Difference between revisions of "Turkic-Mongolic cognates"
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| good/upper/superior || yig/yeg || || dege- || || ''Tung.'' deg-/deye- | | good/upper/superior || yig/yeg || || dege- || || ''Tung.'' deg-/deye- | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | rope || yip/yıp || || dege- | + | | rope/thread || yip/yıp || śip || dege- |
|- | |- | ||
| musk || yıpar || || jıɣar || gyopár | | musk || yıpar || || jıɣar || gyopár | ||
Line 454: | Line 454: | ||
| fist || yudruq || || nidurɣa || || ''Tung.'' nurgan<*nudurgan | | fist || yudruq || || nidurɣa || || ''Tung.'' nurgan<*nudurgan | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | heart || yüräk || || jirüken || | + | | heart || yüräk || čəre || jirüken || |
|- | |- | ||
| || || ara-? || || ír | | || || ara-? || || ír | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | face || yǖz || | + | | face || yǖz || śӑvar || düri/?niɣur || |
|- | |- | ||
| young cow || buzağu || păru || biraɣu || borjú || ''Tung.'' berū/borē | | young cow || buzağu || păru || biraɣu || borjú || ''Tung.'' berū/borē | ||
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| to swell || köb-e- || || köge- || || ''Ewk.'' kebe- || || <ref name="GB">Mongolic G ↔ Turkic B</ref>, !<ref name="trkVCV" />, !<ref name="mngVCV" /> | | to swell || köb-e- || || köge- || || ''Ewk.'' kebe- || || <ref name="GB">Mongolic G ↔ Turkic B</ref>, !<ref name="trkVCV" />, !<ref name="mngVCV" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | find (out) || tap- || || taɣa- || || || || <ref name="GB" /> | + | | find (out) || tap- || tup- || taɣa- || || || || <ref name="GB" /> |
|- | |- | ||
− | | camel || täbä || || teme || || || || !<ref name="GB" /> | + | | camel || täbä || tĕve || teme || || || || !<ref name="GB" /> |
|- | |- | ||
| dream || tül/tüş/tüşä- || || tölge || || ''Tung.'' tolgin || || <ref name="lsh" />, !<ref name="Cdorsal" /> | | dream || tül/tüş/tüşä- || || tölge || || ''Tung.'' tolgin || || <ref name="lsh" />, !<ref name="Cdorsal" /> | ||
Line 490: | Line 490: | ||
| cattle nose ring || yüzük || śĕr/śĕrĕ || gyűrű || dörö || || || <ref name="wdinitialglide" /> | | cattle nose ring || yüzük || śĕr/śĕrĕ || gyűrű || dörö || || || <ref name="wdinitialglide" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | enemy/war || yağı || | + | | enemy/war || yağı || śu || dayi- || || ''Tung.'' dayi- || || <ref name="wdinitialglide" />, <ref name="agi" /> |
|- | |- | ||
− | | lick || yalğa- || | + | | lick || yalğa- || śula-/śəvla || doluɣa-/doliya- || || ''Tung.'' dalaja- || || <ref name="wdinitialglide" /> |
|- | |- | ||
− | | stick to || yap- || || niɣa- || || ''Tung.'' nabga- || || <ref name="wdinitialglide" />, <ref name="GB" />, !<ref name="Cdorsal" /> | + | | stick to || yap- || || niɣa- || || ''Tung.'' nabga- || || <ref name="wdinitialglide" />, <ref name="GB" />, !<ref name="Cdorsal" />, <ref name="Vtranspos" /> |
|- | |- | ||
| leaf || yapurğaq || || nabči || | | leaf || yapurğaq || || nabči || | ||
Line 502: | Line 502: | ||
| settlement || ağıl || || ayil || || || || <ref name="agi" /> | | settlement || ağıl || || ayil || || || || <ref name="agi" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | health || sağ || || sayi- || || || || <ref name="agi" /> | + | | health || sağ || sɨvə || sayi- || || || || <ref name="agi" /> |
|- | |- | ||
− | | warm || yılığ || || dulaɣan || || || || <ref name="wdinitialglide" />, !<ref name="agi" /> | + | | warm || yılığ || || dulaɣan || || || || <ref name="wdinitialglide" />, !<ref name="agi" />, <ref name="gan" /> |
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 04:47, 24 March 2010
This page's purpose is to collect cognates between Turkic and Mongolic languages. In the end, I'd like to organise it all by date of borrowing.
