Similarities to Turkic

The orthography used to represent Turkic languages on this page is a phonemic system based on Turkish orthography.
This is done to avoid focusing on the phonetic differences between different languages used.
The IPA is used when describing the phonetics of Turkic languages.

This is a collection of Turkic words which appear at least superficially similar to words in other language groups. No relation between Turkic and any of the other languages is suggested or implied, though I feel that some of the words must at least be borrowings in one direction or another. The list is kept for my own purposes for now: some day I hope to spend time sorting it out and investigating the history of each word more closely. For now it's just a place to keep all the words.

"Whatever we do, we must not allow ourselves to be persuaded that a mere list of arbitrary and unsystematic resemblances, however long, constitutes by itself persuasive evidence for anything.

Trask's Historical Linguistics / Robert McColl Millar

Technology

metals, materials, tools

altın - gold (chv. ıltən)
- Proto-IE *ǵʰelh₃- - to shine
  - Germanic *ɣul.θɑ̃ ← *ǵʰĺ̥h₃tom - gold
    - Finnish kulta gold
  - Germanic *ˈɣul.θiː.nɑz - golden

bulat - steel, balta - axe
- Tokharian porat, peret axe
- Proto-IE pelk'- chop
- Aramaic bwlʔd/pwld (pūlāð) steel

balqa - hammer
- Aramaic plq(ˀ) (pleq, pelqā) - axe
- Latin marculus
- Mongolian aluqa

ara - saw
- Tokharian áre plough (n.)

*yez - copper
- Proto-IE *ai̯os - metal (copper/iron)
  - Tokharian *yäs → yasa/wäsa
  - Latin aurum ← *ausum - gold

*baqır - copper
- Latin (aes) Cyprium - copper ((brass) of Cyprus)
  - OE coper
  - German Kupfer
  - Icelandic kopar

*kömür - coal
- Aramaic gmurtā coal
  - Assyrian Neo-Aramaic qomur (<Turkish?)

*ken(?) - mine, ore, resource
- Tokharian B keṃ earth

*soqa - (wooden) plough (not just Russian borrowing?)
- PIE *ḱokh₂-
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic *śokˀāˀ
    - Proto-Slavic *soxá - forked stick, plough

artefacts

*köp(ü)r(üg)/*köpüre? - bridge (cf. Kyrgyz köpürö)
- Proto-IE *bʰruh- - bridge
  - Tokharian pärwāṃ/pärwāne - eyebrow
  - Greek γέφυρα (gépʰura)
- Chinese 橋梁
  - Old Chinese grew raŋ
  - Middle Chinese gjew lɨaŋ
  - Cantonese kiu4 loeng4
  - Japanese kyōryō
- Mongolic *köxürge/*kögür

?çıraq - lamp (< Persian?)
- Iranian
  - Khotanese Saka cärau
  - Sogdian črʔɣ (čirāʁ?)
  - Iron ciraɣ, Digor cyraɣ
  - Persian čirāɣ
- Aramaic šrg- ?

?ayna - mirror; ?aynek - glass (< Persian?)
- Iranian *ādaina-/*ādayana → *āidana- → ...
  - Iron aidæn, Digor aidænæ - mirror
  - Sogdian ʔʔðʔynʔk (āðaynak?) - mirror
  - Persian āyīne - mirror
  - Balochi ādēnk - mirror
  - Khotanese Saka āyäna- - mirror

*(y)igne - needle
- Proto-Uralic *äjmä - needle

*tām - hut, walled structure (in opposition to a yurt)
- Proto-IE *dṓm - house / *dema - build
  - (Tocharian tsäm - grow in size/number)
  - Sanskrit dám

*şatı - ladder/steps/stairs
- Proto-IE *gʰredʰ- - march, step
- Proto-IE *steigʰ- - march, ascend
  - OHG stega - stairs

?*tabaq - plate
- Middle Persian tapah - pot
- Mongolic ?*tabaq - plate

*qazan - cauldron, kettle
- Proto-Germanic *kazã - vessel, vat, tub, barrel

çaŋğır - sled
- Proto-Yeniseian *tsehʷəl - snowsled

*qaşuq - spoon
- Mongolic qalbuʁa - spoon
- Proto-Nakh wabikʼ - spoon
- Proto Celtic' lēgā - spoon (cf. *yalğa)

*eb - house (yurt)
- Nihali aːwaːr - house

?*tuğ - banner, standard ← Mongolic?
- Hebrew degel - banner, standard

*sıbızɣu - flute (related to ??*şıbıra - whisper?)
- Proto-Slavic svira-ti - play the flute
- PIE *sweysd- hiss
  - Proto-Slavic svis(t)-[nuti/...] - whistle

*ara - saw
- CHECK: Proto-Iranian *ārā → Proto-Uralic *ora - awl

grains

(kaz. dän, kir. dan; < Persian)
- Tokharian (B) tāno - grain

?*sulu - oats
- Chinese 飼料 - fodder
  - Mandarin sìliào
  - Cantonese zi6 liu6-2

tarığ - millet
- Proto-IE *dr̥Hweh₂ - cereal grain (of some sort?)
  - Proto-Germanic *tarwō - cereal grain
    - English tare - vetch
  - Sanskrit दूर्वा (dūrvā) - millet
- Mongolic *tariya - millet, cereal grain

*boza - fermented drink
- Proto-IE *bʰeusóm - "dross, sediment, brewer's yeast"
  - Proto-Germanic *beuzą - beer

*arpa - barley (/millet)
- Proto-Mongolic *arbai
- Proto-Japonic *àpá
  - Japanese awa
- Manchu *arfa
- Proto-Germanic *harwaz/hazwaz - flax
- Ossetian кӕрвӕдз [kərvədz], хъӕбӕрхор [qəbərxor]
- Aramaic ˁbwr(ˀ) [ˁăḇūr(ā)] - grain
- Proto-IE *albʰi - barley
  - Proto-Iranian *arba
- Sumerian urta - (ear of barley?)

*sıra - beer (in some NW languages and Chuvash)
- Sanskrit súrā - alcohol, wine

?*araq - alcohol
- Sumerian arzig - boza
- Akkadian arsikku - boza
- Mongolian ariki - alcohol

other

*yūrt(ă?) - ring left when yurt is moved, place where a yurt is set up, (homeland, "campsite", "yurt")
- PIE gʰerdʰ- enclose, encircle; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
  - Germanic *gardaz - enclosure; court, yard; garden
    - English yard
  - Germanic *gárdō - hedge, fence; enclosure, pen; court, yard; garden; house
    - Old Saxon gardo
  - Slavic *gordŭ - city, town
  - Sanskrit गृह gṛhá - house
  - Hittite gurtas - citadel
  - Tokharian warto, wärto garden, grove
- PIE er(+t) earth
  - Germanic erθō-
    - English earth
    - German erd
  - Tokharian B yare gravel
- Semitic ˀarḍ earth
  - Early Aramaic ˀarð̣ā
- Mongolian ger yurt
- Proto-IE *wer- defend, close

*yük - a load, *yüd- - to load
- Proto-IE *i̯eu̯-g- - tie together, yoke
- Mongolic *joge (?) - to carry

*mal - livestock
- Tokharian (A) śemäl - cattle, livestock
- Mongolic mal - livestock
- Proto-Semitic ?
  - Arabic māl (مال) - wealth/property
  - Aramaic ml(ˀ) [māl(ā)] - wealth

(kir. topu - hat)
- Sanskrit ?ṭopī

*taqiğu/taqağu - chicken
- Mongolic *takiya(n)
- Proto-Semitic ?
  - Arabic dajāja

*yelim - glue
- Proto-IE gleh₁y- glue (v.) (with lots of derivatives)

*qalpaq - hat
- Proto-Slavic *klobukŭ
- Middle Persian kwlʾp̄

*āb hunt
- Mongolic *aba - hunt
- CHECK: Proto-Indo-Iranian *aǵ-a- - hunt → Proto-Uralic *aja-

Nature

flora

alma - apple
- Proto-IE h₂ebl-o-
  - Germanic *æpl
  - Russian jablo-
  - Latin/Romance pom-
  - Greek melo-

ot - grass (*oti?, cf. Chuvash utə)
- Proto-IE ad- grain
  - Tokharian A/B āti/atiyo ← *ātiyā grass
- Proto-IE *ḱóyno-
  - Old Armenian խոտ (xot) grass
- Caucasian something...
  - Archi гьоти (hoti) grass
  - Andi кIордо (k’ordo) grass
  - Rutul хьытІ (xyt’) barley
  - Tsakhur хьытIа (x’yt’a) barley
  - Udi ход (xod) tree
  - Avar гъветІ (ġvet’) tree
  - Georgian ხე (xe) tree

