Turkic sound changes

Also see Turkic Sonority Constraints#Words that changed due to sonority

proto-Altaic to pre-proto-Turkic:

• ʒ, dʒ, d?, n? > j / #_ (?)

pre-proto-Turkic to proto-Turkic:

• no n, m, ŋ, l, r, z, š / #_
• p > ɸ > h / #_
• lenis/fortis merger
  • g > k
  • d > t
• sʲ → š / #_
• rʲ → z
• nʲ → nʲ
• j, dʲ, nʲ → j / #_

proto-Turkic to Sakha

• aa > aa (qaan > xaan "khan", aaç > aas "open", taaş > taas "stone")
• ėė / ee > ie (kėėçe > kiehe "night", keep > kiep "kip, şekil", bėėr- > bier- "give", yėė- > sie- "eat", yėėl > siel "rüzgâr")
• ıı > ıı (ııð > ııt, tııð > tııt- kıız > qııs, qıın > kıın)
• ii > ii (biir > biir, tiiş > tiis, kiir- > kiir- "enter", iil > iil)
• oo > uo (bool- > buol- "be", yool > suol "road", yook > suox "not", oon > uon "ten")
• öö > üö (söök- > üöx- "swear", öögren- > üören- "learn", köök > küök "sky", töört > tüört "four")
• uu > uu (suun- > uun- "sunmak", uur- > uur- "vurmak", buuz > buus (muus) "ice", suub > uu "water")
• üü > üü (küüð- > küüt- "wait", süüt > üüt "milk", küüç > küüs "strength", yüüz > süüs "100")
• ağ / ab > ıa (tağ > tıa "forest", yağ > sıa, ağrığ > ıarıı "ağrı", yaðağ > satı "yayan")
• ağı > ıa (bağır > bıar, sağız > ıas)
• ağu > uo (ağuz > uosax "fresh milk", ağız > uos "lip")
• oğ / ob > uo (toburğaq > tuorax "toprak", oğul > uol "son", boğuz > buos "boğaz")
• uğ / ub > uu (uruğ > uruu "nesil, soy", sub > uu "water")
• iğ > ıı [> ii] (sarığ > arıı "fat", ağrığ > ıarıı, qıðığ > kıtıı "kıyı", kığ > kıı > kii "pislik, gübre")
• eg > ie (tegir- > tier "çevirmek, döndürmek", yegen > sien "yeğen")
• eg > ii / iy (beg > bii, teg- > tiy- "touch")
• ög > öö (tögen > tüön "döven")
• üg > üü (yügen > ügün > üün "dizgin", tüg > tüü (tüy), külüg > külüü "famous")
• ig > ii (elig > ilii "hand", tirilig > tirlig > tillii "living", sigik (<sigdik)> iik "sidik")

Old Turkic phonology

Old Turkic has nine vowel qualities—a /a/, e /æ/, ė /e/, i /i/, ï /ɯ/, o /o/, ö /ø/, u /u/, ü /y/—distinct only in the first syllable of a word, collapsed into four classes elsewhere—a, e, ï, i.

The consonantal system distinguishes between unvoiced, voiced (with fricative variants) and nasal:

labial: p, v (β), m;

dental: t, d (δ), n;

palatal: č, y, ń;

velar: k (q, χ), g (γ), ŋ;

sibilant: s, š, z;

liquid: r, l.

General Persian Phonology

This should be here too, since early Kypchak saw the beginnings of heavy borrowings

proto-Turkic to proto-Kypchak:

Shared with Old Turkic

• V̆ > ∅
• h > ∅ / #_

Not shared with Old Turkic

• nʲ > j
• b > m / #_…n
• G > K / _#
• d > t / _#
• d > t / #_ (kind of, since most later borrowings did this, but later ones from Mongolic, esp. in Kazakh; proto-Tc didn't have #d)
• V > [-rd] / []σ_
• b > v / V _
• v > w
• gm > mg
• rg > rg
• rd > dr (sometimes? just Kazakh?)
• Vg/b/d changes:
  • aG > aw
  • ɯG > ɯw
  • iG > iw
  • oG > uw
  • eb/æb > ew
  • ub > uw
  • øg > øj
  • ød > øj
  • (d > ð > j / V_)
  • (g > w / V _)
• ew > (øj >) yj
• æ > e (more æ added by Persian loans)
• s > tʃ / _Vtʃ
• a > æ / _ X V[-back]
• f > w / V _
• f > p
• ŋ > g / σ[_

proto-Kypchak to Kazakh:

