Difference between revisions of "Kyrgyz grammar"

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(→‎Nominal Morphology)
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== Nominal Morphology ==
 
== Nominal Morphology ==
 +
===Case===
 +
Nouns in Kyrgyz take a number of [[w:Declension|case]] endings that change based on vowel harmony and the sort of [[w:Consonant|consonant]] they follow (see [[#Phonology|the section on phonology]]).
 +
 +
{|class="wikitable"
 +
!Case
 +
!Underlying form
 +
!Possible forms
 +
!"''boat''"||"''air''"||"''bucket''"||"''hand''"||"''head''"||"''salt''"||"''eye''"
 +
|-
 +
!Nominative
 +
|colspan="2" align="center" | —
 +
|кеме||аба||челек||кол||баш||туз||көз
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|-
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!Genitive
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| -NIn
 +
| -нын, -нин, -дын, -дин, -тын, -тин, -нун, -нүн, -дун, -дүн, -тун, -түн
 +
|кеме'''нин''' ||аба'''нын''' ||челек'''тин''' ||кол'''дун''' ||баш'''тын''' ||туз'''дун''' ||көз'''дүн'''
 +
|-\
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!Dative
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| -GA
 +
| -га, -ка, -ге, -ке, -го, -ко, -гө, -кө
 +
|кеме'''ге''' ||аба'''га''' ||челек'''ке''' ||кол'''го''' ||баш'''ка''' ||туз'''га''' ||көз'''гө'''
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|-
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!Accusative
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| -NI
 +
| -ны, -ни, -ды, -ди, -ты, -ти, -ну, -нү, -ду, -дү, -ту, -тү
 +
|кеме'''ни''' ||аба'''ны''' ||челек'''ти''' ||кол'''ду''' ||баш'''ты''' ||туз'''ду''' ||көз'''дү'''
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|-
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!Locative
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| -DA
 +
| -да, -де, -та, -те, -до, -дө, -то, -тө
 +
|кеме'''де''' ||аба'''да''' ||челек'''те''' ||кол'''до''' ||баш'''та''' ||туз'''да''' ||көз'''дө'''
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|-
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!Ablative
 +
| -DAn
 +
| -дан, -ден, -тан, -тен, -дон, -дөн, -тон, -төн
 +
|кеме'''ден''' ||аба'''дан''' ||челек'''тен''' ||кол'''дон''' ||баш'''тан''' ||туз'''дан''' ||көз'''дөн'''
 +
|}
 +
 +
Normally the decision between a [[w:Velar|velar consonants]] ([{{IPA|g}}], [{{IPA|k}}]) and [[w:Uvular|uvular consonants]] ([{{IPA|ʀ}}] and [{{IPA|q}}]) pronunciation of /г/ and /к/ is based on the backness of the following vowel—i.e. [[back vowel]]s imply a uvular rendering and [[front vowel]]s imply a velar rendering—and the vowel in suffixes is decided based on the preceding vowel in the word.  However, with the dative suffix in Kyrgyz, the vowel is decided normally, but the decision between velars and uvulars can be decided based on a contacting consonant, for example банк /bank/ 'bank' + GA yields банкка /{{IPA|bankka}}/, not /{{IPA|bankqa}}/ as predicted by the following vowel.
  
 
=== Pronouns ===
 
=== Pronouns ===
 +
 +
Kyrgyz has eight personal pronouns:
 +
 +
{|class="wikitable"
 +
|+Personal pronouns
 +
!colspan="2"|Singular
 +
!colspan="2"|Plural
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|-
 +
!Kyrgyz (transliteration)||English||Kyrgyz (transliteration)||English
 +
|-
 +
|Мен (Men)||I||Биз (Biz)||We
 +
|-
 +
|Сен (Sen)||You ''(singular informal)''||Силер (Siler)||You ''(plural informal)''
 +
|-
 +
|Сиз (Siz)||You ''(singular formal)''||Сиздер (Sizder)||You ''(plural formal)''
 +
|-
 +
|Ал (Al)||He/She/It||Алар (Alar)||They
 +
|}
 +
 +
The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart.  Singular pronouns (with the exception of сиз, which used to be plural) exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't.  Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.
 +
 +
{|class="wikitable"
 +
|+Declension of pronouns
 +
!|
 +
!colspan="4"|Singular
 +
!colspan="4"|Plural
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|-
 +
!||1st||2nd inf||2nd frm||3rd||1sg||2nd inf||2nd frm||3rd
 +
|-
 +
!Nom
 +
|мен||сен||сиз||ал||биз||силер||сиздер||алар
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|-
 +
!Acc
 +
|'''мени'''||'''сени'''||сизди||'''аны'''||бизди||силерди||сиздерди||аларды
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|-
 +
!Gen
 +
|'''менин'''||'''сенин'''||сиздин||'''анын'''||биздин||силердин||сиздердин||алардын
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|-
 +
!Dat
 +
|'''мага'''||'''сага'''||сизге||'''ага'''||бизге||силерге||сиздерге||аларга
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|-
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!Loc
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|менде||сенде||сизде||анда||бизде||силерде||сиздерде||аларда
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|-
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!Abl
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|менден||сенден||сизден||андан||бизден||силерден||сиздерден||алардан
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|}
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 +
In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.
 +
 +
{|class="wikitable"
 +
|+Morphemes indicating person
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!||pronouns||copulas||present tense||possessive endings||past/conditional||imperative
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|-
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!1st sg
 +
|мен||-mIn||-mIn||-(I)m||-(I)m||-AyIN
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|-
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!2nd sg
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|сен||-sIŋ||-sIŋ||-(I)ŋ||-(I)ŋ||—, -GIn
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|-
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!2nd formal sg
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|сиз||-sIz||-sIz||-(I)ŋIz||-(I)ŋIz||-GIlA
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|-
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!3rd sg
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|ал||—||-t||-(s)I(n)||—||-sIn
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|-
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!1st pl
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|биз||-BIz|| ||-(I)mIz||-(I)K||-AyIK
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|-
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!2nd pl
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|силер|| ||-sIŋAr||-(I)ŋ||-(I)ŋ||
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|-
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!2nd formal pl
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|сиздер|| ||-sIzdAr||-(I)ŋIz||-(I)nIz||
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|-
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!3rd pl
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|алар||—||-(I)şAt||-(s)I(n)||—||-sIn, -IşsIn
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|}
  