*yapurgaq - leaf (*yepirdek, *yapirmaq, etc.)
- Proto-Semitic *waraq green
  - Arabic waraq leaf, sheet, paper
  - Aramaic yārōq yellow-green, vegetable; yreq vegetation
  - Hebrew yaroq green, yereq vegetation, yaraq vegetable
- Persian barg leaf?
- Tokharian pält, pilta
- Proto-IE bʰel

*tal - willow
- Ket dɯˑl - willow
- Proto-Athabaskan *č’ʷətɬ’ - plant, shrub

*elme - elm tree
- Proto-IE *h₁élem
  - English elm

*sāban (?*-m-) - straw
- Proto-IE *sop-/*sep-? - needle, reed

?badam (Iranic borrowing?) - almond
- Tokharian watām - almond

*qadɯŋ - birch / *qarağay - juniper / *qaraqan - acacia
- Proto-Uralic *koxji - birch
- Baltic
  - Old Prussian kaddegs - juniper
  - Latvian kadiķis - juniper
  - Lithuanian kadagys - juniper

*balır - algae, muck, swamp; *balqaş - swamp
- Proto-IE *bʰ◌lt-?
  - Illyrian balta ‘swamp, marsh, white clay’
    - Latin blatea f., ‘excrement lump’, adalm. balta ‘sea swamp´
  - Ligurian *bolü - ‘swamp, marsh’
  - Slavic *bolto- (*bholǝto-) - ‘swamp, marsh, pond, pool, sea’
    - O.C.S. blato - ‘sea’
    - Ser.-Cr. blȁto - ‘sea, ordure”,
    - Russian boloto - swamp, bog; dial. bil - ‘swamp, marsh’; bala (*bhōlü): balaružina - ‘puddle, slop’
    - Polish dial. biel f. - ‘marshy wood, forest;
    - Clr. balka “ marsh “;
  - Lithuanian balà m. - ‘swamp, marsh, moor, fen, pool’
  - Albanian baltë f., balt m. - ‘slime, mud, swamp, marsh, white clay’
  - English pool

*terek - tree, poplar
- Proto-IE **drw (*derw, *drēw)
- Aramaic drḥt

*otun - firewood, fuel
- Proto-IE *widʰu wood, firewood, forest (only Germanic and Celtic?)

tamır/tımar/damar - root, vein
- Tokharian (A) tsmār - root
- Semitic
  - Hebrew תמר tāmār - date palm
  - Aramaic תמרא tamarā - date palm
  - Arabic تمر tamr - date palm

*erük - apricot
- Byzantine Greek βερικοκκίᾱ - apricot
  - Modern Greek βερύκοκο - apricot

*iağaç (or similar) - tree, wood
- Proto-Nivkh *dʼiɣar - tree
- PIE ?
  - Ancient Greek κάστον - wood
  - Ancient Greek ἄκαστος - maple
  - Sanskrit काष्ठ (kāṣṭha) - wood
- 'Arabic خ ش ب (x ʃ b) - wood
- PIE *kayt-/ḱayt- - forest, wasteland, pasture
  - Proto-Celtic ˈkoɨ̯d - wood(s?), forest
  - Albanian kashtë - straw (?)

*kendir / kenebir - cannabis

*tıt/tut - mulberry
- Semitic ?
  - Hebrew tut - strawberry
  - Arabic tūt - strawberry
  - Aramaic תותא (tūṯā) - mulberry
  - Neo-Babylonian Akkadian tuttu - ?
- Iranian
  - Khwarezmian twt - mulberry
  - Wakhi tɯt/tɯð - mulberry
- Georgian თუთა (tuta) - mulberry
- Old Armenian թութ (tʰutʰ) - mulberry

fauna

teke - goat
- Proto-IE tek- - to flow, to run
- Proto-IE digʰ- - goat

ökiz - ox
- Proto-IE *uks-en- - ox
  - Germanic *uhsōn - ox
    - English ox
  - Tokharian B okso - cow
- Mongolic *üker - cow

balɯq - fish
- Proto-IE l—k salmon
- Proto-IE *pesk/*h₂p-isk- fish
- Germanic *bullaka-z a kind of fish - de: Bolch, nl: bolk
- Japanese ɕake salmon

*qāz - goose
- Proto-IE *ǵʰáns- goose
  - Persian ʁāz

*qarğa - crow
- Proto-IE *ḱórw-eh₂- - crow

*qurt - worm
- Proto-IE wr̥-mi- - worm

*bȫrü - wolf
- Proto-IE ???
  - Ossetian бирæгъ
  - Mazanderani ورگ (verg)
  - Sanskrit वृक (vṛ́ka)
  - Hindi bhēṛhiyā
- Caucasian languages
  - Lak barc̣ (pl. burc̣i-l)
  - Chechen борз
- Uralic languages
  - Erzya верьгиз
  - Moksha врьгаз
  - Eastern Mari пире
  - Western Mari пирӹ
- Russian бирюк (a borrowing; native волк)

*qar(ı)şqır - wolf
- Proto-IE *h₂ŕ̥tḱos - bear

*sas-na, *çoç-qa - pig
- Proto-IE *sū◌s - pig

*buzağu - ~one-year-old bull (in some languages, two-year-old)
- Mongolic *bira-ɣu
- Proto-IE *mozǵʰ-o-s (only Armenian and Greek)
  - Armenian mozi - "two-year-old bull"
  - Greek móskhos - "young bull, young animal/bird, young shoot/twig"
- Proto-IE *bʰugo- "buck"
  - Avestan *buza "buck, goat"

*kene - tick, mite
- Proto-IE *knid, ḱnid - louse, nit

*iŋäk (?) - cow
- Tibetan nak - female yak
- Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰa(H)inúš - milk cow ← PIE *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”) (cf. PTk *tāna)
  - Sanskrit dʰenuḥ - cow
  - Avestan daēnu - cow
  - CHECK: → Proto-Uralic täjine - cow
- Mongolic *ünege - cow

*yün/*yuŋ - wool
- PIE u̯el-n- / *h₂welh₁- +‎ *-néh₂
  - O.Ind. ū́rṇü / Sanskrit ūrṇā
  - Iranian
    - Shughni wôwn
    - Sarikoli won
    - Khwarazmian w'n
  - Greek ληνος
  - Germanic *wullō

*qumırsqa - ant
- PIE *moru̯i-/*morwís
  - Latin formīca
  - Sanskrit vamrah
  - Greek myrmex
  - Greek βόρμᾱξ - Ameisenhaufen
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian *warmī́kas
    - Sanskrit valmīka- - anthil
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian *marwíš
- PIE *kʷr̩mis "worm"
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian *kŕ̥miš "worm"
    - Sanskrit कृमि kṛmi "worm"
    - Middle Persian kirm "worm"
  - Lithuanian kirmis "worm, maggot, snake"
  - Proto-Slavic čĭrvĭ "worm"
  - Persian کرم kerm "worm"

*baqa - frog
- Iranian
  - Middle Persian wk
    - Modern Persian bæk
  - Kurmancı baq

būqa - bull
- PIE *bʰugo- "buck"
  - Proto-Germanic *bukkô "male goat"

*iyt/yit(ă)? - dog
- Oroch inda'

*küçik - (small) dog, puppy (probably late borrowing?)
- Proto-Iranian *kútah
  - Baluchi kučak
  - Zazaki kutik
  - Tajik kučak
  - Kurmanji kûç(ik), gutî

*quş - bird
- PIE *h₂éwis - bird

*kirpi/tirpi - hedgehog
- Semitic *qunpuð- - hedgehog
  - Hebrew qippod - hedgehog
  - Aramaic quppad - hedgehog
  - Arabic qunfud - hedgehog
- Chinese 刺蝟
  - Mandarin cìwèi
  - Cantonese tsi³ wai⁶
  - Hokkien tshì-uī
- Georgian zʁarbi

*qoy/qoń - sheep
- Proto-IE *h₃ewis~*h₃owis

*elik - row deer
- PIE *h₁el- - deer
  - Armenian ełn-ik - deer/doe
  - English elk
  - Russian олень, лось, etc.

