Difference between revisions of "Similarities to Turkic"
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* *bek - fast (as in solid/stable) | * *bek - fast (as in solid/stable) | ||
− | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*meǵ-'' - great | + | * man - ''great'' |
+ | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*meǵ-'' - great? | ||
+ | *** '''Phrygian''' ''meka'' great | ||
+ | *** '''Greek''' ''megas'' great | ||
+ | *** '''Latin''' ''magna'' ? | ||
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*magʰ-'' - able | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*magʰ-'' - able | ||
Line 539: | Line 543: | ||
*** '''yi''': ''mol'' time | *** '''yi''': ''mol'' time | ||
*** '''de''': ''Mahl'', ''Mal'' | *** '''de''': ''Mahl'', ''Mal'' | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
* ters - ''reverse, backwards'' | * ters - ''reverse, backwards'' | ||
Line 590: | Line 591: | ||
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*iēlo-'' (only Celtic and Balto-Slavic) unripe, raw | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*iēlo-'' (only Celtic and Balto-Slavic) unripe, raw | ||
** '''Mongolian''' ''zalʊː'' young | ** '''Mongolian''' ''zalʊː'' young | ||
+ | |||
* *ağır - ''heavy'' | * *ağır - ''heavy'' | ||
** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷer'' - heavy | ** '''Proto-IE''' ''*gʷer'' - heavy |
Revision as of 21:57, 27 April 2009
The orthography used to represent Turkic languages on this page is a phonemic system based on Turkish orthography. |
This is a collection of Turkic words which appear at least superficially similar to words in other language groups.
Contents
Technology
- altın - gold
- Proto-IE ǵʰel- - to shine
- Germanic gold
- Finnish kulta gold
- Germanic gold
- Proto-IE ǵʰel- - to shine
- bulat - steel, balta - axe
- Tokharian porat, peret axe
- Proto-IE pelk'- chop
- ara - saw
- Tokharian áre plough (n.)
- *yurt(ă?) - ring left when yurt is moved (homeland, yurt)
- PIE' ǵʰ—r(+dʰ) to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
- Germanic gard
- English yard
- German garten
- Tokharian warto, wärto garden, grove
- Germanic gard
- PIE er(+t) earth
- Germanic erθ
- English earth
- German erd
- Tokharian B yare gravel
- Germanic erθ
- Semitic ˀarḍ earth
- Mongolian ger yurt
- Proto-IE *wer- defend, close
- PIE' ǵʰ—r(+dʰ) to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
- *yan(+dir) - to burn v.i. (v.t.)
- Proto-Na-Dené *q’aˑn burn, ignite
- Ket -qan cook, burn, boil
- *köpür-üg - bridge
- Proto-IE *bʰruh- - bridge
- Tokharian pärwāṃ/pärwāne - eyebrow
- Proto-IE *bʰruh- - bridge
- *yez - copper
- Proto-IE ??
- Tokharian *yäs → yasa/wäsa
- Latin aurum ← *ausum - gold
- Proto-IE ??
- *(y)igne - needle
- Proto-Uralic *äjmä - needle
- *tām - wall, hut
- Proto-IE *dṓm - house / *dema - build
- Tocharian tam/täm
- Proto-IE *dṓm - house / *dema - build
Nature
- alma - apple
- Germanic *æpl
- Russian jablo-
- Latin/Romance pom-
- Greek melo-
- Proto-IE h₂ebl-o-
- kün - day, sun
- Germanic sun
- Tokharian B kaum̩/kon-/kaun- day
- yil - year
- English year
- Proto-IE yōr-
- yaz (*yaaŕ) - spring
- Proto-IE yōr- year
- ań - moon, month
- (Proto-Altaic *ā́ńu, most Turkic ay)
- Latin annus - year
- Gothic *aþni - year
- yer - earth, land
- PIE ġʰ—r(+dʰ) to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
- Germanic gard
- English yard
- German garten
- Tokharian warto, wärto garden, grove
- Germanic gard
- PIE er(+t) earth
- Germanic erθ
- English earth
- German erd
- Tokharian B yare gravel
- Germanic erθ
- Semitic ˀarḍ earth
- Mongolian ger yurt
- Proto-IE *wer- defend, close
- PIE ġʰ—r(+dʰ) to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
- ot - grass
- Tokharian āti grass
- Proto-IE ad- grain
- sub - water
- Proto-IE seu-, su- rain, flow
- Proto-IE *sūwe- to rain
- Tokharian su- / swāsā-
- Greek hǖei̯
- Albanian ši
- Proto-IE *h₂ep- water
- Mongolian us
- Mandarin shui3
- Cantonese seoi2
- yapraq - leaf
- Arabic varaq leaf?, page?