"Altaic" just means that it's a word used in support for the Altaic theory—for my purposes, this means something like a really early loan of probably T→M directionality.
Contents
First part of a list
Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Old Turkic? | Kyrgyz | Kazakh | classification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
малгай ‘hat’ | малакай ‘men's fur hat without lapel or brim’ | малақай | M→T | ||
шүүлс ‘lynx’ | сүлөөсүн ‘lynx’ | сілеусін | M→T | ||
эр | эр | Altaic? | |||
тэмдег | тамга | Altaic? | |||
болд ‘steel’ | болот | ||||
баатар | баатыр | батыр | M→T | ||
алтан | алтын | алтын | |||
цэцэг | |||||
тунгалаг ‘clear’ | тунук ‘clear’ | ||||
мөнх ‘eternal’ | мәңгі | ||||
жаргал | жыргал | жырғау | |||
ой ‘mind, intellect’ | ой ‘thought’ | ой | |||
бэлэг ‘gift’ | белек ‘gift’ | — | M→T | ||
тэнгэр | |||||
зориг | |||||
чул | |||||
жимс | жемиш | жеміс | T→M | ||
бал | |||||
бар ‘tiger’ | барс | ||||
бух ‘bull’ | бука ‘bull’ | ||||
гэр-бүл ‘family’ | үй-бүлө ‘family’ | — | M→T | ||
бүр | бир | бір | |||
бүтэн | бүт | бүтін | |||
домог | жомок | — | |||
тани- | тааны- | таны- | |||
эрх | эрк ‘free will’ | ерік ‘free will’ | |||
ээмэг | иймек | T→M | |||
эсгэ(лэн) | ачы/ачкылт | ||||
шээ- | сий- | ||||
шар | сары | Altaic | |||
шивнэ- | шыбыра- | ||||
бороо ‘rain’ | бороон ‘storm’ | ||||
бэлтрэг | бөлтүрүк | ||||
мал | мал | мал | |||
ихэр | эгиз | егіз | |||
жил ‘year’ | жыл | жыл | Altaic | ||
илжиг ‘donkey’ | эшек | есек | Altaic | ||
дэл ‘mane’ | жал ‘mane’ | Altaic | |||
даал? | даалы ‘top of shoulders’ | M→T | |||
арга | арга ‘way out (of a problem)’ | M→T? | |||
ар ‘back’ | арка ‘back’ | ||||
ар ‘back’ | арт ‘back’ | ||||
тамир ‘strength’ | тамыр ‘vein, root’ | ||||
тара- ‘scatter’ | тара-т- ‘scatter’ | ||||
тас ‘vulture’ | таскара ‘vulture’ | ||||
орд(он?) ‘palace’ | ордо ‘palace’ | орда ‘?’ | |||
орон ‘country/dwelling’ | орун ‘place’ | орын | |||
тийм ‘such’ | тим ‘~such’ | ||||
мянга ‘thousand’ | миң | мың | Altaic, ..? | ||
будаа ‘rice’ | буудай ‘wheat’ | бидай ‘wheat’ | |||
буудай ‘wheat’ | буудай ‘wheat’ | бидай ‘wheat’ | |||
төл- ‘pay’ | төлө- ‘pay’ | төле- ‘pay’ | |||
төл ‘baby herd animal’ | төл | ||||
дүлөй ‘deaf’ | |||||
өйдө ‘up’ | |||||
каалга ‘door of yurt’ | — | ||||
уна- ‘ride’, унаа ‘transport’ | унаа ‘transport’ | ||||
саа- ‘milk’ | саа- | сау- | ambiguous in Kyrgyz | ||
саам ‘mare's milk’ | саамал | ||||
саадах ‘quiver’ | саадак | ||||
ширь ‘leather (thin)’ | шири ‘chrome leather’ | ||||
булигаар ‘worked leather’ | булгаары ‘worked leather’ | ||||
боо ‘string’ | |||||
köndelen ‘across’ | хөндлөн ‘across’ | көлдөлөң ‘kittycorner → lambskin mat’ | |||
buɣura ‘male camel’ | буура ‘male camel’ ← *bogıra | ambiguous in Kyrgyz | |||
budaɣa ‘cereal/rice/food’ | ботко ‘porridge’ | ботқа ‘porridge, mess’ | |||
халгай ‘nettle’ | — | қалақай ‘nettle’ | M→T | ||