*eçkü/*keç(k)i - goat
- PIE *h₂éyǵ-/*h₂(e)iǵ-yeh₂-./*h₂eǵos - he-goat
  - Armenian ayc/ayci - goat
  - Proto-Hellenic *aíks - goat
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haȷ́ás - goat
    - Middle Persian ʾckʼ (/⁠azag⁠/?) - goat
    - Zazaki esk(i)/ask(i) - goat
- PIE *koǵʰeh₂
  - Proto-Slavic *kozà - goat
- SE Caucasian ?
  - Avar ccʼe - goat
  - Lezgi c̣eh - goat
- CHECK: Proto-Iranian *ćāgaḥ → Proto-Uralic *ćaka

*tabışqan - rabbit
- Arabic ṭabsūn - rock hyrax

sky/time/weather

kün - day, sun
- Proto-IE *sóh₂wl̩ (gen. sh²u̯en-s) sun
  - Germanic sun
  - Tokharian B kaum̩/kon-/kaun- day
  - Avestan xʷan (nom. húu̯arə̄)

yil - year
- ?Proto-IE yōr-
  - English year
- Proto-Georgian-Zan *ʦʼel- year
  - Georgian ʦʼel- year

yaz (*yaaŕ) - spring
- Proto-IE yōr- year

ań - moon, month
- (pre-Proto-Turkic *ā́ńu, most Turkic ay)
- Latin annus - year
- Gothic *aþni - year

*bulut - cloud
- Proto-IE *melōdʰ - elevation, head
- Etruscan falatu - sky

*taŋri (?) - sky, heaven
- Japanese *tenki - weather
- Chinese 天, Middle Chinese tʰen/tʰien
  - Mandarin tiān - sky, day
  - Cantonese tin1 - sky, day
- PIE *dAnǵʰ- - sky, heavenly body
  - Lithuanian dangùs - sky, heaven

**qıra~qarı (?) > qār, yur - snow
- Celtic *argyo- - snow
- Iranian *wap-ra - snow
  - Gorani vværwæ, værw

*(h?)ayāŕ < *(p?)ańāŕ - frost
- Proto-IE

*kȫk (Chuvash kŏwak) - blue; sky/heaven
- Mongolic köke - blue
- Sanskrit गगन gagana - sky, heaven
- Yucatec Maya káʼan - sky, heaven
- Yawa, Ambai keke - blue

*tuman - fog
- Proto-IE ???*dʰuH₁-mo- - smoke
- Proto-IE *dʰuh₂mós - smoke
  - Sanskrit dhūmá - smoke, mist
  - Avestan dunman - fog, mist
  - Russian дым - smoke
- Proto-IE *témH- - dark
  - Sanskrit तमस् támas - darkness, gloom
  - Middle Persian tom - darkness
    - Persian تم‎ tam - darkness, blackness, cataract
  - Proto-Slavic *tьma - darkness
    - Russian тьма - darkness
    - Russian темень - darkness
- unsorted
  - Avestan duuąnman - cloud
  - Persian دود‎ dūd
  - Persian دودمان‎ dūdmān - smoke, soot

*yaru-/yarı- shine, *yaruq/yarıq, yarqın - light, bright
- Russian jark-ij - bright
- Proto-Semitic *waraq green
  - Aramaic yārōq yellow-green
  - Hebrew yaroq green
- Proto-Semitic *warḫ moon, month
  - Aramaic yarħ-
  - Hebrew yarēaħ
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine (>yellow)
  - Iranian ?*zari - golden
    - ? Middle Persian zargōn
      - Aramaic zrgwn (zargūn?) - golden

yel - wind
- Proto-IE *h₂wéh₁n̥ts
  - Tokharian *wʲente

land and water

yer - earth, land
- PIE ġʰ—r(+dʰ) to grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning “enclosure.”
  - Germanic gard
    - English yard
    - German garten
  - Tokharian warto, wärto garden, grove
- PIE er(+t) earth
  - Germanic erθ
    - English earth
    - German erd
  - Tokharian B yare gravel
- Semitic ˀarḍ earth
- Mongolian ger yurt
- Proto-IE *wer- defend, close
- Proto Slavic *žirŭ pasture?

sub - water
- Proto-IE seu-, su- rain, flow
- Proto-IE *sūwe- to rain
  - Tokharian su- / swāsā-
  - Greek hǖei̯
  - Albanian ši
- Proto-IE *h₂ep- water
- Mongolian *ʊsʊ-n (?)
- Mandarin shui3
- Cantonese seoi2
- Proto-Kartvelian s₁w- - drink

bulaq - spring, well
- Latin flus- river
- Proto-IE bhleu-gʷ- overflow
- English flow, float

*köl - lake
- Proto-Yeniseian kʰul - water

*yar- - cliff ([early] Iranian borrowing?)
- Proto-IE *ner - to conceal, cover, hiding place, hollow
- Gongduk yər - cliff

*tāş - stone
- Mongolic *tila-ɣu
- Etruscan *tul
- Korean dol
- Old Indic śilā
- Ket təˀs

*tāğ - mountain, *toğ - dust
- Mongolian toɣu-sun, toɣu-raɣ
  - Khalkha тоос - dust, dirt
- Chinese 土
  - Middle Chinese *tʰuoX?
  - Mandarin tŭ - soil, earth
  - Cantonese tou2 - soil, earth
- Japanese take - mountain

*tepe/*töpü (?) - top/peak of hill/head
- Sardinian theppa, tzèppara - "stony peak" (thought to be of Illyrian/Thracian origin)
- Albanian thep - top, peak (thought to be of Illyrian/Thracian origin)
- Proto-Germanic tuppaz - braid; projecting end or point; top

other

*bāl - honey
- Proto-IE - *mélh₁
- Proto-IE - *mélit
  - Albanian, Anatolian, Armenian, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Italic
- Proto-IE - *médʰu
  - Balto-Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Tokharian, Uralic
  - Iranian *mádu
    - Bactrian molo
  - Indic *mádʰu
    - Romani mol

*may(?) - fat
- Finno-Ugrian *vaj/voj - butter

*ot - fire
- Proto-IE *āt(e)r-

*ört - fire (destructive)
- Proto-IE *āt(e)r-
  - Proto-Iranian *āθr
    - Ossetic art

ımır - ripples, ımırqay - pinkish, ımırt - dawn
- Tokharian (A) wmār - jewel, pearl

et - meat
- Sogdian yātē

köt - butt
- Avestan gūθa- - excrement

Verbs

qal - stay
- Germanic halt, hold

ber - give
- Proto-IE bʰer - carry, bear
  - Russian брать - take
- Proto-IE per - go over, carry over, bring
- Nihali beː- - give

bış-/piş- - cook (v.i.), -ır (v.t.)
- Proto-IE pekʷ-
  - OCS peš-tь < *pékʷ-tis
    - Russian печь
  - Tokharian päk-
  - O. Indic pacati
  - Avestan pačaiti
- Proto-IE *bʰeh₃g-
  - English bake

tur - stand, stay
- Germanic en: dare, yi: tor
- Proto-IE ter - to cross, transgress, to stay
- Japanese tat - to stand up"

je - eat
- Proto-IE h₁ed-
- Mongolic id
- Nihali ṭ/tyeː-

çab- - cut
- English chop
- Spanish zapatas - shoes
- French sabotage

*iç- - drink
- Proto-IE *h₁egʰʷ (*ekʷ-?) - drink
  - Tokharian (B) yok
- Proto-IE *aḱ
- Proto-IE *ēkʷ- - water

gäp-ir - something said, speak (later Iranian borrowing)
- English jabber, gab
- Russian говорить - speak
- Proto-IE gebh- - jaw, mouth

öl- - die
- PIE *welh₃- - to wound; death (in battle); slain (in battle)
  - Tokharian wäl - die
  - Germanic (OE) wæl / (ON) val - slain person

*teg-/*tek- - touch
- Proto-IE **th₂g-n- - to touch
  - Germanic
    - Gothic tēkan
    - English take
  - Tokharian B täk/tak - touch, feel; take
  - Latin tang-
- Proto-IE ?
  - English touch
- Japanese tuk- - to be attached / turned on
- Proto-IE *deḱ - accept ritually

se(b/p?)- - to plant
- Proto-IE *sē-/*seh₁- - sow
- Proto-IE *seip/seib - pour, rain, sift, sieve, stream, trickle, dribble

sebele- - to sprinkle
- Proto-IE *seip/seib - pour, rain, sift, sieve, stream, trickle, dribble

öö(j?)- - to think, understand
- Proto-IE *ous ear

saqı- - to think
- Proto-IE *sekʷ- - to see

yaq- - to light, make burn
- Proto-IE *dʰégʷʰ - to burn (v.t.?)