- Persian barg leaf?
- Tokharian pält, pilta
- Proto-IE bʰel
- bulaq - spring, well
- Latin flus- river
- Proto-IE bhleu-gʷ- overflow
- English flow, float
- teke - goat
- Proto-IE tek- - to flow, to run
- Proto-IE digʰo- - goat
- ?lağ - meadow
- Balto-Slavic *plãka (?) pl:łąka, ru:lug
- ökiz - bull
- Proto-IE *uks-en- - ox
- Germanic *uhsōn - ox
- English ox
- Tokharian B okso - cow
- Germanic *uhsōn - ox
- Mongolic *üker - cow
- Proto-IE *uks-en- - ox
- *bāl - honey
- Proto-IE - *mélh₁
- balɯq - fish
- Proto-IE l—k salmon
- Proto-IE *pesk/*h₂p-isk- fish
- Germanic *bullaka-z a kind of fish - de: Bolch, nl: bolk
- *pāt - horse
- Proto-IE *mend(i)- horse
- *qāz - goose
- Proto-IE *ǵʰáns- goose
- *tal - willow
- Ket dɯˑl - willow
- Proto-Athabaskan *č’ʷətɬ’ - plant, shrub
- *köl - lake
- Proto-Yeniseian kʰul - water
- çaŋğır - sled
- Proto-Yeniseian *tsehʷəl - snowsled
- yıl- - warm
- Proto-IE *ḱel- - warm/cool
- Proto-IE *gel- - cold
- Proto-IE *gʷʰer- - hot, warm
- *qarğa - crow
- Proto-IE *ḱórw-eh₂- - crow
- *elme - elm tree
- Proto-IE ??
- English - elm
- Proto-IE ??
- *qurt - worm
- Proto-IE wr̥-mi- - worm
- *bȫrü - wolf
- Proto-IE
- *qar(ı)şqır - wolf
- Proto-IE *h₂ŕ̥tḱos - bear
- *sāban (?*-m-) - straw
- Proto-IE *sop-/*sep-? - needle, reed
- *(h?)ayāŕ < *(p?)ańāŕ - frost
- Proto-IE
- *bulut - cloud
- Proto-IE *melōdʰ - elevation, head
- *sas-na, *çoç-qa - pig
- Proto-IE *sū◌s - pig
- *yibi- - become wet, soak
- Proto-IE *nebʰ - damp, water, clouds
- *yar- - cliff ([early] Iranian borrowing?)
- Proto-IE *ner - to conceal, cover, hiding place, hollow
- ?badam (Iranic borrowing?) - almond
- Tokharian watām - almond
- *may(?) - fat
- Finno-Ugrian *vaj/voj - butter
- *qadɯŋ - birch
- Proto-Uralic *koxji - birch
- *yal- - to burn, *yalın - flame, *yaş- (yalʲ-) - to blaze, *yalqı- - to glitter
- Proto-IE *dʰel- - light
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine
- ?
- Proto-IE *dʰuH₁-mo- - smoke
- *balır - algae, muck, swamp; *balqaş - swamp
- Proto-IE *bʰ◌lt-?
- Illyrian balta ‘swamp, marsh, white clay’
- Latin blatea f., ‘excrement lump’, adalm. balta ‘sea swamp´
- Ligurian *bolü - ‘swamp, marsh’
- Slavic *bolto- (*bholǝto-) - ‘swamp, marsh, pond, pool, sea’
- O.C.S. blato - ‘sea’
- Ser.-Cr. blȁto - ‘sea, ordure”,
- Russian boloto - swamp, bog; dial. bil - ‘swamp, marsh’; bala (*bhōlü): balaružina - ‘puddle, slop’
- Polish dial. biel f. - ‘marshy wood, forest;
- Clr. balka “ marsh “;
- Lithuanian balà m. - ‘swamp, marsh, moor, fen, pool’
- Albanian baltë f., balt m. - ‘slime, mud, swamp, marsh, white clay’
- English pool
- Illyrian balta ‘swamp, marsh, white clay’
- Proto-IE *bʰ◌lt-?