бэлэн ‘ready’ | белен ‘ready’ | — | M→T | ||
xurigan | хурга ‘lamb’ | козу | қозы | Altaic | |
šatu | шат ‘stairs’ | шаты ‘stairs’ | ~саты | T→M | |
чыда- ‘put up with’ | |||||
тунгалаг | тунук | ||||
em-e ‘female’ | эм- ‘nurse’ v.i. | ем- ‘nurse’ v.i. | ? | ||
urtu | урт ‘long’ | узун ‘long’ | ?? | ||
xonuɣ ‘night/night lodging’ | хоног | конок ‘guest’ | қонақ | ||
xonu- ‘spend the night’ | хонох | кон- ‘stay the night’ |
My additions to Csáki's list
Include
Old Turkic | Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Kyrgyz (or other) | meaning | include in paper? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | zirɣal | жаргал | жыргал | ‘pleasure’ | yes |
— | … bule | гэр бүл | үй бүлө | ‘family’ | yes |
— | ele | л | эле | ‘just/only’ | yes |
— | domuɣ | домог | жомок | ‘fairy tale’ | yes |
— | belterge | бэлтрэг | бөлтүрүк | ‘wolf cub’ | yes |
— | arɣ-a | арга | арга | ‘way out’ | yes |
— | tas | тас | тазкара | ‘vulture’ | yes |
timin? ‘just now’ | tein/teimy | тийм | тим | ‘such’ | yes |
— | buɣudai | буудай | буудай | ‘wheat’ | yes |
— | unaɣ-a | уна- ‘falling, driving’ | унаа ‘means of transportation’ | yes | |
— | xural | хурал | курултай | ‘meeting’ | yes |
ulus/uluš ‘settlement, residence’ | ulus | улс | улут | ‘nation’ | yes |
— | silykei | шүлхий | шилекей | ‘saliva’ | yes |
— | cangɣa- | цанга- | (southern) чаңка- | ‘be thirsty’ | yes |
— | zolbin | золбин | жолбун | ‘stray’ | yes |
— | zegerde | зээрд | жээрде | ‘chestnut horse’ | yes |
— | tos- | тос- | тос- | ‘meet, pick up’ | yes |
— | cana | цана | чана | ‘ski, sled’ | yes |
buɣu | buɣu | буга | бугу | ‘deer’ | yes |
— | xoruɣ-a, xorij-a(n) | хороо | короо | ~‘corral’ | yes |
uruq(?) ‘rope’ | urɣ-a(n), uɣurɣ-(a) | урга, уураг, уурга | укурук | ‘lasso pole’ | yes |
— | tøry- | төр- | төрө- | ‘bear child’ | yes |
(ös-) | øs- | өс- ‘grow (v.i., person)’ | өс- ‘grow (v.i., not person)’ | ‘grow’ | yes |
— | belen | бэлэн | белен | ‘ready’ | yes |
— | kørsi(n) | хөрш | Kazakh көрші | neighbour | yes |
uruɣ ‘seed; relatives’ | uruɣ | ураг ‘relatives by marriage’ | уруу ‘tribe’, урук ‘clan; seed; relatives’ | +yes | |
(rasayan) | (a)rasijan | рашаан | арашан | ‘holy/mineral spring’ | yes |
— | cuɣ | цуг | чогуу | ‘together’ | yes |
yalɣu ‘stupid person’ | zalxaɣu | залхуу | жалкоо | ‘lazy’ | ?yes |
— | ɣolumta | голомт | коломто | ‘hearth’ | yes |
— | xaɣalɣ-a(n) | хаалга | каалга | ‘yurt door’ | yes |
örgün, örgin ‘throne’ | ørgyge(n) | өргөө | өргөө | ‘Khan's yurt’ | yes |
— | bøle/byly | бүл | бөлө | ‘progeny of sisters’ | yes |
— | byky | бүх | бүкүл | ‘all, whole, everything’ | yes |
?čaɣïla- ‘be noisy’, ?čaqïl- ‘be cut’ | cakilɣan | цахилгаан | чагылган | ‘lightning’ | yes |
mal ‘wealth’ | mal | мал | мал | ‘heard animal’ | ?yes |
aɣïl | ayil | айл | айыл | ‘camp, village’ | yes |
— | alaɣ-a(n) | алга | алакан | ‘palm’ | yes |