*qap- - to snatch
- Proto-IE *gʰabʰ- - to take
- Tokharian (A) kälp - acquire, attain

*ket- - to go away, leave
- Proto-IE *ked- - to go, yield
- Tokharian (A) kätk- - go beyond, exceed, traverse

*kes- - to cut
- Proto-IE *ḱes-
- Tokharian (A) kärṣt - cut off
- Japanese kir- - cut

*qarı- - to grow old
- Proto-IE *gerh₂- - to grow old

*tug-ur - tent covering
- Proto-IE *tog- - to cover

*yorı-/yür(i)- - walk / *yügür- - run
- Proto-IE *dʰor- - to jump (at)
- Proto-IE *gʷʰðer- - to run, flow

*siŋ- - sink into (get soaked up?)
- Proto-IE *teng - to soak, wet
- Proto-IE *sengʷ - to fall, to sink

*yet- - reach
- Proto-IE *yet - to set out for, to strive

*qud- - pour
- Proto-IE *ǵʰeu - pour
  - Gothic giutan - pour
  - Tokharian (A?) ku- - pour

*tök- - pour out, make flow
- Proto-IE tekʷ/tek- - to run, flow

*bar- - to go, walk (away)
- Proto-IE per - go over, carry over, bring

*bat- - to sink; to fit into, get into
- Proto-IE pet - open [arms] wide; to fall, to fly

*saĺ- - to untie, loosen, solve (seç-..)
- Proto-IE slab- - loose, weak

*em- - to suck
- Proto-Uralic *imi- - suck

*tep- - to step on, trample
- Proto-IE *trep- - to trample, tread

*türt- - to push
- Proto-IE *trewd- - to press, push
  - Latin trūd-ō- - push
  - English threat
  - Russian trud - labour

*qur- - to build, erect, establish
- Proto-IE *kʷr̥-/*kʷer- - do, make, build
  - Proto-Baltic *kur- - erect, build; start a fire
  - Indic *karáwti ← *kʷr̥-néw-ti ~ *kʷr̥-nw-énti - do, build(?)
    - Sanskrit kṛṇóti/karáwti / Pali karoti
      - Assamese kor - do
      - Dhivehi kur - do
      - Bengali kôr - do
- Etruscan kar/ker - make, build

*ögrän- - to learn
- Proto-IE *gʷʰren- - "phrenic"; soul, mind

*uq- - understand, hear, (*oqu- - read, study)
- Proto-IE *ok- - understand, see
  - (only attested in Greek and Germanic)
- Proto-IE *okʷ- - see, eye
- Mongolic *uka - understand, think

*ös- - grow
- Proto-IE *u̯eis- - sprout, grow
- Proto-IE *u̯og-s- - magnify, increase
  - Proto-Germanic *vaks- - grow
  - Tokharian A *oks- - grow

*bil- - know
- Proto-IE *weid- - know
  - Germanic *wit
- Mongolic *med- - know
- Proto-IE *men- - mind
  - Persian menidan - think, menišn - thought
- Tocharian päl- (A), pal- (B) - to think

*kerek - needed
- Proto-IE *ǵʰer(e)- - desire

*(b)ol- be
- Proto-IE ?
- Mongolic *bü-
- Proto-Uralic *wole-

*är - be
- Proto-IE *es- - be

*tanı- - be acquainted with / know (but Kg. taanı)
- Proto-IE ǵnō-/ǵenə- - know
  - Iranian ??
    - New Persian dāni-
    - New Persian šinā- ???

*tut- (?*tukta-) - pull, subdue
- Proto-IE *deuk- - drag
  - English tug
  - Latin duc- - lead
  - Latin "t-stem" ductus - duct

?ayda- - drive [animals]
- Proto-IE *aǵ (*heǵ-) - lead, drive cattle

udı- - sleep (connected with od- - wake??)
- Proto-IE sneud(h)- - drowsy / to drowse

od- - wake
- Proto-IE bheudh- - be awake / aware
- Mongolic (h)uda- - conceive, design, instigate (Starostin)

aç- - open
- Japanese *áká- - open
  - Modern Tokyo àke- - open

*ked- wear
- Old Japanese kî- - wear
  - Modern Tokyo ki- - wear
- Proto-IE *kadh- - protect, cover
  - Old English heden - dress
  - Icelandic heðinn - skirt

*ur- / *vur- (cf. Chuvash, Turkish) / *hur- (cf. Halaj) hit
- Modern Tokyo bu(t?)- - hit
- Modern Tokyo fùru- - shake

*sez- feel
- Proto-IE sent- - take a direction; feel
  - Latin sens-us - sense, mind
  - OCS sęštь - smart
- Mongolic *sere-/*seri- notice

*sıç- defecate
- Proto-IE k̂ekʷ-

*kel- come
- Tokharian (A) kälk- - walk
- Tokharian (B) kalāk- - follow
- Tokharian (A) käl- - lead, bring

*yap- close
- PIE *yew-o-?
  - Proto-Tokharian *yäpa-
  - Tokharian (AB) yām, (A) ya-/ypa- - make

*āş- cross, exceed
- Tokharian (A) āsuk - over

*yıq- (klj,kjh: yuq) - defeat, overthrow
- Tokharian (A) yuk- - conquer, overcome

*qarba- - grab
- Proto-IE *gʰrebʰ- - grab, seize, snatch
  - Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬡 garəβ - seize

*aq- (chv: yux-) - flow, run (liquid)
- Proto-IE (only Germanic, Italic?) *h₂ekʷeh₂ - water (specifically, flowing), river

*böl- - divide
- Semitic ?*PLG - divide

*toğ- - give birth
- Proto-IE *teke- - give birth

*yet- (caus *yetkir-~yetkiz-) - reach
- Mongolic *jidkü - strive
- Proto-Germanic *ɣetanã - attain, acquire

*kid- - get dressed
- Proto-IE *gleyt- - cloth
  - Germanic *klaiþą - cloth
- Proto-IE **h₂ew- dress, get dressed

*teş- - make holes
- Aramaic, Hebrew דגש (DGŠ) - pierce, stab

*yan(+dir) - to burn v.i. (v.t.)
- Proto-Na-Dené *q’aˑn burn, ignite
- Ket -qan cook, burn, boil

yıl- - warm
- Proto-IE *ḱel- - warm/cool
- Proto-IE *gel- - cold
- Proto-IE *gʷʰer- - hot, warm

*yibi- - become wet, soak
- Proto-IE *nebʰ - damp, water, clouds

*yal- - to burn, *yalın - flame, *yaş- (yalʲ-) - to blaze, *yalqı- - to glitter
- Proto-IE *dʰel- - light
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine

*qat-/qatı- - harden (qatığ - hard)
- Mongolic *qata- - harden (qatağu - hard)
- Japanese kata - hard

*sāç- - scatter, disperse (transitive)
- Tokharian (B) käsk- - scatter
- Tokharian (B) täṃts- scatter, disperse

*tēr(j?)- - gather, collect
- Proto-IE *dʰer- - support, hold
  - Indo-Iranian *dʰárati ← *dʰer-e-ti
    - Sogdian dʼr
    - Ossetian дарын

*yeŋ- - win
- Proto-IE *weyk- - contain, envelop; yield; overcome → *wi-né-k-ti ~ *wi-n-k-énti
  - Latin vinc- - win, conquer
- Proto-IE *wenh₁- - love; strive; wish; desire
  - Proto-Germanic *winnaną - labour, toil; to win, gain; to fight, strive
    - English win
  - Sanskrit vanoti (van-) - win; gain; acquire

**kælæ- - speak
- Mongolic *kele-
- Greek καλέω - call, summon
- Proto-Uralic *käle - tongue

*ket- - leave, go (<ke-t- causative??)
- PIE ǵʰeh - go (derivatives mostly in Germanic, Indic, Greek?)

