Turkic sound changes
From FireSpeakerWiki
Also see Turkic Sonority Constraints#Words that changed due to sonority
Contents
proto-Altaic to pre-proto-Turkic:
- ʒ, dʒ, d?, n? > j / #_ (?)
pre-proto-Turkic to proto-Turkic:
- no n, m, ŋ, l, r, z, š / #_
- p > ɸ > h / #_
- lenis/fortis merger
- g > k
- d > t
- sʲ → š / #_
- rʲ → z
- nʲ → nʲ
- j, dʲ, nʲ → j / #_
proto-Turkic to Sakha
- aa > aa (qaan > xaan "khan", aaç > aas "open", taaş > taas "stone")
- ėė / ee > ie (kėėçe > kiehe "night", keep > kiep "kip, şekil", bėėr- > bier- "give", yėė- > sie- "eat", yėėl > siel "rüzgâr")
- ıı > ıı (ııð > ııt, tııð > tııt- kıız > qııs, qıın > kıın)
- ii > ii (biir > biir, tiiş > tiis, kiir- > kiir- "enter", iil > iil)
- oo > uo (bool- > buol- "be", yool > suol "road", yook > suox "not", oon > uon "ten")
- öö > üö (söök- > üöx- "swear", öögren- > üören- "learn", köök > küök "sky", töört > tüört "four")
- uu > uu (suun- > uun- "sunmak", uur- > uur- "vurmak", buuz > buus (muus) "ice", suub > uu "water")
- üü > üü (küüð- > küüt- "wait", süüt > üüt "milk", küüç > küüs "strength", yüüz > süüs "100")
- ağ / ab > ıa (tağ > tıa "forest", yağ > sıa, ağrığ > ıarıı "ağrı", yaðağ > satı "yayan")
- ağı > ıa (bağır > bıar, sağız > ıas)
- ağu > uo (ağuz > uosax "fresh milk", ağız > uos "lip")
- oğ / ob > uo (toburğaq > tuorax "toprak", oğul > uol "son", boğuz > buos "boğaz")
- uğ / ub > uu (uruğ > uruu "nesil, soy", sub > uu "water")
- iğ > ıı [> ii] (sarığ > arıı "fat", ağrığ > ıarıı, qıðığ > kıtıı "kıyı", kığ > kıı > kii "pislik, gübre")
- eg > ie (tegir- > tier "çevirmek, döndürmek", yegen > sien "yeğen")
- eg > ii / iy (beg > bii, teg- > tiy- "touch")
- ög > öö (tögen > tüön "döven")
- üg > üü (yügen > ügün > üün "dizgin", tüg > tüü (tüy), külüg > külüü "famous")
- ig > ii (elig > ilii "hand", tirilig > tirlig > tillii "living", sigik (<sigdik)> iik "sidik")
Old Turkic phonology
Old Turkic has nine vowel qualities—a /a/, e /æ/, ė /e/, i /i/, ï /ɯ/, o /o/, ö /ø/, u /u/, ü /y/—distinct only in the first syllable of a word, collapsed into four classes elsewhere—a, e, ï, i.
The consonantal system distinguishes between unvoiced, voiced (with fricative variants) and nasal:
- labial: p, v (β), m;
- dental: t, d (δ), n;
- palatal: č, y, ń;
- velar: k (q, χ), g (γ), ŋ;
- sibilant: s, š, z;
- liquid: r, l.
General Persian Phonology
This should be here too, since early Kypchak saw the beginnings of heavy borrowings
proto-Turkic to proto-Kypchak:
- V̆ > ∅
- h > ∅ / #_
- nʲ > j
- b > m / #_…n
- G > K / _#
- d > t / _#
- d > t / #_ (kind of, since most later borrowings did this, but later ones from Mongolic, esp. in Kazakh; proto-Tc didn't have #d)
- V > [-rd] / []σ_
- b > v / V _
- v > w
- gm > mg
- rg > rg
- rd > dr (sometimes? just Kazakh?)
