Difference between revisions of "Proto English Vowels"

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{|width="100%" style="text-align: center";
 
{|width="100%" style="text-align: center";
 
|+ Vowel correspondence chart
 
|+ Vowel correspondence chart
−
! Keyword !! ME !! GAmE !! JNWE !! ABrE !! RP    !! AusE  !! VAusE !! NZE
+
! Keyword !! ME !! GAmE !! JNWE !! ABrE !! RP    !! AusE  !! VAusE !! NZE !! Fran
 
|-
 
|-
 
! colspan="8" | Short
 
! colspan="8" | Short
 
|-
 
|-
−
| KIT    || ɪ || ɪ      || ɪ      || ɪ      || ɪ    || i    || i      || ə
+
| KIT    || ɪ || ɪ      || ɪ      || ɪ      || ɪ    || i    || i      || ə || ɪ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| DRESS  || ɛ || ɛ    || ɛ    || ɛ    || e̞  || e    || e      || e̝
+
| DRESS  || ɛ || ɛ    || ɛ    || ɛ    || e̞  || e    || e      || e̝ || ɛ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| LOT    || ɔ || ɑ    || ɑ    || ɑ    || ɒ    || ɔ    || ɔ      || ɔ
+
| LOT    || ɔ || ɑ    || ɑ    || ɑ    || ɒ    || ɔ    || ɔ      || ɔ || ɔ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| CLOTH  || ɔ || ɒ    || ɒ    || ɒ    || ɒ    || ɔ    || ɔ      || ɔ
+
| CLOTH  || ɔ || ɒ    || ɒ    || ɒ    || ɒ    || ɔ    || ɔ      || ɔ || ɔ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| STRUT  || ʊ || ʌ̈    || ʌ̈    || ʌ̈    || ɐ    || ä    || ä      || ä
+
| STRUT  || ʊ || ʌ̈    || ʌ̈    || ʌ̈    || ɐ    || ä    || ä      || ä || ʌ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FOOT    || ʊ || ʊ    || ʊ    || ʊ    || ʊ    || u    || u      || u
+
| FOOT    || ʊ || ʊ    || ʊ    || ʊ    || ʊ    || u    || u      || u || ʊ
 
|-
 
|-
 
! colspan="8" | Short a
 
! colspan="8" | Short a
 
|-
 
|-
−
| TRAP    || a || æ    || æ    || æ    || a    || æ    || æ      || ɛ
+
| TRAP    || a || æ    || æ    || æ    || a    || æ    || æ      || ɛ || a
 
|-
 
|-
−
| SANG  || a ||          || æɪ̯ || e(ɪ̯/ː)
+
| SANG  || a ||          || æɪ̯ || e(ɪ̯/ː) ||      ||      ||      ||  || a
 
|-
 
|-
−
| SAG    || a  ||          || æɪ̯ || æ(ː)
+
| SAG    || a  ||          || æɪ̯ || æ(ː)   ||      ||      ||      ||  || a
 
|-
 
|-
−
| BAD    || a || æ    || æ    || æ    || a(ː) || æː  || æː    || ɛ
+
| BAD    || a || æ    || æ    || æ    || a(ː) || æː  || æː    || ɛ || a
 
|-
 
|-
−
| TAN/PAM    || a ||          || Æ || Æ
+
| TAN/PAM    || a ||          || Æ || Æ ||      ||      ||      ||  || a
 
|-
 
|-
−
| DANCE  || a || æ    || Æ      || Æ      || ɑː  || æː  || æː    || äː
+
| DANCE  || a || æ    || Æ      || Æ      || ɑː  || æː  || æː    || äː || a
 
|-
 
|-
−
| CAN'T  || a || æ    || Æ    || Æ    || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː  
+
| CAN'T  || a || æ    || Æ    || Æ    || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː || ɑ
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| BATH    || a || æ    || æ    || æ    || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː
+
| BATH    || a || æ    || æ    || æ    || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː || a
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| PALM    || al || ɑ    || ɑ    || ɒ    || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː
+
| PALM    || al || ɑ    || ɑ    || ɒ    || ɑː  || äː  || äː    || äː || ɑ
 