*kīr- - enter
- Japanese háir- - enter

*keç- - cross, pass
- Japanese kos- - cross, pass

*kemir-(?) - gnaw
- Japanese kám- - bite

*qaz- - dig
- Japanese hór- - dig

*yul-/yulı-/yol- - pluck
- PIE *welh₃- - pluck(??)

*ur- - hit, strike
- PIE *welh₃- - hit, strike

*boğ- - tie up, strangle
*bay-la-(?) - tie
*boğ? - bundle (kir boo, kaz baw, Old Turkish boğ)
- PIE *peh₂ǵ- - attach
  - Greek πήγνῡ-μῐ - secure, fasten
  - Greek πάγη - snare, noose, anything that attaches
  - Proto-Germanic *faką - compartment, divison

*tōl- - fill
- Proto-Balto-Slavic ?
  - Proto-Slavic *tъlstъ - fat, thick
  - Latvian tùlzt, Lithuanian tul̃žti - swell
  - Proto-Slavic *tъlpa - crowd

*de-/te- - say
- Proto-East-Slavic *дѣеть - say
- Latin dīcere/dīc- - say <- PIE *déyḱ - show

sep- - sprinkle
- PIE *seyb- - pour out, dribble, strain, trickle

*yalğa- - lick
- PIE *leyǵʰ - lick

*yaz-/*yar- - write
- Proto-Kartvelian *c̣₁er- ~ *c̣₁r- - scratch, depict → write
  - Georgian ʦʼer - write
- Mongolian jiru- - draw, write

*çız-/*çır- - draw, scratch
- Proto-Kartvelian *c̣₁er- ~ *c̣₁r- - scratch, depict → write
  - Georgian ʦʼer - write
- Mongolian jiru- - draw, write

*qıl- - do, make
- Proto-IE *kelh₂- - beat, break

Body parts

PrTk. *bāş - head
- Ainu pake - head
- Proto-IE *gʰebʰōl - ?
  - Tokharian A śpāl - head
  - Tokharian B śpālu - head
  - OHG gebal - ?
  - Greek κɛɸɑlή - ?
- Lak baḳ
- Khotanese Saka māstai - head

Pre-PrTk. *padaq - foot
- Proto-IE *bʰad (*bʰ—ħd) - boot
- Proto-Uralic *ponče
  - Proto-Finnic *potka - hind leg, shank

PrTk. *būt - foot, thigh
- Proto-IE **pṓds - foot
- Proto-Uralic *ponče
  - Proto-Finnic *potka - hind leg, shank

*el(ig) - hand, (later alaqan - palm of hand ← Mongolic), *hāja - palm, al- - take
- Proto-IE *h₁el- - elbow, forearm
  - English ell, elbow
- Mongolic *halaqa(n)/*hali'a(n) ?
- Proto-IE *plh₂m-, - palm
  - Old English folm
  - Latin palma
  - Old Irish lām
  - Ancient Greek παλάμη ‎(palámē)

qol - hand, arm
- Germanic hand, hold
- Georgian xel - hand

*jaŋaq/*jıŋaq - jaw
- Proto-IE *ǵebʰ- - jaw, mouth
  - English jowl
- English jaw
- Proto-IE *ǵénus - jaw, chin, cheek
  - Manichean Parthian zanax → Persian zanax - chin
  - Persian ʧɑːne - chin, jaw

*çeŋē - jaw
- Proto-IE *ǵénus - jaw, chin, cheek
  - Persian ʧɑːne - chin, jaw

qulğaq - ear
- Proto-IE *ḱlew- - to hear
  - Tokharian B klautso ?, kl̄aw - to hear
  - Celtic *klew-o
- Proto-IE *gʰous- - hear
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰauš-
  - Sanskrit घोष gʰoṣa
  - Old Persian gauša- - ear
    - Modern Persian guš - ear

meŋä / miy / mee (*bejŋi?) - brain
- Russian мозг brain
- Hebrew MWX brain
  - Yiddish moyex brain
- Sogdian m'g
- Proto-IE *men- mind
- Proto-IE *moz-g- brain
  - Old Indic majján

*burut - mustache
- Proto-IE *bʰardʰ- - beard

bel - waist
- Latin balteus belt (of Etruscan origin?)
- Proto-Iranian *mádʰyas - middle, waist <- PIE *médʰyos "middle"
  - Bactrian milano - waist
  - Pashto mlā - waist

*bod - body (Kg boy - height, length)
- OE bodig - trunk, chest (of a man or animal), originally "cask;"
  - English - body
- OHG botah

*yāş - tear (from eye)
- Proto-IE *dáḱru- - tear
  - Wakhi yashk - tear [1]
- Mongolic nilmus - tear
- (Mongolic dusal ? - drop < dus- - drip (v.i.))

*yürek - heart (but Chuvash çəre)
- Proto-IE *ḱḗr - heart
  - Proto-Tocharian *käryā- - heart

*qar-ın - belly
- Proto-IE *ǵʰer- - bowels
- Nihali gadri - liver

*tīş - tooth
- Proto-IE *ǵeus- - to taste
- Proto-IE *h₁dónts - tooth

*bʲağır - liver
- Proto-IE *yeh₁kwr̥-/Hyékʷr̥ - liver (maybe *by- or *py-?)
  - Latin iecur
  - Indic
    - Old Indic yakŕ̩t
  - Iranian
    - Khotanese Saka gyagarrä
    - Ossetian igær
- Non-IE Northern European *mok-on- - stomach, bag (see entry here)
- Nihali bhaːwri- belly

*tǖk - hair
- Proto-IE *twék- - skin

*bōyn - neck
- Proto-IE *mon- - neck

*beŋ - mole
- Proto-IE *meng- - pretty, beautiful

*ağız/ağz- (←**ağs?) - mouth
- Proto-IE *h₁óh₃s/h₁h₃sés (*ōus) - mouth
- Persian āvāz - voice

çiray (Mongolic) - ~visage
- Mongolic ?*čirai - ~visage
- Persian čehra - face

qaraq/qarek - pupil of the eye / eyeball
- Proto-IE
  - Greek κόρη/κούρη/κώρα "the pupil of the eye, eyeball"

?*saç - hair
- Proto-IE *dēḱwā - ?
  - Tokharian A śāku - hair

*qıl ~ ?*qılq (chv. χələχ) - hair
- Mongolic *kilga-su-n - horse's hair
  - Classical Mongolian kilgasu(n) - horse's hair
  - Khalkha хялгас - horse's hair
- Finnish kalki - hair

~**köks (→köküräk~köküz) - chest
- Celtic kīkā - breast
- Japanese kokóɾo - heart
- Armenian kurckʰ - breast, chest
- Armenian cic - breast
- Agulis Armenian gʲygʲ - bosom (Vaux 1998)

*omuz - shoulder (and Kazakh omırtqa ‘spine’)
- distribution in Turkic: Middle Turkic, Chuvash, Oğuz, Uzbek, some Western Qıpçaq (Balkar, Karaim, Kumyk)
- Mongolic (WM)omuruɣu(n)/(MM)omori'ut - collar bone
- Mongolic (khk) mör - shoulder
- Evenki mïre(?)
- Proto-IE *H₁ōmso-
  - Old Indian áṁsa-
  - Old Greek ō̂m(s)o-s
  - Germanic áms-a-
  - Latin umerus
  - Tocharian es (A) (*omso-), āntse (B) (*omeso-)

*qān (but chv jun)
- Proto-Iranian *wahuni
  - Sogdian xurn, wuxrn/uxarn blood
  - Middle Persian xōn
- 'Proto-IE *ǵenh₁- to produce, to beget, to give birth
  - Germanic *kunją - kin/clan

*köz - eye
- Proto-IE *h₃ókʷs
  - Lithuanian akìs
  - Sanskrit ákṣi

*ald- - front
- PIE *h₂ént-o- "in front"

*arqa - back
- PIE *pṛh₂wo- "anterior"
  - Tocharian pärwa-t (A), parwe (B) ← *pä́rwë
- Proto-Nakh *ʔaq̇Vr- "on one's back"

*moyn~boyun - neck
- Proto-IE *mony-, *mon "neck"

*azıɣ - fang
- Mongolic *araɣa "fang"
- Iranian ?
  - Khotanese haskä "elephant tusk"
  - Persian yašk "tusk"
- Hungarian agyar "tusk"
- Georgian ešvi "fang"