— | cida- | чад- | чыда- ‘put up with’ | ‘be able to’ | yes |
— | cimki- | чимхэ- | чымчы- | ‘pinch’ | yes |
— | dalu | дал | далы | ‘shoulder’ | yes |
— | møndyr | мөндөр | мөндүр | ‘hail’ | yes |
— | saɣadaɣ | саадах | саадак | ‘quiver’ | yes |
— | coxu | цох | чоку | ‘forehead’ | yes |
— | darui | даруй | дароо | ‘immediately’ | yes |
— | dylei | дүлий | дүлөй | ‘deaf’ | yes |
Make a point with, but don't include
Old Turkic | Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Kyrgyz (or other) | meaning | include in paper? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
qaɣur- | xaɣur- | хуур- | куур- | ‘fry’ | +no |
tanï- | tani- | tani- | тааны- | ‘know’ | ?? |
qatïɣ | xataɣu | хатуу | катуу | ‘tough’ | no+ |
burčaq | burcaɣ | буурцаг | буурчак | ‘bean, pea’ | no+ |
saɣ- | saɣa- | саа- | саа- | ‘milk (v.t.)’ | no+ |
*Might* be of Mongolian origin
Old Turkic | Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Kyrgyz (or other) | meaning | include in paper? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
qalqan | xalx-a | халх | калка(н(ч)) | shield | ?no |
qara-? | xara- | хар- | кара- | ‘look at’ | ?no |
ulam ‘always’ | ulam ‘further’ | улам ‘still more’ | улам ‘always; still more’ | ‘always; further’ | ?no |
— | bolud | болд | болот | ‘steel’ | ?? |
— | tungɣalaɣ | тунгалаг | тунук | ‘clear’ | ? |
— | cimeg | чимэг | чийме | ‘decoration’ | ? |
— | zang | зан | Kazakh заң ‘law’ | ‘nature of, customs’ | no? |
qoŋqiu/quŋqau | xongxu | хонх | коңгуроо | ‘bell’ | ? |
baɣïrsa-? | boɣursuɣ? | боорцог | боорсок | ‘fried dough’ | ?no |
botu | botuɣ-a, botuɣu(n) | ботго | бото | ‘baby camel’ | ?no |
цог | чок (Kz. шоқ) | ember |
Don't Include
Old Turkic | Classical Mongolian | Khalkha | Kyrgyz (or other) | meaning | include in paper? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
bütün | bytyn | бүтэн | бүтүн, бүт | ‘entire’ | no |
bütgü, bütkü | bykyli | бүхэл | бү(т)күл | ‘entire’ | no |
bat | batu | бат | бат | ‘strong, fast’ | no |
mengü | møngke | мөнх | мөңгү ‘glacier’, (маңги ‘eternal’) | ‘eternal’ | no |
beläk | beleg | бэлэг | белек | ‘gift’ | no |
tamïr | tamir | тамир ‘bodily strength’ | тамир ‘vein, stem’ | ‘vein; strength’ | no |
tara- | tara- | тара- | тарат- | ‘scatter (v.t.)’ | no |
arpa | arbai | арвай | арпа | ‘barley’ | no |
meŋ | mengge | мэнгэ | мэң | ‘mole (facial feature)’ | no |
tegirmän | tegerm-e | тээрэм | тэгирмен | ‘mill’ | no |
— | siɣazaɣai | шаазгай | сагызган | ‘magpie’ (onom.) | no |
bölük | bylyg | бүлэг | бөлүк | ‘section, division’ | no |
tōr | — | тор | тор | ‘wire, gate, net’ | no |
tajaq | tajaɣ | таяг | таяк | ‘stick’ | no |
öŋ | øngge(n) | өнгө | өң | ‘colour’ | no |
čöl-lig/čöl-gi | cøl | цөл | чөл | ‘desert’ | no |
teg | tig | тэг | тик | ‘straight up, piont; like’ | no |
tekä | teke | тэх | теке | ‘male goat’ | no |
sid- | sige- | шээ- | сий- | ‘urinate’ | no |