|-
 
|-
 
! colspan="8" | Short pre-r
 
! colspan="8" | Short pre-r
 
|-
 
|-
−
| START  || ar || ɑɹ    || ɒɹ̯    || ɑɹ̯    || ɑː  || äː    || äː    || äː
+
| START  || ar || ɑɹ    || ɒɹ̯    || ɑɹ̯    || ɑː  || äː    || äː    || äː || ɑː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| NORTH  || ɔr || ɔɹ    || ɔɹ̯    || ɔɹ̯    || ɔː    || oː    || oː    || oː
+
| NORTH  || ɔr || ɔɹ    || ɔɹ̯    || ɔɹ̯    || ɔː    || oː    || oː    || oː || ɔː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| NURSE  || ʊr || ɝ    || ɹ̩    || ɹ̩    || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː
+
| NURSE  || ʊr || ɝ    || ɹ̩    || ɹ̩    || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː   || ɜː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| FIR  || ɪr || ɝ    || ɹ̩    || ɹ̩    || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː
+
| FIR  || ɪr || ɝ    || ɹ̩    || ɹ̩    || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː       || ɜː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| HER  || ɛr || ɝ    || ɹ̩    || ɹ̩    || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː
+
| HER  || ɛr || ɝ    || ɹ̩    || ɹ̩    || ɜː  || øː  || øː    || øː       || ɜː
 
|-
 
|-
−
| HURRY  || ʊ || ɝ    || ɹ̩    || ɹ̩    || ɐ    || ä    || ä      || ä
+
| HURRY  || ʊ || ɝ    || ɹ̩    || ɹ̩    || ɐ    || ä    || ä      || ä     || ɝ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| MERRY  || ɛ || ɛ    || Æɹ̯    || Æɹ̯    || e̞  || e    || e      || e̝
+
| MERRY  || ɛ || ɛ    || Æɹ̯    || Æɹ̯    || e̞  || e    || e      || e̝     || ɛ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| MARRY  || a  || æ    || Æɹ̯    || Æɹ̯    || a    || æ    || æ      || ɛ
+
| MARRY  || a  || æ    || Æɹ̯    || Æɹ̯    || a    || æ    || æ      || ɛ   || a
 
|-
 
|-
 
! colspan="8" | Short pre-l
 
! colspan="8" | Short pre-l

Revision as of 11:44, 20 October 2013

A chart of vowel correspondences in many English dialects. Uses an extended version of Well's lexical sets as necessary to make a keyword for every line. Includes significant allophones, and shows the sounds used in casual connected speech rather than carefully-annunciated speech. The IPA used, tho broad, is not phonemic and is designed to show differences, rather than similarities, between the dialects. Although diacritics are often used, the non-use of diacritics does not imply that a particular vowel is used in its cardinal sense.

Abbreviations

Table of abbreviations
GAmE General American (pre-WWII TV/radio)
RP Received Pronunciation
AusE (General) Australian English
VAusE (General) Victorian Australian English
NZE (General) General New Zealand English
JNWE Jonathan North Washington's (American) English
ABrE Aaron Braver's (American) English