Numerals

bīr - one
- English first, fore
- Romance prim-
- Proto-IE prHuo-, pro-wo-, perǝ, pro first, fore, ahead
- Tokharian parwe

ä(k)ki, i(k)ki - two
- Proto-IE sekʷ follow
  - English second
- Finnish kaksi (?)
- Proto-IE du̯ō+ko
  - Old Indic dviká- twofold
  - Armenian erkic̣s twice
  - Albanian dyshi two
  - Old Saxon twisk twofold
- Proto-IE *h₂énteros second / other
  - Germanic *anþeraz second / other (of two)

tȫrt - four
- Proto-IE kwetwores
  - Tokharian çtwar, çtwer
  - Greek *τετϝρα → τετρα-

bēş - five
- Proto-IE penkwe
  - Tokharian pañä, piç, piś

jet(t)i - seven
- Proto-IE septom
  - Tokharian s.pät, sukt

sek(k)iz - eight
- Proto-IE *h₁oḱtṓw
  - Tokharian okät, okt

yigirmä/ɟigirma - twenty
- Proto-IE **dwi(h₁)dḱm̥ti / **dwi-dḱmt-ih₁ → *u̯i-ḱmt-ī / *wī́ḱm̥tih₁
  - Proto-Tokharian *w'īkän (→ wiki, ikäṃ)
  - Proto-Celtic *wikantī
  - Latin vīgintī
    - Aromanian yinghits
- Proto-IE *deḱ- ten
  - Proto-Germanic *teguz group of ten
    - Old Norse tigr group of ten

otuz - thirty
- Hindi/Urdu/Nepali tīs

qır(ı)q - forty
- Old East Slavic sorokŭ
- PIE *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt
  - Byzantine Greek σαράκοντα
  - Old Armenian kʿaṙasun
  - Iranian *čatwārHcát
    - Persian čehel
  - Indic *catvāriṃśát
    - Hindi/Urdu cālīs

miŋ/mıŋ - thousand
- Chinese 萬 ten thousand
  - Middle Chinese *mʉɐn^H - ten thousand
    - Mandarin wàn - ten thousand
    - Cantonese man⁵, maan⁶
- Tungusic
  - Manchu miŋgan - thousand
- Mongolic *miŋgan - thousand

tümän - ten thousand
- Tokharian A tmāṃ /tmaːn/ (A), t(u)māne (B), tmāne; tumám - ten thousand
- Old Church Slavonic тьма - ten thousand
- Chinese 萬 ten thousand
  - Middle Chinese *mʉɐnH
    - Mandarin wàn

-(i)nçi - -th
- Proto-IE -nte? -th

*san - number, *som; sōm(?) - number; whole, piece (?)
- Tokharian B ṣaṃṣäl - number < ṣäṃṣ- - to count

*tēk - lone, only
- Old Chinese *tek - single
- Khalkha teg - zero

People

qağan - ruler, khan
- Hebrew kohen

qı̄z - girl, daughter (Chuvash xĕr)
- English kid, kith
- Proto-IE *ḱer- grow
  - Greek κόρη/κούρη/κώρα "girl, virgin"
- PIE *swésōr "siter"
  - Khotanese hvar
  - Sogdian xwār
  - Pashto xor

er - male, man (?*her (Halaj hir-) ← ?*per)
- Proto-IE *er - bull, male
- Germanic *ærgi (?) - unmasculine?
- Proto-IE *wiro- - man; warrior
  - Scythian oior - man (Herodotus)
- Proto-IE *ario-? - master, lord
- Burushaski hir - man

ata - father/grandfather; aqa/äke - older male relative
- Proto-IE *ph₂tḗr
  - Tokharian pácar, pacer
- Proto-IE *hatta/*átta
  - Lydian ata
  - Proto-Slavic *otə
  - Ancient Greek ἄττα
  - Ossetian əda - grandfather
  - Latin atta
  - Gothic atta
- Etruscan ati- - mother

ayal - woman, wife
- Tokharian ckácar, tkácer daughter
- Arabic ʾahl wife (probably just a loan in some Turkic languages from this)

*ēş (*ēlʲ?) - friend
- Proto-IE *bʰili/*bʰilo - harmonious, friendly
- Tungusic *pali - friendship, relationship

*orda - horde
- Proto-IE *ḱerdʰā - troop, line

*edi (**hedi?) - master, owner
- Proto-IE *poti-s - master, owner, host
  - Old Indic páti- - master
  - Avestan paiti- - master
- Mongolic eje-n - master, owner

*küni - co-wife
- Proto-IE *gʷ(e)na- - wife, woman

*yigit(?) - young, young man
- Proto-IE *h₂yuh₁n̥ḱós/*h₂yowh₁en-/h₂yuh₁en- - young
  - Germanic *jungaz < **juwung-+az - young
    - West Germanic *juwunþ- < *juwung-+θ - youth
      - Old English 'ˈjeoɣʊθ - youth / young person
      - Old Saxon juguth

*tegin(?) - tegin
- Germranic *þegnaz - man, warrior
  - Old English þæġn, þeġen, þegn - servant/retainer, "one in service to the king or other superior"
  - Dutch degen - hero, warrior, soldier

*āğıl - village/settlement (~community of families)
- Semitic ʔHL - ?
  - Arabic ʾahl - kin (~community around a family)
  - Hebrew ʾāhál - pitch a tent
  - Hebrew ʾóhel - tent
  - Akkadian âlu - settlement
- Mongolic *ayil - village/settlement (~community of families)
- (aylan- - spin i.v.)
- English hall?
- Proto-Nakh *ʔablV - root (→ kin →) village

*bāla - child
- Sanskrit bāla - boy, child

*küni - cowife
- PIE *gʷen, *gʷenh₂ - woman, wife
  - Ancient Greek gunḗ - woman, wife
  - Proto W Germanic *kwāni - woman
  - Older Avestan gənā - woman, wife

*qarı, *qarı- - old, get old
- PIE *ǵerh₂- - grow old

Grammatical

*qāń - (qaysı - which, qayda - where, qana - where (to), (kim - who,) etc)
- Proto-IE *kʷo
- Proto-Uralic *ke- who

qaçan - when
- Proto-IE
  - Panjabi kad, kadoñ
  - Sindhi kaɖahn

*kim - who
- Proto-IE *kʷim - who (acc)
  - Phrygian kin
- Mongolic *ken - who

-kan - (deverbal adverbial / adjectival / nominal suffix)
- Proto-IE *kʷo
  - kwand / when / etc.

orta - middle, centre
- Tokharian orto - up

oqşa- - like, similar
- Tokharian oki - like

oq - emphatic particle
- Tokarian ats - exactly

-mA - verbal negation morpheme
- Tokharian má - not
- Greek má, mé - not
- Sanskrit má - don't
- Mandarin mei2, bu1 - NEG
- Cantonese mo5, ng4 - NEG

beri - before, since
- IE *prih₁-mó- / *prō-to- foremost
  - Russian p(e)red - before, in front of
  - English fore
  - Latin pre-

mI - yes/no question particle
- Sanskrit vā - yes/no question particle

ȫz - self, own reflexive pronoun
- Ancient Greek heós < PIE swa-

-dA - Locative
- Mongolic *-dUr - Locative, Dative
- 'PIE *de/*do, *-de/*-do - Allative
  - Mycenaean & Ancient Greek -dé - Allative
  - English to - Dative
  - Slavic do - Terminative
  - Old Irish do - Dative
- Japanese de Instrumental

-kA Dative
- Japanese e Lative
- Japanese ga nom.subj
- Japanese wa nom.top

dA - also
- PIE *de/*do, *-de/*-do - also
  - English too

*-Uğ/-AğU (?) (→ Uw, etc.) vn and V→N derivation
- Proto-Finnic *-u V→N derivation

Other

yaq-şı - good ← yaq- to be pleasing (?)
- Proto-IE meH-, wEsu- (?)
- Proto-IE *ǵews- - taste, try
  - Proto Indic *ȷ́áwšati ← *ǵéws-e-ti - like, enjoy, be pleased
  - Proto Indic *ȷ́áwšas ← *ǵéws-o-s
    - Sanskrit jóṣa - happiness, satisfaction