Shared with Nogay and Karakalpak, known, inclusive

• ʃ > s
• tʃ > ʃ
• j > dʒ / #_ (not Qara Nogay)
• dʒ > ʒ (not Qara Nogay or Central Nogay)
• ɯw > ɯ / _# (not when morpheme boundary between; i.e., never with -(u)w)

Remainder

• æ > e / #[]σ_
• æ > a / _{x,q}
• æw > ew (?)
• mg > ŋb
• rd > jr
• ʕ > G
• f > w / _]σ
• CC > CIC / _]σ (sometimes)
• h,x > q / σ[_
• (q > x / _]σ)
• h > ∅ / _]σ
• K > G / l_
• ∅ > O / #_{r}
• i → ij / #_]σ (insan → ijnsan, it → ijt)

Kazakh phonology

Kazakh consonant phonemes

	Bilabial		Labio- dental		Dental/ Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal		Velar/ Uvular		Glottal
Plosives	p	b			t	d					k	ɡ
Nasals	m				n						ŋ
Fricatives			(f)	(v)	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	(ɕ)		(x)		h
Affricates									(ʨ)
Tap					ɾ
Approximant	w								j
Lateral approximants					l

Kazakh vowel phonemes

	Front		Back
	Unrounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded
High	ɪ	ʉ	ə	ʊ
Diphthongal	i̯ɪ	u̯ʉ		u̯ʊ
Low	æ		ɑ

proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz:

• jI > I (sometimes?)
• b > m / V_V (sometimes?)
• resulting in long vowels
  • ɯw/uw > uː
  • iw/yw > yː
  • aw > oː
  • ew, æw > øː
  • G > ∅ / V_V
• affecting mostly persian borrowings
  • æ > Aː
  • Vh > Vː
  • h > ∅
  • ʕ > ∅
• j > dʒ / #_
• x > q
• nj > jn
• ∅ > U / #_{l,r}
• eg > ig
• key > kiy

Kyrgyz phonology

Vowels

	front		central1	back
	unrounded	rounded		unrounded	rounded
Close	и [i]	ү [y]		ы [ɯ]	у [u] ю [ju]
mid	э [e] е [je]	ө [ø]			о [o] ё [jo]
open				а [ɑ] я [jɑ]

Consonants

Kirghiz consonant phonemes:

	Bilabial	Dental/ alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar/ uvular
plosive	п б [p] [b]	т д [t] [d]			к г [k]/[q] [g]/[ʁ]
nasal	м [m]	н [n]			ң [ŋ]
trill		р [r]
fricative	(ф) (в) ([f]) ([v])	с з [s] [z]	ш [ʃ]		х [χ]
affricate			ч ж [t​͡ʃ] [d​͡ʒ]
approximant		л [l]		й [j]

Scratch

/m/ vs. /b/ vs. /p/

gloss	Kyrgyz	Kazakh	Uzbek	Tatar	Turkish	Uyghur	Tuvan	Sakha	Chuvash	Halaj
before, ago	murun	burın	burun		—		burun
nose	murun	murın	burun		burun		burungaar	мурун
pistachio	miste	piste	pista		fıstık
knife	bıçaq	pışaq	pichoq		bıçak		bižek	bıhax
cook/boil/ripen	bış(ır)-	pis(ir)-	pish-		piş-		piş-
ice	muz	muz	muz	boz	buz	muz	muz	buus/muus	pъʷr
grey	boz	boz	bo'z	büz	boz	boz/bos
pepper	murç	burış	murch		—
corner	burç	burış	burch				муннук
moustache	murut	murt	murt	(murt)	—	burut		бытык
1000	miŋ	mıŋ	ming	meŋ	bin	miŋ	muŋ	muŋ	pin
neck	moyun	moyın	bo'yin	muyın	boyun	boyun	moyun	моонњу	mъj	būun
height/shore/self/body	boy	boy	bo'y		boy	boy	bot/bod-		pü	bod
syllable, joint	muun	buwın	bo'g'in		boğum (node)
tower	munara/burana	munara	minora		minare
screw	bura	bura	bura		bur-
brave		märt	mard		mert
a musical instrument	qomuz	qobız	qo'biz				xomuz	qomus/qamıs
holiday	mayram	mayram	bayram		bayram		bayram
tabacco/cigarette	tameki	temeki					taakpy	табах
grandchild	nebere	nemere	evara					сиэн
cotton	paxta	maqta	paxta
fly	çımın	şıbın	chivin	çeben	cibin	çivin		сарсырҕа
soap	samın	sabın	sovun				saman
straw, thorn	saman/samal	saban	somon		saman	saman	savaŋ		šъʷma	sabana
bowl/plate	tabaq	tabaq	tovoq				tavak
food, throat	tamaq	tamaq/tağam	tomoq
grammatical stuff
I	men	men	men	män	ben	män		мин
this	bu(l)	bul	bu		bu	bu		бу
at this, here	mında				—			манна
Q	-BI	MA	mi	-mI	mI	-mu
NEG	-BA	-MA	-ma	-mA	-mA	-mA