The Chart

Vowel correspondence chart
Keyword ME GAmE JNWE ABrE RP AusE VAusE NZE Fran
Short
KIT ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ i i ə ɪ
DRESS ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ e̞ e e e̝ ɛ
LOT ɔ ɑ ɑ ɑ ɒ ɔ ɔ ɔ ɔ
CLOTH ɔ ɒ ɒ ɒ ɒ ɔ ɔ ɔ ɔ
STRUT ʊ ʌ̈ ʌ̈ ʌ̈ ɐ ä ä ä ʌ
FOOT ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ u u u ʊ
Short a
TRAP a æ æ æ a æ æ ɛ a
SANG a æɪ̯ e(ɪ̯/ː) a
SAG a æɪ̯ æ(ː) a
BAD a æ æ æ a(ː) æː æː ɛ a
TAN/PAM a Æ Æ a
DANCE a æ Æ Æ ɑː æː æː äː a
CAN'T a æ Æ Æ ɑː äː äː äː ɑ
BATH a æ æ æ ɑː äː äː äː a
PALM al ɑ ɑ ɒ ɑː äː äː äː ɑ
Short pre-r
START ar ɑɹ ɒɹ̯ ɑɹ̯ ɑː äː äː äː ɑː
NORTH ɔr ɔɹ ɔɹ̯ ɔɹ̯ ɔː oː oː oː ɔː
NURSE ʊr ɝ ɹ̩ ɹ̩ ɜː øː øː øː ɜː
FIR ɪr ɝ ɹ̩ ɹ̩ ɜː øː øː øː ɜː
HER ɛr ɝ ɹ̩ ɹ̩ ɜː øː øː øː ɜː
HURRY ʊ ɝ ɹ̩ ɹ̩ ɐ ä ä ä ɝ
MERRY ɛ ɛ Æɹ̯ Æɹ̯ e̞ e e e̝ ɛ
MARRY a æ Æɹ̯ Æɹ̯ a æ æ ɛ a
Short pre-l
BELL ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ e̞ e æ ɛ
DOLL ɔ ɑ ɑ ɒ ɒ ɔu ɔu ?
CULT ʊ ʌ̈ ʌ̈ ʌ̈ ɐ ɔ ɔ ?
BALD a ɒ ɒ ɒ ɔː ɔʊ ɔʊ ?
Long
FLEECE eː, ɛː i i i iː ɪi ɪi ɪi
FACE aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai eɪ eɪ̯ eɪ̯ eɪ æi æi æɪ
THOUGHT ɔu ɒ ɒ ɒ(?) ɔː oː oː oː
GOAT ɔː o ɤʊ̯ ɤ̟ʊ̯ əʊ ɐʉ ɐʉ ɐʉ
GOOSE oː u̟ u̟ ʉ̟ uː ʉ̟ː ʉ̟ː ʉ̟ː
PRIDE iː aɪ ɑɪ̯ ɑɪ̯ aɪ ɑe ɑe ɑe
CHOICE ɔi ɒɪ ɔɪ̯ ɔɪ̯ ɔɪ oi oi oɪ
MOUTH uː aʊ aʊ̯ aʉ̯ aʊ æə æə æə
Long pre-unvoiced
PRICE iː aɪ ʌɪ̯ ʌɪ̯ aɪ ɑe ɑe ɑe
Long pre-r
NEAR eːr, ɛːr ɪɹ iɹ̯ iɹ̯ ɪə iː ~ iə iː ~ iə iə
SQUARE aːr, ɛːr, ɛir, air æɹ Æɹ̯ Æɹ̯ ɛə eː eː iə ~ ɪə
FORCE ɔːr oɹ ɔɹ̯ ɔɹ̯ ɔː oː oː oː
CURE iur, oːr uɹ ʲɹ̩/ʲɨɹ̯ ʲɹ̩ ʊə ʉ̟ːə ʉ̟ːə ?
POOR oːr, iur uɹ ɔɹ̯ u(ə)ɹ̯ ʊə oː oː oː
Long pre-l
GOAL ɔː o ɤ̹ː ɤ̹ʊ̯ əʊ ɔʊ ɔʊ ɔʊ
FOOL oː u u(ə) u(ə) uː ʉ̟ː ~ uː uː uː
FUEL iuə uə ʲu(ə) ʲu(ə) ʊə ʉ̟ː ~ uː uː ?
PALE/PAIL aː, ɛː, ɛi, ai e(?) Æ Æ
Unstressed
HAPPY i i i ɪ i i i
ABBOT ə ɨ ə ə ə ə
RABBIT ɪ ɨ ɪ ə ə ə
BOTTOM/SYSTEM ə ə ə
TURNIP/VICTIM ɪ ə ɪ(?)/ə

Disclaimer

(Disclaimer: This should be read as showing how diversity in pronunciation is not always an obstacle in comprehension. Not to be used as a source for anything. Some transcriptions based on the authors' own observations.)

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