āq - white
- Proto-IE *h₂erǵ- - white, shine
- Tokharian árki , árkwi- white

qut - fortune
- Germanic en: good

ant+ar - turn over
- Proto-IE ant front
- Tokharian ánt through, across, ánt, ánte forehead
- Germanic anðar other

tın+ıç - peace
- Tokharian tunk love

süːt - milk
- Proto-IE *sweh₂d-u- sweet
- Proto-IE or BMAC *kswēyd- milk
  - Avestan xšuuid-
  - Sanskrit kṣīrá

ülkän - big
- Tokharian walke long

*bek - firm, stable
bedük(?) - high
- IE *mag- large, many
  - Tokharian makí, (A?) māk much
- Mongolian hike - big

*bek - fast (as in solid/stable)
man - great
- Proto-IE *meǵ- - great?
  - Phrygian meka great
  - Greek megas great
  - Latin magna ?
- Proto-IE *magʰ- - able/power
- Korean manhi - a lot
- Korean pʰək - very
- Korean pak - vigorously
- Mongolian maš - very

büt/bük? - all, entire
- Tokharian (A) puk - all, every, whole

töbe - hill, peak, crest
- English top

māl - time, moment (Perso-Arabic borrowing?)
- Germanic *mēl time of meal
  - en: meal
  - yi: mol time
  - de: Mahl, Mal

ters - reverse, backwards
- Proto-IE *ter- - cross over
- Proto-IE *ter / *tero - over/through

kers - reverse, backwards
- Proto-IE *ǵers - to turn, to bend

*yal-aŋ/-ŋuz - naked/lone
- Proto-IE *gal- - naked

*yalğan - falsehood
- Tokharian *ywolo - bad, ugly
  - Khotanese yola - falsehood

*yar-ıq/-qın//-ıl - light, bright//explode
- Proto-IE gʷʰer- - warm

Kg. ubada- - promise (Perso-Arabic borrowing?)
- Proto-IE *wadʰ- - promise

alıs - far, distant (Mongolic borrowing)
- Proto-IE *h₂el-yó- - beyond; other
- Mongolic alisun - far

äli - still (Iranian borrowing?)
- Proto-IE *h₂el-yó- - beyond; other

*yeŋgü-l - lightweight
- Proto-IE *lengʷʰ- - lightweight

*ōçuz - thin/light/easy/worthless
- Proto-IE *ténh₂us - thin

*qula - light yellow, brown
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine (>yellow)

*boŕ / *bōŕ - grey
- Proto-IE *mor(u) - to blacken, dark spot

*buŕ / *boŕ - to spoil, be damaged, destroyed
- Proto-IE *merk - to rot

teŋ - equal
- Proto-IE *tengʰ/tenk/tens - to extend, stretch, span
- Proto-IE tenk - contract
- Middle Chinese 等 tʌi/təŋ - equate, be equal; and similar; sort, kind

yāĺıl - green ← yāĺ young
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel - shine; green
- Proto-IE *dʰāl- blossom, be green
- Proto-IE *iēlo- (only Celtic and Balto-Slavic) unripe, raw
- Mongolian zalʊː ← yala'u young

*ağır - heavy
- Proto-IE *gʷer - heavy
  - Sogdian ɣr’n = ɣərān - heavy

*bayram - festival (*badram?) (Perso-Arabic borrowing?)
- Proto-IE *bʰăd- - good

*tȫr - seat of honour in home (across from door)
- Proto-IE dʰwer - door
- Japanese to (<two?) - door

*qır - edge
- Proto-IE gʰer / gʰrØ- - stick out
- Proto-IE (s)ker- - turn, bend
- Proto-IE (s)ker- - cut

*sāɣ - thought; *sāq- - think
- Proto-IE
  - Greek sopʰo-
  - Latin sabe-
  - Hittite sak/sek

*siŋ- - soak up
- Proto-IE *sengʷ- - sink

*bata? - blessing
- Proto-IE bʰād - good

*eşik - door
- Hittite aska- - door

*burç (??) - corner
- Proto-IE mereǵ/mərǵ- - border
  - Latin margō
  - Persian marz
  - OIr mruig
  - Germanic marka
- IE
  - Germanic brink

tığız - tight, snug (< tıq- cram?)
- IE ?
  - Germanic tight?, taut?
  - Slavic tug-?

*sarığ < *śarğa/sirga? - yellow
- Mongolic *sira
- Japanese siro - white
- Proto-IE *ǵʰel- - to shine (>yellow)
  - *ǵʰólh₃-i-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-éy-s
    - Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰárHiš
      - Sanskrit hari - yellow
    - Avestan ""zairi - yellow?
  - Iranian ?*zari - golden
    - Persian zard - yellow
    - ? Middle Persian zargōn
      - Aramaic zrgwn (zargūn?) - golden
  - Indo-Iranian **źʰr̥Hanyam
    - Old Persian daraniya - gold
    - Avestan zarańiia - gold
    - Sanskrit híraṇya - gold
- Mandan síre - yellow
- Ossetian syrx - red
- Proto-Slavic śěrŭ - grey ← *xoiro ← PIE *ḱHoy-ro

qara - black
- Mongolic *qara
- Japanese kuro
- Proto-IE *ker-/ḱer-/**kr̥snós - black / dark colour
  - Balto-Slavic *kiršnas
    - Slavic *čer- / *čĭrnŭ
  - Indic *kr̥ṣnás
    - Sanskrit kṛṣṇá
- Sanskrit kāla

sekin - slow, quiet (← Arabic?)
- PIE *sēk- - quiet, lazy

yıraq - far
- Iranian ?
  - Avestan dûra
  - Shughni, Sarikoli ðar
  - Wakhi ðir
  - Persian dur

sağ - healthy
- Mongolic sayin - healthy
- Proto-IE sāno-s - healthy (Italic, maybe Albanian)
- Proto Tokharian śāw- - live (←PIE *gwyeh3-w-e/o-)
  - Tocharian (A) śo-, (B) śāw- ~ śāy-

iqma - method
- Tokharian (A) wkäṃ - manner, type

qıl- - do, make
- Tokharian (B) käl - endure

sekin - quiet, without force
- Proto-IE sēk - quiet, lazy

kǖç - strength, power
- Mongolic küči(n) - strength, power
- Proto-IE *ǵheus- - spray, gush
  - Tokharian B kus - gush
- Proto-IE *ǵéwstus - taste, vigour (←*ǵustéw-)
- Finnish kyetä - be able to
- Hebrew koaħ - strength

tār - narrow
- Proto-IE *ten- - stretch, draw, *tenw- - pull
  - Latin tendere/tendō/tensus
    - English tense
  - Ancient Greek τείνω ‎(teínō)
  - Sanskrit तनोति ‎(tanóti) - stretch, spread
  - Germanic *þanjaną
    - Old English þennan - stretch, spread

ērte - early, morning, next day
- Japanese asita - tomorrow
  - Ura Amami assja - tomorrow
  - Hateruma Yaeyama acca - tomorrow

*bi/bän- - I/me
- Ura Amami wan
- Hateruma Yaeyama ba

*uzun, *uzaq (Mongolic *urta) - long
- IE (the following words may or may not be related to one another)
  - Tokharian A aryu - long(-lasting)
  - Tokharian B orotstse/wrotstse - great, big, large
  - Luvian ura- - great

qoyı- - be viscous/thick, qoyığ - viscous/thick
- Japanese ko-i - viscous/thick

semiz, semir- - fat, be/get fat
- Proto-IE *smer- - anoint
  - Proto-IE *smérus - grease
    - Tokharian B ṣmare - oil, grease
    - Proto-Germanic *smerwą - grease; (animal) fat

orun - place (sometimes connected to orta/ortu middle and ordu/orda ~palace)
- Proto-Germanic *uzdaz - point, place
  - misc. older Germanic *ord

qurı- - dry up
- Japanese hós- - dry, air out
- Japanese kawák- - dry up

*teŋri (/*teŋir?) - God, sky, heaven
- Sumerian diŋir - god
- Mongolian teŋger
- Middle Chinese *tʰen - sky, heavens, Heaven
  - Mandarin tiān

*qut - fortune
- Proto-IE ǵʰutós - invoked; libated
  - Proto-Germanic *gudą - God, deity
- Etruscan cath/catha - sun, sun God

Mongolic *qabirʁa - ribs
- PMP *qabaRa - shoulder; carry on shoulder

*kir - dirt/dirty
- Proto-IE *ker-/ḱer-/**kr̥snós - black / dark colour
  - Persian kersne - dirty

