Turkic sound changes

Also see Turkic Sonority Constraints#Words that changed due to sonority

proto-Altaic to pre-proto-Turkic:

• ʒ, dʒ, d?, n? > j / #_ (?)

pre-proto-Turkic to proto-Turkic:

• no n, m, ŋ, l, r, z, š / #_
• p > ɸ > h
• lenis/fortis merger
  • g > k
  • d > t
• j, di, nʲ > j / #_
• si > š / #_

proto-Turkic to proto-Kypchak:

• nʲ > j
• G > K / _#
• d > t / _#
• d > t / #_ (kind of, since most later borrowings did this, but later ones from Mongolic, esp. in Kazakh; proto-Tc didn't have #d)
• V > [-rd] / []σ_
• b > v / V _
• v > w
• gm > mg
• Vg/b changes:
  • aG > aw
  • ub > uw
  • ɯG > ɯ(? sometimes uː in Kg)
  • oG > uw
  • eb/æb > yj
• æ > e (more æ added by Persian loans)
• d > ð > j / V_
• øg > øj
• s > tʃ / _Vtʃ
• a > æ / _ X V[-back]
• f > p

proto-Kypchak to Kazakh:

• æ > e / #[]σ_
• mg > ŋb
• ʃ > s
• tʃ > ʃ
• j > dʒ / #_
• dʒ > ʒ
• CC > CIC / _]σ (sometimes)
• h,x > q / σ[_
• h > ∅ / _]σ
• ʕ > G
• K > G / l_
• ∅ > O / #_{r}
• æw > ew
• f > w / _]σ

proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz:

• jI > I (sometimes?)
• b > m / V_V (sometimes?)
• monophthongisation
  • ɯw/uw > uː
  • iw/yw > yː
  • aw > oː
  • ew, æw > øː
• æ > Aː
• j > dʒ / #_
• Vh > Vː
• h > ∅
• x > q
• ʕ > ∅
• G > ∅ / V_V
• nj > jn
• ∅ > U / #_{l,r}
• eg > ig