/l/ vs /n/ vs /r/

gloss	Kyrgyz	Kazakh	Uzbek	Tatar	Turkish	Russian
duty	mildet	mindet
shirt	köynök	köylek	ko'ylak		gömlek
wall	dubal				duvar
level	deŋgeel	deŋgey
snow leopard	ilbirs	—	ilvirs			irbis

Syllable codas

gloss	Kyrgyz	Kazakh	Uzbek	Tatar	Turkish	Uyghur
-CC
drunk (P)	mas	mas	mast		mest
friend (P)	dos	dos	do'st	dus/dust-	dost	dos()t
-rC
pepper	murç	burış	murch		—
corner	burç	burış
property, domain	mülk	mülik	mulk
forty	qırq	qırıq	qirq		kırk
freedom/will	erk	erik	erk
Turk	türk	türik	turk		türk
Turkic		türki
sign(ificance)/authority	barq
screaming		barq
explosion/lightning (A)			barq
backwards	ters	teris	ters		ters
big cat (P)	bars	barıs	bars
hot-tempered/touchy	qırs	qırıs(…)
back	art	art
four	tört	tört	to'rt	dürt	dört
~homeland	jurt		yurt		yurt
old	qart	qart	qart(ay/ang)
salty cheese balls	qurut		qurut			qurut
worm		qurt	qurt
outside	sırt	sırt
brittle	mort	mort	mo'rt
pear	almurut	almurt
-NC
square	ayant
sugar (P)	qant	qant	qand
attention	qunt
eagerness/resolve/zeal (A)			qunt
treasure	kenç	keniş
young					genç
crush, grind, pound	janç-	janış(ta)-	yanch-
fame	daŋq	daŋq	dong
peace/quiet	tınç	tınış	tinch
gender	jınıs	jınıs	jins
-lC
giant/hero	alp	alıp	alp
false (A)	qalp	qalt???	qalb		kalp
heart/soul			qalb		kalp
shape/form/position/pattern/? (A)	qalıp	qalıp, qalp-	qolib
people (A)	qalq	xalıq	xalq		halk
onomatopœia of tears?	melt
	qalt
a quick/sudden movement	jalt	jalt	yalt
?lose	joğot-	joğalt-	yo'qot-	yuğalt-		yoqat-
key	(kilit)	kilt	kalit		kilit
nation	ulut	ult	ulus
cloud	bulut	bult	bulut
other
younger sister	siŋdi	siŋli	singil	siŋil/siŋli-		siŋil/siŋli-
brown/dark	qoŋur	qoŋır	qo'ng'ir/gungurt

Metathesis

gloss	Kyrgyz	Kazakh	Uzbek	Tatar	Turkish	Uyghur	Tuvan	Sakha	Halaj	Chuvash
lung	öpkö	ökpe	o'pka	üpkä	öfke	öpkä	ökpe		hikkä	öpke/üpke
freckle	sepkil	sekpil	sepkil/sepkül	sipkel	sivil	säpkä/säpkü/säpgün	sekpil	ebir
cover/gate/door	qapqa(q)	qaqpa(q)	qopeqoq/qopqe	qap(q)aq/qobuğ	qapqa(q)	kapak	qaqpaq	xappax		xobъ
tabacco/cigarette	tameki	temeki					taakpy
river	dayra	darıya	daryo
world	düynö	düniye	dunyo
rain	jamğır	jaŋbır	yomg'ir	yaŋğır	yağmur	yamğur/yaŋmur		samıır		śomъr
spin, turn around	aynal-	aylan-	aylan-

Other Stuff

• илбирс / ирбис
• ұқсас / окшош
• сөйле- / сүйлө-
• көлеңке / көлөкө