 
== Verbal Morphology ==
 
== Verbal Morphology ==

Revision as of 11:13, 15 January 2008

Phonetics

Phonology

Vowel Inventory

Front Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i y ɯ u
Mid e ø o
Open ɑ

Consonant Inventory

Labial Dental/
alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar/
Uvular
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p b t d k/q g/ʁ
Affricate tʃ dʒ
Fricative f v s z ʃ χ
Trill r
Approximant l j

Morpho-phonological processes

Nominal Morphology

Case

Nouns in Kyrgyz take a number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and the sort of consonant they follow (see the section on phonology).

Case Underlying form Possible forms "boat" "air" "bucket" "hand" "head" "salt" "eye"
Nominative — кеме аба челек кол баш туз көз
Genitive -NIn -нын, -нин, -дын, -дин, -тын, -тин, -нун, -нүн, -дун, -дүн, -тун, -түн кеменин абанын челектин колдун баштын туздун көздүн
Dative -GA -га, -ка, -ге, -ке, -го, -ко, -гө, -кө кемеге абага челекке колго башка тузга көзгө
Accusative -NI -ны, -ни, -ды, -ди, -ты, -ти, -ну, -нү, -ду, -дү, -ту, -тү кемени абаны челекти колду башты тузду көздү
Locative -DA -да, -де, -та, -те, -до, -дө, -то, -тө кемеде абада челекте колдо башта тузда көздө
Ablative -DAn -дан, -ден, -тан, -тен, -дон, -дөн, -тон, -төн кемеден абадан челектен колдон баштан туздан көздөн

Normally the decision between a velar consonants ([g], [k]) and uvular consonants ([ʀ] and [q]) pronunciation of /г/ and /к/ is based on the backness of the following vowel—i.e. back vowels imply a uvular rendering and front vowels imply a velar rendering—and the vowel in suffixes is decided based on the preceding vowel in the word. However, with the dative suffix in Kyrgyz, the vowel is decided normally, but the decision between velars and uvulars can be decided based on a contacting consonant, for example банк /bank/ 'bank' + GA yields банкка /bankka/, not /bankqa/ as predicted by the following vowel.

Pronouns

Kyrgyz has eight personal pronouns:

Personal pronouns
Singular Plural
Kyrgyz (transliteration) English Kyrgyz (transliteration) English
Мен (Men) I Биз (Biz) We
Сен (Sen) You (singular informal) Силер (Siler) You (plural informal)
Сиз (Siz) You (singular formal) Сиздер (Sizder) You (plural formal)
Ал (Al) He/She/It Алар (Alar) They

The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns (with the exception of сиз, which used to be plural) exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.

Declension of pronouns
Singular Plural
1st 2nd inf 2nd frm 3rd 1sg 2nd inf 2nd frm 3rd
Nom мен сен сиз ал биз силер сиздер алар
Acc мени сени сизди аны бизди силерди сиздерди аларды
Gen менин сенин сиздин анын биздин силердин сиздердин алардын
Dat мага сага сизге ага бизге силерге сиздерге аларга
Loc менде сенде сизде анда бизде силерде сиздерде аларда
Abl менден сенден сизден андан бизден силерден сиздерден алардан

In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.

Morphemes indicating person
pronouns copulas present tense possessive endings past/conditional imperative
1st sg мен -mIn -mIn -(I)m -(I)m -AyIN
2nd sg сен -sIŋ -sIŋ -(I)ŋ -(I)ŋ —, -GIn
2nd formal sg сиз -sIz -sIz -(I)ŋIz -(I)ŋIz -GIlA
3rd sg ал — -t -(s)I(n) — -sIn
1st pl биз -BIz -(I)mIz -(I)K -AyIK
2nd pl силер -sIŋAr -(I)ŋ -(I)ŋ
2nd formal pl сиздер -sIzdAr -(I)ŋIz -(I)nIz
3rd pl алар — -(I)şAt -(s)I(n) — -sIn, -IşsIn

Verbal Morphology

Constructions which don't otherwise make sense

Examples of things I'm still trying to figure out

  • болот турбайбы
  • бергени жатам
  • таанытуу болду
  • бир нерсе сурайын деген элем
  • бул суроо менен кайрылсам дегем
  • Америкага окууганы баргысы келет
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