kölük | kølge(n) | хөлөг | Kazakh көлік | ‘transport, vehicle’ | no |
ay+la-? | ajala- | аял- ‘travel’ | айлан- ‘turn around, rotate’ | ‘turn around’ | no |
čïn | ching | чин | чын | ‘true’ ← Chinese | no |
töl | töl | төл | төл | ‘baby herd animal’ | no |
učra-? | ucir | учир ‘reason’ | учур ‘moment, period’ | ? | no |
salqïm | salki(n) | салхи ‘wind’ | салкын ‘cool’ | wind, windy | no |
qurɣaq | xuɣurai | хуурай | кургак | ‘dry’ | no |
yaqa | zax-a | зах | жака | ‘collar’ | no |
saqal | saxal | сахал | сакал | ‘facial hair, beard’ | no |
körk+ | køgerken | хөөрхөн | көркөм | ‘good-looking’ | no |
bulaq | bulaɣ | булаг | булак | ‘spring’ | no |
—? | —? | оромог | оромо | ‘wrapped steamed pastry’ | no |
qurč | xurca | хурц | курч | ‘sharp’ | no |
— | — | — | оро- | ‘wrap’ | no |
— | ?bylteger+ken | ?бүлтгэр-хэн | бүлдүркөн | ‘blackberry’ | no |
qïraɣu | kiraɣu | хяруу | кыроо | ‘hoarfrost’ | no |
orun | orun | орон | орун | ‘place’ | no |
tölä- | төл- | төлө- | ‘pay’ | no | |
bel | bel | бэл | бел | ‘waist’ | no |
yoluq- | zoluɣa- | золго- | жолук- | ‘meet’ | no |
The oldest cognates
These words don't clearly have a given source, and are common to both Mongolic and Turkic. They are normally used to argue for the Altaic hypothesis, but were probably just very early Turkic ~loans in Mongolic (or something like that).
gloss | Old Turkic | Chuvash | Mongolic | Hungarian | other | reconstruction? | sound correspondences |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yellow-brown | yağız | dayir | [1], [2], [3], ![4] | ||||
grey | boz | boro/bora | Tung. boroŋ | [3], [5] | |||
stone | tāş | čul | čilaɣun | *tıla- | [5], [6], [4], [7] | ||
cow | öküz | văkăr | hüker | ökör | [3], [8], [9] | ||
qoş | qolba- | [10] | |||||
bış | bol(ba)- | [10] | |||||
rabbit | tabışğan | taula- | [10], [7], [11] | ||||
copper | yez | dere- | [1], [3], [5] | ||||
twins | ikiz | yĕkĕr | ikeri/ikere | iker | [3], [5], [9] | ||
black | qara | xura | qara | ![3] | |||
yellow | sarığ | šură | sira | sárga | ![3], [4], [11]? | ||
red | qızıl | xĕrlĕ | ![10], [3] | ||||
mud,marsh | sāz | śur | ?sibar/siro- | sár | [3], [5], [9]?, [4]? [12] | ||
donkey | äşgäk | ažak? | eljigen | Tung. eyixen | [10], [7], [11]? | ||
self | ȫz | öber/öger | [3], [12] | ||||
other | ȫzkä | öbere/ögere | [3], [12] | ||||
yǖr | nūr | ||||||
tear | yaş | śul | nilbu- | [1], [10], [5], [4]? | |||
young | yaş | jalaɣu/nilqa | Tung. ńalun | [1] | |||
write, draw | yaz- | śïr- | jiru- | Tung. niru- | |||
udder | yälin | deleŋ | |||||
reed | yēz | dere- | |||||
good/upper/superior | yig/yeg | dege- | Tung. deg-/deye- | ||||
rope/thread | yip/yıp | śip | dege- | ||||
musk | yıpar | jıɣar | gyopár | ||||
fist | yudruq | nidurɣa | Tung. nurgan<*nudurgan | ||||
heart | yüräk | čəre | jirüken | ||||
ara-? | ír | ||||||
face | yǖz | śӑvar | düri/?niɣur | ||||