Verbs
- qal - stay
- Germanic halt, hold
- ber - give
- Proto-IE bʰer - carry, bear
- Russian брать - take
- Proto-IE per - go over, carry over, bring
- Proto-IE bʰer - carry, bear
- biş-ir - cook
- Proto-IE pekʷ-
- Russian печь
- Tokharian päk-
- tur - stand, stay
- Germanic en: dare, yi: tor
- Proto-IE ter - to cross, transgress, to stay
- je - eat
- Proto-IE h₁ed- - eat
- çab- - cut
- English chop
- Spanish zapatas - shoes
- French sabotage
- *iç- - drink
- Proto-IE *h₁egʰʷ (*ekʷ-?) - drink
- Tokharian yok
- Proto-IE *aḱ
- Proto-IE *h₁egʰʷ (*ekʷ-?) - drink
- gäp-ir - something said, speak
- English jabber, gab
- Russian говорить - speak
- Proto-IE gebh- - jaw, mouth
- öl - die
- Tokharian wäl
- Germanic (OE) wæl / (ON) val - slain person
- *teg- - touch
- Proto-IE *tag- - to touch
- English touch
- Tokharian tek
- Proto-IE *tag- - to touch
- se(b/p?)- - to plant
- Proto-IE *sē- sow
- öö(j?)- - to think, understand
- Proto-IE *ous ear
- saqı- - to think
- Proto-IE *sekʷ- - to see
- yaq- - to light, make burn
- Proto-IE *dʰégʷʰ - to burn (v.t.?)
- *qap- - to snatch
- Proto-IE *gʰabʰ- - to take
- *ket- - to go away, leave
- Proto-IE *ked- - to go, yield
- *kes- - to cut
- Proto-IE *ḱes-
- *qarı- - to grow old
- Proto-IE *gerh₂- - to grow old
- *tug-ur - tent covering
- Proto-IE *tog- - to cover
- *yorı-/yüri- - walk
- Proto-IE *dʰor- - to jump (at)
- *siŋ- - sink into (get soak up?)
- Proto-IE *teng - to soak, wet
- Proto-IE *sengʷ - to fall, to sink
- *yet- - reach
- Proto-IE *yet - to set out for, to strive
- *qud- - pour
- Proto-IE *ǵʰeu - to pour
- *tök- - pour out, flow
- Proto-IE tekʷ - to run, flow
- *bar- - to go, walk (away)
- Proto-IE per - go over, carry over, bring
- *bat- - to sink; to fit into, get into
- Proto-IE pet - open [arms] wide; to fall, to fly
- *saĺ- - to untie, loosen, solve
- Proto-IE slab- - loose, weak
- *em- - to suck
- Proto-Uralic *imi- - suck
- *tep- - to step on, trample
- Proto-IE *trep- - to trample, tread
- *türt- - to push
- Proto-IE *tr-eu-d- - to press, push
- *qur- - to build, erect, establish
- Proto-IE *kʷer- - to make (Baltic: erect, build)
- *yür- - to run
- Proto-IE *gʷʰðer- - to run, flow
- *ögrän- - to learn
- Proto-IE *gʷʰren- - "phrenic"; soul, mind
Body parts
- Pre-PrTk. *padaq - foot
- Proto-IE *bʰad (*bʰ—ħd) - boot
- PrTk. *but - foot
- Proto-IE **pṓds - foot
- el - hand, alaqan - palm of hand, al- - take
- Proto-IE *h₁el- elbow, forearm
- English ell, elbow
- Proto-IE *h₁el- elbow, forearm
- qol - hand, arm
- Germanic hand, hold
- *jajŋaq (jāq) - jaw
- Proto-IE *ǵebʰ- - jaw, mouth
- English jowl
- English jaw
- Proto-IE *ǵebʰ- - jaw, mouth
- qulaq - ear
- 'Proto-IE *ḱlew- - to hear
- Tokharian B klautso ?, kl̄aw - to hear
- 'Proto-IE *ḱlew- - to hear
- meŋä / miy (*bejŋi?) - brain
- Russian мозг brain
- Hebrew MWX brain
- Yiddish moyex brain
- Sogdian m'g
- Proto-IE *men- mind
- *burut - mustache
- Proto-IE *bʰardʰ- - beard
- bel - waist
- Latin balteus belt (of Etruscan origin?)