- Vg/b/d changes:
- aG > aw
- ub > uw
- ɯG > ɯw
- oG > uw
- eb/æb > yj
- øg > øj
- ød > øj
- (d > ð > j / V_)
- æ > e (more æ added by Persian loans)
- s > tʃ / _Vtʃ
- a > æ / _ X V[-back]
- f > w / V _
- f > p
- ŋ > g / σ[_
proto-Kypchak to Kazakh:
- ʃ > s
- tʃ > ʃ
- j > dʒ / #_ (not Qara Nogay)
- dʒ > ʒ (not Qara Nogay or Central Nogay)
- ɯw > ɯ / _# (not when morpheme boundary between; i.e., never with -(u)w)
Remainder
- æ > e / #[]σ_
- æ > a / _{x,q}
- æw > ew (?)
- mg > ŋb
- rd > jr
- ʕ > G
- f > w / _]σ
- CC > CIC / _]σ (sometimes)
- h,x > q / σ[_
- (q > x / _]σ)
- h > ∅ / _]σ
- K > G / l_
- ∅ > O / #_{r}
- i → ij / #_]σ (insan → ijnsan, it → ijt)
Kazakh phonology
Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar/ Uvular |
Glottal | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosives | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | ||||||||
Nasals | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||||
Fricatives | (f) | (v) | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | (ɕ) | (x) | h | |||||
Affricates | (ʨ) | |||||||||||||
Tap | ɾ | |||||||||||||
Approximant | w | j | ||||||||||||
Lateral approximants |
l |
Front | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
High | ɪ | ʉ | ə | ʊ |
Diphthongal | i̯ɪ | u̯ʉ | u̯ʊ | |
Low | æ | ɑ |
proto-Kypchak to Kyrgyz:
- jI > I (sometimes?)
- b > m / V_V (sometimes?)
- resulting in long vowels
- ɯw/uw > uː
- iw/yw > yː
- aw > oː
- ew, æw > øː
- G > ∅ / V_V
- affecting mostly persian borrowings
- æ > Aː
- Vh > Vː
- h > ∅
- ʕ > ∅
- j > dʒ / #_
- x > q
- nj > jn
- ∅ > U / #_{l,r}
- eg > ig
- key > kiy
Kyrgyz phonology
Vowels
front | central1 | back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||
Close | и [i] | ү [y] | ы [ɯ] | у [u] ю [ju] | |
mid | э [e] е [je] | ө [ø] | о [o] ё [jo] | ||
open | а [ɑ] я [jɑ] |
Consonants
Kirghiz consonant phonemes:
Bilabial | Dental/ alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar/ uvular | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
plosive | п б [p] [b] |
т д [t] [d] |
к г [k]/[q] [g]/[ʁ] | ||
nasal | м [m] |
н [n] |
ң [ŋ] | ||
trill | р [r] |
||||
fricative | (ф) (в) ([f]) ([v]) |
с з [s] [z] |
ш [ʃ] |
х [χ] | |
affricate | ч ж [t͡ʃ] [d͡ʒ] |
||||
approximant | л [l] |
й [j] |
Scratch
/m/ vs. /b/
gloss | Kyrgyz | Kazakh | Uzbek | Tatar | Turkish | Uyghur |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ago | murun | burın | burun | |||
nose | murun | murın | burun | |||
pistachio | miste | piste | pista | |||
ice | muz | muz | muz | boz | ||
grey | boz | boz | ||||
pepper | murç | burış | murch | |||
mustache | murut | murt | murt | |||
1000 | miŋ | mıŋ | ming | |||
neck | moyun | moyın | bo'yin | |||
height, shore | boy | boy | bo'y | |||
I | men | men | men | män | ben | |
this | bu(l) | bul | bu | |||
at this, here | mında | |||||
Q | -BI | MA | mi | -mI | ||
NEG | -BA | -MA | -ma | -mA |
/l/ vs /n/
gloss | Kyrgyz | Kazakh | Uzbek | Tatar | Turkish |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
duty | mildet | mindet | |||
shirt | köynök | köylek | ko'ylak |