young cow | buzağu | păru | biraɣu | borjú | Tung. berū/borē | ||
snow | qār | yur | kira- | ![9], [4] | |||
~bald | qaşqa | qaljan | [10], [7], [11]? | ||||
spoon | qaşuq | qalbuɣa | [10], [5] | ||||
musical instrument | qopuz | Khalkha quur | [13], [3] | ||||
blue/sky | kȫk | kăvak | köke | [9], [5] | |||
bridge | köprüg | kögürge/kögerge/kegürge | [14] | ||||
baby animal | köşäk | gölüge/gölige | kölyök/kölök | ||||
to swell | köb-e- | köge- | Ewk. kebe- | [14], ![13], ![12] | |||
find (out) | tap- | tup- | taɣa- | [14] | |||
camel | täbä | tĕve | teme | ![14] | |||
dream | tül/tüş/tüşä- | tölge | Tung. tolgin | [10], ![11] | |||
tear/grate/etc. | üz- | hürü- | Tung. furu- | [8], [3], [5] | |||
stirrup | üzäŋü | yărana (*üräŋä) | döröge | Tung. durēŋki | [1] | ||
cattle nose ring | yüzük | śĕr/śĕrĕ | gyűrű | dörö | [1] | ||
enemy/war | yağı | śu | dayi- | Tung. dayi- | [1], [2] | ||
lick | yalğa- | śula-/śəvla | doluɣa-/doliya- | Tung. dalaja- | [1] | ||
stick to | yap- | niɣa- | Tung. nabga- | [1], [14], ![11], [4] | |||
leaf | yapurğaq | nabči | |||||
flat | yapız | naptaɣar | Tung. naptagā/naptakā, Korean năpčak | ||||
settlement | ağıl | ayil | [2] | ||||
health | sağ | sɨvə | sayi- | [2] | |||
warm | yılığ | dulaɣan | [1], ![2], [7] |
- Mongolic wd-initial /d, n, .../ ↔ Turkic /j/
- Mongolic /ayi/ ↔ Turkic /aɣi/
- Mongolic, Volga /l/lb/ ↔ Turkic /ʃ, l/
- Mongolic, Volga /r/ ↔ Turkic /z, r/
- Mongolic final vowel ↔ Turkic ∅
- Mongolic, Chuvash /ʧ/ ↔ Turkic /t/ ↔ */ti/
- Mongolic wd-initial /h/ ↔ Turkic ∅
- Mongolic, Turkic Vː ↔ Chuvash dipthong
- Vowel transposition
- -(ɣV)n suffix
- Mongolic long vowel ↔ Turkic VCV
- Mongolic ø ↔ Turkic Ck/Cg
- Mongolic VCV ↔ Turkic long vowel
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Mongolic wd-initial /d, n, .../ ↔ Turkic /j/
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Mongolic /ayi/ ↔ Turkic /aɣi/
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 Mongolic, Volga /r/ ↔ Turkic /z, r/
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Vowel transposition
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Mongolic final vowel ↔ Turkic ∅
- ↑ Mongolic, Chuvash /ʧ/ ↔ Turkic /t/ ↔ */ti/
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 -(ɣV)n suffix
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Mongolic wd-initial /h/ ↔ Turkic ∅
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Mongolic, Turkic Vː ↔ Chuvash dipthong
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Mongolic, Volga /l/lb/ ↔ Turkic /ʃ, l/
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Mongolic ø ↔ Turkic Ck/Cg
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Mongolic VCV ↔ Turkic long vowel
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Mongolic long vowel ↔ Turkic VCV
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Mongolic G ↔ Turkic B