- *bod - body (Kg boy - height, length)
- OE bodig - trunk, chest (of a man or animal), originally "cask;"
- English - body
- OHG botah
- OE bodig - trunk, chest (of a man or animal), originally "cask;"
- *yāş - tear (from eye)
- Proto-IE *dáḱru- - tear
- *yür-ek - heart (but Chuvash çəre)
- Proto-IE *ḱḗr - heart
- *qar-ın - belly
- Proto-IE *ǵʰer- - bowels
- *tīş - tooth
- Proto-IE *ǵeus- - to taste
- Proto-IE *h₁dónts - tooth
- *bʲağır - liver
- Proto-IE *yeh₁kwr̥- - liver (maybe *by- or *py-?)
- *tǖk - hair
- Proto-IE *twék- - skin
- *bōyn - neck
- Proto-IE *mon- - neck
- *beŋ - mole
- Proto-IE *meng- - pretty, beautiful
- *ağıŕ - mouth
- Proto-IE *ōus - mouth
Numerals
- bīr - one
- English first, fore
- Romance prim-
- Proto-IE prHuo-, pro-wo-, perǝ, pro first, fore, ahead
- Tokharian parwe
- ek(k)i - two
- English second
- Proto-IE sekʷ follow
- Finnish kaksi (?)
- tȫrt - four
- Tokharian çtwar, çtwer
- Proto-IE kwetwores
- bēş - five
- Proto-IE penkwe
- Tokharian pañä, piç, piś
- jet(t)i - seven
- Tokharian s.pät, sukt
- Proto-IE septom
- sek(k)iz - eight
- Tokharian okat, okt
- Proto-IE októ
- yigirmä - twenty
- Tokharian wiki, ikäṃ (PTn *w'īkän)
- tümän - ten thousand
- Tokharian tmām; tumane, tmāne; tumám
- -(i)nçi - -th
- Proto-IE -nte? -th
People
- qağan - ruler, khan
- Hebrew kohen
- qı̄z - girl, daughter
- English kid, kith
- er - male, man
- Proto-IE *er - bull, male
- aqa/äke - father
- Proto-IE *ph₂tḗr
- Tokharian pácar, pacer
- Proto-IE *ph₂tḗr
- ayal - woman, wife
- Tokharian ckácar, tkácer daughter
Grammatical
- qāń - (qaysı - which, qayda - where, qana - where (to), (kim - who,) etc)
- Proto-IE *kʷo
- Proto-Uralic *ke- who
- orta - middle, centre
- Tokharian orto - up
- oqşa- - like, similar
- Tokharian oki - like
- oq - emphatic particle
- Tokarian ats - exactly
- -mA - verbal negative morpheme
- Tokharian má - not
- Greek má, mé - not
- Sanskrit má - don't
- Mandarin mei2, bu1 - NEG
- Cantonese mo5, ng4 - NEG
- beri - before, since
- IE *prih₁-mó- / *prō-to- foremost
- Russian p(e)red - before, in front of
- English fore
- Latin pre-
- IE *prih₁-mó- / *prō-to- foremost
Other
- yaxşı - good
- Proto-IE meH-, wEsu- (?)
- aul - village (field?) (awla - yard)
- English hall
- āq - white
- Proto-IE *h₂erǵ- - white, shine
- Tokharian árki , árkwi- white
- qut - fortune
- Germanic en: good
- ant+ar - turn over
- Proto-IE ant front
- Tokharian ánt through, across, ánt, ánte forehead
- Germanic anðar other
- tın+ıç - peace
- Tokharian tunk love
- süːt - milk
- Proto-IE *sweh₂d-u- sweet
- Proto-IE *ksweid- milk
- ülkän - big
- Tokharian walke long
- beg, büyük, biyik (?)
- IE *mag- large, many
- Tokharian makí much
- IE *mag- large, many
- *bek - fast (as in solid/stable)
- man - great
- Proto-IE *meǵ- - great?
- Phrygian meka great
- Greek megas great
- Latin magna ?
- Proto-IE *magʰ- - able
- Proto-IE *meǵ- - great?
