Difference between revisions of "Kyrgyz grammar"
Firespeaker (talk | contribs) (→Constructions which don't otherwise make sense) |
Firespeaker (talk | contribs) (→Morpheme List) |
||
| Line 236: | Line 236: | ||
* жакшынакай | * жакшынакай | ||
* жөнөкөй | * жөнөкөй | ||
| + | * кичинекей | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== -(I)n ==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | * силки- - to shake (v.t.) | ||
| + | * силкин- - to shake (off) (v.i.) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ойло- - to think (about, that) (v.t.) | ||
| + | * ойлон- - to think (v.i.) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * көр- - to see (v.t.) | ||
| + | * көрин- - to be visible (v.i.) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * жөлө- - to support from the side (v.t.) | ||
| + | * жөлөн- - to lean with support from the side | ||
| + | |||
| + | * тая- - to support from underneath (v.t.) | ||
| + | * таян- - to lean (on) with support from underneath | ||
Revision as of 05:58, 17 February 2008
Contents
Phonetics
Phonology
Vowel Inventory
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
| Close | i | y | ɯ | u |
| Mid | e | ø | o | |
| Open | ɑ | |||
Consonant Inventory
| Labial | Dental/ alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar/ Uvular | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | N/ŋ | ||
| Plosive | p b | t d | k/q g/ʁ | ||
| Affricate | tʃ dʒ | ||||
| Fricative | f v | s z | ʃ | χ | |
| Trill | r | ||||
| Approximant | l | j |
Morpho-phonological processes
Nominal Morphology
Case
Nouns in Kyrgyz take a number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and the sort of consonant they follow (see the section on phonology).
| Case | Underlying form | Possible forms | "boat" | "air" | "bucket" | "hand" | "head" | "salt" | "eye" |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | — | кеме | аба | челек | кол | баш | туз | көз | |
| Genitive | -NIn | -нын, -нин, -дын, -дин, -тын, -тин, -нун, -нүн, -дун, -дүн, -тун, -түн | кеменин | абанын | челектин | колдун | баштын | туздун | көздүн |
| Dative | -GA | -га, -ка, -ге, -ке, -го, -ко, -гө, -кө | кемеге | абага | челекке | колго | башка | тузга | көзгө |
| Accusative | -NI | -ны, -ни, -ды, -ди, -ты, -ти, -ну, -нү, -ду, -дү, -ту, -тү | кемени | абаны | челекти | колду | башты | тузду | көздү |
| Locative | -DA | -да, -де, -та, -те, -до, -дө, -то, -тө | кемеде | абада | челекте | колдо | башта | тузда | көздө |
| Ablative | -DAn | -дан, -ден, -тан, -тен, -дон, -дөн, -тон, -төн | кемеден | абадан | челектен | колдон | баштан | туздан | көздөн |
Normally the decision between a velar consonants ([g], [k]) and uvular consonants ([ʀ] and [q]) pronunciation of /г/ and /к/ is based on the backness of the following vowel—i.e. back vowels imply a uvular rendering and front vowels imply a velar rendering—and the vowel in suffixes is decided based on the preceding vowel in the word. However, with the dative suffix in Kyrgyz, the vowel is decided normally, but the decision between velars and uvulars can be decided based on a contacting consonant, for example банк /bank/ 'bank' + GA yields банкка /bankka/, not /bankqa/ as predicted by the following vowel.
Pronouns
Kyrgyz has eight personal pronouns:
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Kyrgyz (transliteration) | English | Kyrgyz (transliteration) | English |
| Мен (Men) | I | Биз (Biz) | We |
| Сен (Sen) | You (singular informal) | Силер (Siler) | You (plural informal) |
| Сиз (Siz) | You (singular formal) | Сиздер (Sizder) | You (plural formal) |
| Ал (Al) | He/She/It | Алар (Alar) | They |
The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns (with the exception of сиз, which used to be plural) exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.
| Singular | Plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd inf | 2nd frm | 3rd | 1sg | 2nd inf | 2nd frm | 3rd | |
| Nom | мен | сен | сиз | ал | биз | силер | сиздер | алар |
| Acc | мени | сени | сизди | аны | бизди | силерди | сиздерди | аларды |
| Gen | менин | сенин | сиздин | анын | биздин | силердин | сиздердин | алардын |
| Dat | мага | сага | сизге | ага | бизге | силерге | сиздерге | аларга |
| Loc | менде | сенде | сизде | анда | бизде | силерде | сиздерде | аларда |
| Abl | менден | сенден | сизден | андан | бизден | силерден | сиздерден | алардан |
In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.
| pronouns | copulas | present tense | possessive endings | past/conditional | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg | мен | -mIn | -mIn | -(I)m | -(I)m | -AyIN |
| 2nd sg | сен | -sIŋ | -sIŋ | -(I)ŋ | -(I)ŋ | —, -GIn |
| 2nd formal sg | сиз | -sIz | -sIz | -(I)ŋIz | -(I)ŋIz | -GIlA |
| 3rd sg | ал | — | -t | -(s)I(n) | — | -sIn |
| 1st pl | биз | -BIz | -(I)mIz | -(I)K | -AyIK | |
| 2nd pl | силер | -sIŋAr | -(I)ŋ | -(I)ŋ | ||
| 2nd formal pl | сиздер | -sIzdAr | -(I)ŋIz | -(I)nIz | ||
| 3rd pl | алар | — | -(I)şAt | -(s)I(n) | — | -sIn, -IşsIn |
Verbal Morphology
Constructions which don't otherwise make sense
Examples of things I'm still trying to figure out
- таанытуу болду
- бир нерсе сурайын деген элем
- бул суроо менен кайрылсам дегем
Third person as participial??
- сабак берет окшойсуң
- билбейт экенмин
- болот турбайбы
- болгон турбайбы
- болот атпайбы
Possessed gerund as participial??
- бергени жатам
- келгени кетти
- Америкага окууганы баргысы келет
Logic of multiple negatives
Morpheme List
-NAKAy
- жакшынакай
- жөнөкөй
- кичинекей
-(I)n
- силки- - to shake (v.t.)
- силкин- - to shake (off) (v.i.)
- ойло- - to think (about, that) (v.t.)
- ойлон- - to think (v.i.)
- көр- - to see (v.t.)
- көрин- - to be visible (v.i.)
- жөлө- - to support from the side (v.t.)
- жөлөн- - to lean with support from the side
- тая- - to support from underneath (v.t.)
- таян- - to lean (on) with support from underneath