*yaŋı/yeŋi - new
- see Turkic words for new and again
- Proto-IE *h₂yéwHō - young
  - Balto-Slavic *jauˀnás ← *h₂yéw-Hn-o-s
    - Slavic *jȗnъ
      - Russian юн-ый
    - Germanic *jugunþiz ← *juwundiz ← *h₂yú-Hn̥-ti-s
      - English youth
    - Germanic *jungaz ← *h₂yuHn̥ḱós
      - Engish young
    - Proto Indo-Iranian *HyúHā ← *h₂yúh₁ō
      - Classical Persian ǰawān

*boz - grey
- Proto-IE *bʰerH- - brown
- Mongolic *boro - grey

*bultır/bıltur - last year (*bir yıl tur?)
- Proto-IE *péruti - last year

*ır/yır - song
- Proto-IE *h₁erkʷ - shine, praise (v.)
  - Classical Armenian երգ (erg) - song
  - Tokharian yärk/yarke - worship, veneration
  - Sanskrit अर्क (arká) - praise, hymn, song (among other definitions)

*küz - autumn
- Proto-IE *(s)h₁es- - harvest/crop, fall (← *seh₁ - sow)
  - Proto-Finno-Ugric *kesä - summer

sız-ıq - line
- Greek συζυγία - union, yoke (used to refer to alignment of celestial bodies)

açığ hot, sour, bitter, unpleasant tasting ← açı- hurt, be unpleasant
- Abkhaz аџьыка ajika (supposedly from Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza *dž́ə́ 'salt')
- Georgian აჯიკა ajika

*yış - dense (?)
- Proto-Slavic *gǫstъ - dense (← PIE gem-)

*boş - empty, free
- Proto-Balto-Slavic *paustas
  - Proto Slavic *pustъ - empty, desolate, void
  - Old Prussian pausto - wild
- Ancient Greek παῦσις - pause

(Kazakh) lıpıl-da- palpatate (heart)"
- Armenian ləpʰləpʰ- - palpatate (heart)

(Kyrgyz) tıp-tıp pitter-patter (rain)
- Armenian tʰpʰ-tʰpʰ - pitter-patter (rain?)

Incorporate or not?

Tokharian sále, sályi - salt (IE *sal- - grey, dirty; salt)
- Turkic tuz - salt
Tokharian salu, sol - whole (IE *salw- - whole, healthy)
- Turkic tol- - full/fill
Tokharian särk, sark - an illness
- Turkic ogr- - to hurt
IE *sú- - to be born
- Turkic tuğ- - to be born
Tokharian káryap - harm
- Turkic qab(a)- - to harm
IE weid- - to know
- Turkic bil- (possible, due to sonority stuff)
IE (En will, Lt vol-, etc)
- Turkic bil-
Germanic *sūmian- - to miss
- Turkic *seb- - to love
IE *su̯ei- - to make a noise
- Turkic *seb-le - to speak
IE *h₂eiǵ- - goat
- Turkic eçki - goat
IE *pel- - grey
- Turkic boz - ~grey
IE *ḱas- - grey
- Turkic çal- grey-haired
IE *tark- - to twist
- Turkic tart- - to pull
IE *ǵʰés-ro- - hand
- Turkic qol - hand
IE *kaput- - head
- Turkic baş - head
IE *knid- - louse
- Turkic kene - flea?
IE *plōu- - flea (Pashto vrāž.a)
- Turkic *bürče / *bürge - flea

Similarities to Russian

murç / burç - pepper
- pérec - pepper
muz / buz - ice
- moróz - frost (Slavic ?*morz-)
yarıq, yaruğ, yarqın - light, bright
- jark-ij - bright
qara
- čer- (Slavic ?*kr̩-)
beri - before, since
- pered - before, in front of
boran - storm
- burʲa - storm
- purga, buran
seb+kil (?) - freckle(s)
- sypʲ - rash
sep- - scatter/sow
- ras-syp- scatter
sıdır- - to peel, strip, tear off
- sdir-atʲ - "
taşı- - to overflow
- taši-tʲ - to overflow
taşı- - to haul
- toska-tʲ - to haul
bosoğo (Mongolic) - doorframe
- porog

Lak stuff
- barzu - eagle (bürküt)
- čul - field, steppe (Mg. tala)
- barc̣ (pl. burc̣i-l) - wolf (börü)
- barḫ - back (arqa)

Not to incorporate

?lağ - meadow
- Balto-Slavic *plãka (?) pl:łąka, ru:lug

Notes

Tokharian (B?) /ä/ was probably [ɨ]
When two Tokharian words given, first is Tokharian A, second is Tokharian B
Tokharian /ç/ is probably [ɕ]
Tokharian /ts/ and /c/ are different?

PIE-to-Turkic correspondences

This is just for the sake of organising stuff, so I can see better what might be going on, if anything even is..

Labial stops

*p
	beginning	end	other
back vowel	ph₂tḗr → ∅ata
front vowel	prih₁- → beri prih₁- → bir pénkʷe → bēş pekʷ → biş- pel → boz pṓds → but

*b
	beginning	end	other
back vowel
front vowel

*bʰ
	beginning	end	other
back vowel	bʰer- → ber	gʰabʰ- → qap-
front vowel	bʰardʰ → burut bʰ◌ħd → ∅ad-aq bʰili → ∅ēlʲ

Coronal stops

*t
	beginning	end	other
back vowel
front vowel	twék- → tǖk tag- → teg- tekʷ → tök

*d
	beginning	end	other
back vowel	dáḱru- → yāş dṓm → tām	pṓds → but	bʰ◌ħd → pad-aq
front vowel	digʰo → teke

*dʰ
	beginning	end	other
back vowel	dʰégʷʰ- → yaq- dʰwer → tȫr	ǵʰer-dʰ → yurt bʰardʰ → burut
front vowel

Palatal stops

*ḱ
	beginning	end	other
back vowel	ḱórw-eh₂ → qarğa ḱlew- → qul-aq	dáḱru- → yaş
front vowel	ḱel- → yıl ḱḗr → yür-äk ḱes- → kes-

*ǵ
	beginning	end	other
back vowel		h₂erǵ- → āq
front vowel	ǵers → kers

*ǵʰ
	beginning	end	other
back vowel	ǵʰáns- → qāz ǵʰer- → qar-ın ǵʰel- → qula
front vowel	ǵʰel- → ∅altın ǵʰer-dʰ → yur-t

Velar stops

*k
	beginning	end	other
back vowel	ker- → qara
front vowel	ked- → ket-	twék- → tǖk	uks → ökiz

*g
	beginning	end	other
back vowel	gerh₂- → qarı-
front vowel	gal- → yal-	tag- → teg-

*gʰ
	beginning	end	other
back vowel	gʰabʰ- → qap-
front vowel			digʰo → teke

Labialised stops

*kʷ
	beginning	end	other
back vowel	kʷo → qāń kʷer- → qur-	sekʷ- → saqı
front vowel		pekʷ → biş- pénkʷe → bēş tekʷ → tök-

*gʷ
	beginning	end	other
back vowel	gʷer → ağır
front vowel

*gʷʰ
	beginning	end	other
back vowel		dʰégʷʰ → yaq
front vowel	gʷʰer- → yar-	h₁egʷʰ → iç-	lengʷʰ-◌ → yengü-l

Other

*n
	_C]_σ
back vowel		ǵʰáns- → qā∅s → qā∅z
front vowel		pénkʷe → bē∅ş
front vowel		h₁dónts → tī∅ş

*w
	beginning	end	other
back vowel		ḱórw-eh₂ → qarğa	ḱlew- → qulaq
front vowel

*m
	beginning	end	other
back vowel
front vowel

Sources

IE: http://www.bartleby.com/61/, w:Appendix:List of Proto-Indo-European roots
Tokharian: http://www.wordgumbo.com/ie/cmp/toch.htm
Altaic: http://starling.rinet.ru/

Similarities to Turkic

Contents

Technology

metals, materials, tools

artefacts

grains

other

Nature

flora

fauna

sky/time/weather

land and water

other

Verbs

Body parts

Numerals

People

Grammatical

Other

Incorporate or not?

Similarities to Russian

Not to incorporate

Notes

PIE-to-Turkic correspondences

Labial stops

Coronal stops

Palatal stops

Velar stops

Labialised stops

Other

Sources

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