- töbe - hill, peak, crest
- English top
- māl - time, moment
- Germanic *mēl time of meal
- en: meal
- yi: mol time
- de: Mahl, Mal
- Germanic *mēl time of meal
- ters - reverse, backwards
- Proto-IE *ter- - cross over
- Proto-IE *ter / *tero - over/through
- kers - reverse, backwards
- Proto-IE *ǵers - to turn, to bend
- *yal-aŋ/-ŋuz - naked/lone
- Proto-IE *gal- - naked
- *yar-ıq/-qın//-ıl - light, bright//explode
- Proto-IE gʷʰer- - warm
- Kg. ubada- - promise (origin?)
- Proto-IE *wadʰ- - promise
- alıs - far, distant
- Proto-IE *h₂el-yó- - beyond; other
- äli - still (Iranian borrowing?)
- Proto-IE *h₂el-yó- - beyond; other
- *yeŋgü-l - lightweight
- Proto-IE *lengʷʰ- - lightweight
- *ōçuz - thin/light/easy/worthless
- Proto-IE *ténh₂us - thin
- *qula - light yellow, brown
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine (>yellow)
- *boŕ / *bōŕ - grey
- Proto-IE *mor(u) - to blacken, dark spot
- *buŕ / *boŕ - to spoil, be damaged, destroyed
- Proto-IE *merk - to rot
- teŋ - equal
- Proto-IE *tengʰ/tenk/tens - to extend, stretch, span
- Proto-IE tenk - contract
- yaşıl - green ← yaş ‘young’?
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel - shine; green
- *yāş (*yāĺ) - young
- Proto-IE *iēlo- (only Celtic and Balto-Slavic) unripe, raw
- Mongolian zalʊː young
- *ağır - heavy
- Proto-IE *gʷer - heavy
- *bayram - festival (*badram?)
- Proto-IE *bʰăd- - good
Incorporate or not?
- Tokharian sále, sályi - salt (IE *sal- - grey, dirty; salt)
- Turkic tuz - salt
- Tokharian salu, sol - whole (IE *salw- - whole, healthy)
- Turkic tol- - full/fill
- Tokharian särk, sark - an illness
- Turkic ogr- - to hurt
- IE *sú- - to be born
- Turkic tuğ- - to be born
- Tokharian káryap - harm
- Turkic qab(a)- - to harm
- IE weid- - to know
- Turkic bil- (possible, due to sonority stuff)
- IE (En will, Lt vol-, etc)
- Turkic bil-
- Germanic *sūmian- - to miss
- Turkic *seb- - to love
- IE *su̯ei- - to make a noise
- Turkic *seb-le - to speak
- IE *h₂eiǵ- - goat
- Turkic eçki - goat
- IE *pel- - grey
- Turkic boz - ~grey
- IE *ḱas- - grey
- Turkic çal- grey-haired
- IE *tark- - to twist
- Turkic tart- - to pull
- IE *ǵʰés-ro- - hand
- Turkic qol - hand
- IE *kaput- - head
- Turkic baş - head
- IE *knid- - louse
- Turkic kene - flea?
- IE *plōu- - flea (Pashto vrāž.a)
- Turkic *bürče / *bürge - flea
Cognates with Russian
- murç / burç - pepper
- pérec - pepper
- muz / buz - ice
- moróz - frost (Slavic ?*morz-)
- yarıq, yaruğ, yarqın - light, bright
- yarkij - bright
- qara
- čer- (Slavic ?*kr̩-)
- beri - before, since
- pered - before, in front of
- boran - storm
- burʲa - storm
- seb+kil (?) - freckle(s)
- sypʲ - rash
- sep- - scatter/sow
- ras-syp- scatter
- sıdır- - to peel, strip, tear off
- sdir-atʲ - "
Notes
- Tokharian (B?) /ä/ was probably [ɨ]
- When two Tokharian words given, first is Tokharian A, second is Tokharian B
- Tokharian /ç/ is probably [ɕ]
- Tokharian /ts/ and /c/ are different?
PIE-to-Turkic correspondences
This is just for the sake of organising stuff, so I can see better what might be going on, if anything even is..
Labial stops
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Coronal stops
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Palatal stops
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Velar stops
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Labialised stops
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Other
_C]σ | ||
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back vowel | ǵʰáns- → qā∅s → qā∅z | |
front vowel | pénkʷe → bē∅ş | |
front vowel | h₁dónts → tī∅ş |
beginning | end | other | |
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back vowel | ḱórw-eh₂ → qarğa | ḱlew- → qulaq | |
front vowel |
beginning | end | other | |
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back vowel | |||
front vowel |