɑp] ("hop")
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| * [ˈrɛs.stɻ.ənt] for [ˈrɛs.stɻ.ɑnt] ("restaurant")
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| * [wɪð] for [wɪθ]
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| * [bə ˈkʌs] for [bə ˈkʌz]
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| * [ə sow ʃij ˈej ʃɩn] for [ə sow sij ˈej ʃɩn] ("association")
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| * [mə ˈtɻ jəl] for [mə ˈtijɻ ij əl] ("material")
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|
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| === Media ===
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| Some media (music, commercials) have objectionable rhymes:
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| * pauper/copper/whopper
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| * choclate/pocket
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| * ‘ooh and aah’ where ‘aah’ == ‘aww’
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| * see also: [[Other People's English]]
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|
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| == Overall vowel system ==
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| |+ JNW's Vowels
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| ! location !! tense !! lax !! diphthong !! ɻ diphthong !! examples
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| |-
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| !colspan="6"| front
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| |-
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| ! high
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| | i(i̯)¹ || ɪ/ɨ || ɪu̯ || iɻ̯, jɻ|| heed, hid, hued, hear, pure
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| |-
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| ! mid
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| | e(i̯)¹ || ɛ || — || ᴁɻ, — || hayed, head, hair
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| |-
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| ! low
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| | ᴁ || æ¹ || au̯ || —, awɻ/aɯ̯ɻ̯/aɻ̯ || hand/hail, had, how, —, hour/how're
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| |-
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| !colspan="6"| back
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| |-
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| ! low
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| | ɒ³ || ɑ || ɑi̯ || ɒɻ̯, ai̯ɻ̯ || hawed, odd, high, hard, hire/higher
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| |-
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| ! mid
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| | ɤ(u̯)¹³ || ə || əi̯ || ɔɻ̯, — || hoed, hut, height, hoard/horde/whore
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| |-
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| ! high
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| | ʉ(u̯)¹³ || ʊ³ || ɔi̯ || ɔɻ̯, ɔjɻ || hoot, hood, Hoyt, tour, lawyer
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| |}
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| Notes:
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| * ¹ Long or diphthongal
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| * ² Can be nucleus of heavy syllable
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| * ³ Rounding optional
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| * Maybe /o/ is the the dipthongal mid-front vowel, and /ɻ/ is tense mid-back vowel.. but then there'd be two before-/ɻ/ versions for mid-front... hm.
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| * Maybe the mid-front gap is because /əu̯/ from GVS merged with /au̯/. And maybe this gap is the cause for Valley Girl o → /ɛu̯/.
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|
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| Generalisations:
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| * Back vowels rounded before /ɻ/, front vowels not; back vowels generally more likely to be rounded
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| * All back tense vowels have optional rounding. Yiddish /ɔ/ borrowed as JNWE /ə/.
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| * Non-low tense vowels are optionally long or diphthong
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| * Front vowels diphthongise to back high point; back vowels to front high point. The tense vowels are opposite. Hmm...
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|
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|
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| {|class="centretable"
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| |+ JNW's vowel system
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| |-
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| ! !!colspan="4"| Front !!colspan="4"| Back
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| |-
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| ! !! peripheral !! base !! diphthong !! with ɻ !! base !! peripheral !! diphthong !! with ɻ
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| |-
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| ! High
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| | i || ɪ || ɪu̯ || iɻ̯ || ʊ || ʉ || ɔi̯ || ɔɻ̯
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| |-
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| ! Mid
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| | e || ɛ || — ||rowspan="2"| ᴁɻ̯ || ə || o || əi̯ || ɻ
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| |-
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| ! Low
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| | ᴁ || æ || æu̯ || a || ɒ || ai̯ || ɒɻ̯
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| |}
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|
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| === Another attempt ===
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| Phonetic data to back this up is being analysed at [[Jonathan and Tristan's Big Phonetic Project]].
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|
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| {|class="centretable"
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| |+ JNW's vowel system, take 2/3/whatever
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| |-
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| ! !!colspan="2"| Front !!colspan="2"| Back
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| |-
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| ! !! peripheral !! base !! base !! peripheral
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| |-
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| !!rowspan="2"| High
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| | '''i''' || '''ɪ''' || '''ʊ''' || '''ʉ'''
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| |-
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| !
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| | iɻ̯ || ɪu̯ || ɔi̯ || ɔɻ̯
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| |-
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| ! Mid
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| | '''e''' || '''ɛ''' || '''ə''' || '''ɻ'''
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| |-
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| !
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| | || əu̯ || əi̯ ||
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| |-
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| ! Low
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| | '''ᴁ''' || '''æ''' || '''a''' || '''ɒ'''
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| |-
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| !
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| | ᴁɻ̯ || æu̯ || ai̯ || ɒɻ̯
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| |}
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| Notes:
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| # Back peripheral vowels are optionally rounded.
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| # Front peripheral vowels are optionally diphthongised.
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| # All non-high non-back vowels + /ɻ̯/ are realised as /ᴁ/; low-back as /ɒ/, high-back as /ɔ/, high-front as ~/i/
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| # Mid-back vowels don't occur with /ɻ̯/.
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|
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|
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| And an orthography for it:
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| {|class="centretable"
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| |+ JNW's vowel system, take 2/3/whatever
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| |-
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| ! !!colspan="2"| Front !!colspan="2"| Back
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| |-
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| ! !! peripheral !! base !! base !! peripheral
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| |-
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| !!rowspan="2"| High
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| | '''ee''' || '''i''' || '''oo''' || '''uu'''
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| |-
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| !
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| | ir || iu || oi || or
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| |-
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| ! Mid
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| | '''ei''' || '''e''' || '''u''' || '''r'''
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| |-
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| !
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| | || ou || ui ||
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| |-
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| ! Low
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| | '''ae'''/'''ea'''? || '''a''' || '''aa''' || '''oa'''/'''ao'''?
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| |-
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| !
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| | er || au || ai || ar
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| |}
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|
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| == Consonant system ==
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|
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| {|class="centretable"
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| |+ JNW's vowel system
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| |-
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| ! !! bilabial !! labio-dental !! interdental !! dental/alveolar !! retroflex !! dento/alveo-palatal !! velar !! glottal
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| |-
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| | stop || p b || || || t d || || ʧ ʤ || k g || ʔ
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| |-
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| | fricative || || f v || θ ð || s z || || ʃ ʒ || || h
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| |-
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| | nasal || m || || || n || || || ŋ ||
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| |-
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| | lateral || || || || l || || || ||
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| |-
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| | glide || w || || || || ɻ || j || ||
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| |}
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|
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| == Child phonology ==
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|
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| * [ˈnɑʔni] / [ˈnɑʔnɪn] — /ˈʤɑnəθɪn/
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| * [məˈnəmʔtɻək]? — /ˈdəm(p)tʰɻək/
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|
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| == True stress minimal pairs ==
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| * import
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| * upset
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|
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| Back to [[Linguistic Musings]]
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| [[Category:Linguistics]]
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| [[Category:Phonology]]
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| [[Category:Phonetics]]
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| [[Category:English]]
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